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Canned Film Festival



 
 
The Canned Film Festival was a nationally syndicated late night television
Late night television

Late night television is the block of television programming airing after 10:00 12-hour clock and usually through 2:00 12-hour clock. Traditionally, this type of programming airs after the late local news and features a particular genre of programming that falls somewhere between a variety show and a talk show....
 comedy
Comedy

Comedy as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse generally intended to amuse, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy. This must be carefully distinguished from its academic definition, namely the comic theatre, whose Western culture origins are found in Ancient Greece....
 series that aired in the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 for a single season in the summer of 1986. With only a one-letter difference in the spelling, the name is likely an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival

The Cannes Film Festival , founded in 1946, is one of the world's oldest, most influential and prestigious film festivals alongside Venice Film Festival and Berlin Film Festival....
, the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes
Cannes

Cannes is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes Departments of France in the region of Provence-Alpes-C?te d'Azur in southeastern France. It is one of the best-known cities of the French Riviera....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
. Not to be confused with the latter, the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode, and was composed of short vignettes
Sketch comedy

Sketch comedy consists of a series of short comedy scenes or vignettes, called "sketches," commonly between one and ten minutes long. Such sketches are performed by a group of comedic actors, either on stage or through an audio or/and visual medium such as broadcasting....
 interweaved throughout the films. Boasting the tagline
Tagline

A tagline is a variant of a Advertising slogan typically used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create a memorable phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of a brand or product , or to reinforce the audience's memory of a product....
 "late night with the best of the worst," the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company
Dr Pepper

Dr Pepper is a soft drink sold in North America, South America, and Europe by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. It was invented by Charles Alderton. There is also a no-sugar version, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of flavored versions, first introduced in the 2000s....
, whose then-tagline "out-of-the-ordinary" echoed the show's collection of odd and strange movies.






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The Canned Film Festival was a nationally syndicated late night television
Late night television

Late night television is the block of television programming airing after 10:00 12-hour clock and usually through 2:00 12-hour clock. Traditionally, this type of programming airs after the late local news and features a particular genre of programming that falls somewhere between a variety show and a talk show....
 comedy
Comedy

Comedy as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse generally intended to amuse, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy. This must be carefully distinguished from its academic definition, namely the comic theatre, whose Western culture origins are found in Ancient Greece....
 series that aired in the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 for a single season in the summer of 1986. With only a one-letter difference in the spelling, the name is likely an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival

The Cannes Film Festival , founded in 1946, is one of the world's oldest, most influential and prestigious film festivals alongside Venice Film Festival and Berlin Film Festival....
, the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes
Cannes

Cannes is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes Departments of France in the region of Provence-Alpes-C?te d'Azur in southeastern France. It is one of the best-known cities of the French Riviera....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
. Not to be confused with the latter, the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode, and was composed of short vignettes
Sketch comedy

Sketch comedy consists of a series of short comedy scenes or vignettes, called "sketches," commonly between one and ten minutes long. Such sketches are performed by a group of comedic actors, either on stage or through an audio or/and visual medium such as broadcasting....
 interweaved throughout the films. Boasting the tagline
Tagline

A tagline is a variant of a Advertising slogan typically used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create a memorable phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of a brand or product , or to reinforce the audience's memory of a product....
 "late night with the best of the worst," the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company
Dr Pepper

Dr Pepper is a soft drink sold in North America, South America, and Europe by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. It was invented by Charles Alderton. There is also a no-sugar version, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of flavored versions, first introduced in the 2000s....
, whose then-tagline "out-of-the-ordinary" echoed the show's collection of odd and strange movies. The series was created by Young & Rubicam
Young & Rubicam

Young & Rubicam, Inc. is a marketing and marketing communications company specializing in advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing and brand identity consulting....
 and developed for television by Chelsea Communications, LLC (a company later acquired by the now bankrupt Adelphia Communications Corporation).

Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000
Mystery Science Theater 3000

Mystery Science Theater 3000 is an United States cult television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and produced by Best Brains that ran from 1988 in television to 1999 in television....
 series that aired a few years later, the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery
Peanut gallery

A peanut gallery is an audience that Heckler the performer. The term originated in the days of vaudeville as a nickname for the cheapest seats in the theater; the cheapest snack served at the theater would often be peanuts, which the patrons would sometimes throw at the performers on stage to show their disapproval....
 type satire during the actual run of the movies. In addition, the script, although comedic in nature, often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies, sometimes providing historical insight into their production. An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase
Project Moonbase

Project Moonbase is a black and white 1953 science fiction film directed by Richard Talmadge. The film is also known as Project Moon Base, and is based on a story by Robert A....
, where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 50s era movie, as were cordless telephone
Cordless telephone

File:Phone.svgA cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves with a base station connected to a fixed telephone line, usually within a limited range of its base station ....
s and big screen televisions
Large-screen television technology

Large-screen television technology developed rapidly in the late 1990s and 2000s. Various flat screen technologies are being developed, but only the liquid crystal display , plasma display and Digital Light Processing were released on the public market....
. The featured B movies of the series were not full-length, and edited to fit the show's approximately two hour timeframe per episode.

Plot Summary


The series plot was built around the fictional town of Limekirk, Texas, where the local Ritz theater was undergoing economic and cultural decline due to lack of a customer base. The owner and sole usherette, Laraine (Laraine Newman), took extreme measures to attract moviegoers by adding laundry facilities to the lobby and stocking a large collection of unusual confections
Confectionery

Confectionery is the set of food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well....
. With the exception of popcorn and Dr Pepper, these confections were completely fictional, with names like "Butter Lumps", "Chocolate Covered Lug Nuts", and "Diet-Free Nutra-Cal Bars", and were occasionally the source for minor script material.

As the story maintains during the opening sequence of each episode, the most successful of Laraine's business ventures to rejuvenate the Ritz was, by far, the screening of strange and unusual films that resulted in the series' namesake. Laraine, together with her mother who ran the projector booth, succeeded in attracting several new customers who became regular characters throughout the rest of the series run.

Cast and Characters


The series starred Laraine Newman
Laraine Newman

Laraine Newman is an United States comedienne and actor.Newman was born in Los Angeles, California, California and attended Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California....
 of Saturday Night Live
Saturday Night Live

Saturday Night Live is a weekly late-night 90-minute American sketch comedy/variety show filmed in New York City. It made its debut on October 11, 1975....
 fame, whose main character, Laraine the usherette, wore an old-fashioned maroon ushers uniform and ran the Ritz with such strict organization as to assign every patron a seat despite the theater's constant near-empty attendance. Laraine ensured that each movie started exactly on time as scheduled, cuing her mother in the production booth via a microphone. Laraine's mother was never actually named nor completely seen
Unseen character

Unseen characters are never directly observed by the audience but are only described by other characters. They are a common device in drama and have been called "triumphs of theatrical invention"....
 during any of the episodes, but sometimes communicated by pounding on the walls or playing musical tunes (presumably with an instrument or a sound device in the booth and transmitted through the theater's sound system).

The supporting characters, five in all, were split roughly along gender lines, with three men and two women. The women included Doris (Kathryn Rossetter), a middle-aged aficionado of romantic drama stories, and Becky (Laura Galusha) a girl in her early twenties who offered a young feminist perspective to the movies. The men included Jack (F. Richards Ford), Fitzy (Patrick Gardner), and Chan (Philip Nee). Jack, as well as the being the love interest of Becky, was also Limekirk's newspaper reporter who was required to review the movies. Together with the middle-aged Fitzy, the two manifested the stereotypical male-oriented fascinations for lowbrow action, crude sexual innuendos, and took morbid pleasure in making fun of some of the movies' more macabre themes (such as nuclear warfare in the feature Rocket Attack USA).

Chan, in addition to being of oriental-descent (as opposed to the rest of the cast being Caucasian), was a mute
Muteness

Muteness is a speech disorder in which a person cannot speak. The umbrella term "speech-impaired" is sometimes also used, though just as "visually impaired" does not necessarily mean that a person is blind, someone who is speech impaired may not be mute....
 who never spoke except during the episode featuring the movie The Slime People where Laraine dreamt that Chan was possessed. What role Chan's character brought to the series is less clear, although he sometimes provided a child-like response to the episode plots, such as taking a spin in one of the lobby's clothes driers after being inspired by the outer-space setting of the featured movie Project Moonbase
Project Moonbase

Project Moonbase is a black and white 1953 science fiction film directed by Richard Talmadge. The film is also known as Project Moon Base, and is based on a story by Robert A....
. Chan's muteness in the show was only implied, leaving it up to the audience to decide whether or not he could physically speak (although he did laugh on occasion), or if his condition was simply a language barrier written into the script.

Production


The Canned Film Festival lasted for only one season in the summer of 1986. However, plans were made for a second season as evidenced by the first season end credits that solicited viewers to submit their favorite "best of the worst" movies via mail correspondence. How far along these plans were for a second season, or what formal reason there was for the series' cancellation, remain a mystery at the writing of this article.

Popular Culture Influences


Overall, the Canned Film Festival can best be described as an advertising attempt by the Dallas
Dallas, Texas

Dallas is the third largest city in the state of Texas and the List of United States cities by population in the United States.The city, with a population of over 1.3 million, is the main economic center of the 12-county Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex which contains 6.1 million people, and is the fourth-largest United States metropolitan area...
-based Dr Pepper Company to break into the late night television market in 1986. It never gained the cult status that Mystery Science Theater 3000 did, nor did it match the Max Headroom
Max Headroom (character)

Max Headroom is the name of a fictional British artificial intelligence, known for his Surrealism wit and stuttering, distorted, electronically Sampling voice....
 advertising campaign that the rival Coca-Cola Company
Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola is a carbonation soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines worldwide . It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke or as Cola or Pop....
 ran in the 1980s (although coincidentally, Max Headroom itself was also a television series
Max Headroom (TV series)

Max Headroom is a short-lived but ground-breaking United States science fiction television series which aired on American Broadcasting Company....
 that lasted only a short time in the 1980s).

Those that remember the Canned Film Festival might recall the numerous Dr Pepper television commercials
Television advertisement

A 'television advertisement' or television commercial is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organisation that conveys a message....
 that aired concurrently with the show. These included the post-apocalyptic
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction

Apocalyptic fiction is a sub-genre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of civilization through nuclear warfare, pandemic, or some other disaster....
 and cyberpunk
Cyberpunk

Cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on "high tech and low-life". The name is a portmanteau of cybernetics and punk subculture and was originally coined by Bruce Bethke as the title of his short story "Cyberpunk," published in 1983, It features advanced science, such as information technology and cybernetics, coup...
-toned "Planet Dullzon" and "Cola Wars" ads that alluded to (but never directly addressed) the Coke/Pepsi rivalry
Cola wars

The Cola Wars was comparative advertising of mutually-targeted television advertisements and marketing campaigns in the 1980s and 1990s between soft drink manufacturers The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo....
, mentioning only an Orwellian
Orwellian

The adjective Orwellian describes the situation, idea, or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free society....
 syndicate that manufactured a soft drink named "Clone Cola". At least two of the "Planet Dullzon" commercials contained alien bar scenes reminiscent of the famous "cantina scene" from Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope

Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope is an Cinema of the United States 1977 in film space opera film, written and directed by George Lucas. It was the first of six films released in the Star Wars saga: Star Wars#Original trilogy continue the story, while a Star Wars#Prequel trilogy contributes backstory, primarily for the troubled charac...
, and most of them contained a Han Solo
Han solo

Han solo, the sole member of genus Han, is a species of agnostid trilobite known only from fossils found in the Ordovician Zitai Formation of southern China....
-like main character wearing a cowboy hat and was accompanied by a short alien sidekick. Also aired were the Japanese-inspired Godzilla
Godzilla

is a kaiju from the Godzilla series of science fiction films. He was first seen in the 1954 in film film Godzilla and has appeared in 28 films to date, all of which were produced by Toho As one of the most iconic characters in film history, Godzilla has also appeared in numerous Godzilla , Godzilla video games, novels and Godzilla in popula...
 commercials, where the famous B movie creature and his female counterpart craved giant, billboard
Billboard (advertising)

A billboard is a large Out-of-home advertising structure , typically found in high traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large Advertising to passing pedestrians and drivers....
-sized cans of Dr Pepper as a libation
Libation

A libation is a ritual pouring of a drink as an offering to a deity. It was common in the religions of Ancient history, including Judaism:Isaiah uses libation as a metaphor when describing the end of the Suffering Servant figure who: "poured out his life unto death"....
 against destroying the city they were attacking. Perhaps motivated by the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)

2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 in film science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. The film deals with thematic elements of human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life, and is notable for its scientific realism, pioneering special effects, ambiguous and of...
 (or it's more recent 1985 sequel, 2010), a Diet Dr Pepper commercial was aired during the series that included a monolithic
The Monolith

Monoliths are fictional technology machines built by an unseen Extraterrestrial life in popular culture that appear in Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey series of novels and films....
-type alien spacecraft visiting a rural trailer-home couple in search of intelligent life. Insulted by the country-folks' offer of a simple diet cola, a flash of light from the alien converted them to English-accented intellectuals wielding Diet Dr. Pepper bottles, and transformed their tasteless lawn ornaments to modern abstract art
Abstract art

Abstract art uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world....
 sculptures. Aside from providing advertisement for the show's main sponsor, the subtle movie references contained in these commercials may be another reason why they were aired alongside the Canned Film Festival.

The series may also be remembered as one of the many little-known works of Laraine Newman's acting career. While she performed in countless supporting roles throughout Hollywood following her tenure on NBC's Saturday Night Live, her work with the Canned Film Festival is rarely ever credited. The careers of other noteworthy stars also include this show, such as Kathryn Rossetter who played support roles in movies, electronic media (video games), and television shows such as Law & Order
Law & Order

Law & Order is an United States police procedural and legal drama Television program created by Dick Wolf. It has been broadcast on NBC since its debut on September 13, 1990....
, Cosby
Cosby

Cosby is an Emmy Award- and People's Choice Awards-winning situation comedy television series broadcast on CBS from September 16, 1996 to April 28, 2000....
, Touched by an Angel
Touched by an Angel

Touched by an Angel is an United States drama television series that chronicles the missions of a group of angels sent by God. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson , it ran on CBS for nine seasons, from September 21, 1994 to April 27, 2003, and aired in many countries all around the world....
, L.A. Law
L.A. Law

L.A. Law is an United States television legal drama that ran from 1986 in television to 1994 in television. It was one of the most popular American television shows of the late 1980s and early 1990s....
, and Kate & Allie
Kate & Allie

Kate & Allie is an American television situation comedy which ran from March 19, 1984 to May 22, 1989. Kate & Allie first aired on CBS as a midseason replacement series and only six episodes were initially commissioned, but the favorable response from critics and viewers alike easily convinced CBS to commit to a full season in the fa...
. Patrick Garner (identified as Patrick Gardner in the series credits), in addition to appearing in a myriad of TV commercial ads, also made cameos in television shows such as Monsters
Monsters (TV series)

Monsters is a television syndication horror film anthology series which originally ran from 1988 to 1991 and was probably most popular for its post-production run on the Sci Fi Channel during the 1990s....
, Chappelle's Show
Chappelle's Show

Chappelle's Show was an United States comedy television series starring comedian Dave Chappelle. Created by Chappelle and Neal Brennan, the series premiered on January 22, 2003 on the United States cable television network Comedy Central....
, and Law & Order
Law & Order

Law & Order is an United States police procedural and legal drama Television program created by Dick Wolf. It has been broadcast on NBC since its debut on September 13, 1990....
, and more recently in theatre
Theatre

Theatre is the branch of the performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one or more actor, isolated in time and/or Theater , present themselves to Audience." By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for story telling....
, starred as Mr. Cunningham in Happy Days The Musical. Rick Ford (identified as F. Richards Ford in the series credits) made appearances in episodes of Married With Children
Married With Children

"Married With Children" can refer to:*Married... with Children; an American sitcom about a dysfunctional family which ran from 1987 to 1997....
 and Mama's Family
Mama's Family

Mama's Family is an American television Situation comedy that premiered on NBC on January 22, 1983. It ended its run on that network in May 1984 when it was cancelled, but NBC would continue to air reruns until September 1985....
 as well as movies like The Tattoo Chase and 12:01 PM
12:01 PM (1990 film)

12:01 PM is a 1990 Academy Award-nominated short film starring Kurtwood Smith in 1990. Directed by Jonathan Heap, it originally aired on cable television in 1990 as part of the Showtime 30-Minute Movie anthology series....
, and is also very active in regional and professional theatre. Laura Galusha's acting career seemed to be brief, as she is recorded to have appeared on screen only once in an episode of CBS Schoolbreak Special
After school special

----The American Broadcasting Company coined the term After School Special in 1972 with a series of made for television movies, usually dealing with controversial or socially relevant issues, that were generally broadcast in the early afternoon and meant to be viewed by school age children, particularly teenagers....
 in 1985, and Philip Nee is not known to have had any other notable acting debuts.

The Canned Film Festival's genre-based similarity to Mystery Science Theater 3000
Mystery Science Theater 3000

Mystery Science Theater 3000 is an United States cult television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and produced by Best Brains that ran from 1988 in television to 1999 in television....
 (MST3K) did not stop with the show format. Following its 1988 debut, MST3K featured many of the same films as the Canned Film Festival did two years earlier in 1986. While this coincidence might suggest that the Canned Film Festival was a source of inspiration for MST3Ks creator, Joel Hodgson
Joel Hodgson

Joel Gordon Hodgson is an American writer, comedian and television actor. He is best known for creating Mystery Science Theater 3000 and starring in it as the character Joel Robinson....
, such assertions would be false. In fact, Hodgson states that his vision for MST3K actually came from the 1978 CBS Children's Film Festival
CBS Children's Film Festival

CBS Children's Film Festival was a television series of live action films from several countries that were made for children . Originally a sporadic series airing on Saturday mornings, Sunday afternoons, or weekday afternoons during the summer from 1967, it became a regularly scheduled program in 1971 on the CBS Saturday morning lineup,...
 instead. Either way, due it's 11-season run (as opposed to the single season Canned Film Festival) it's clear that MST3K was much more successful in the B movie satire genre despite the lack of a large sponsor like the Dr Pepper Company. However, it is also possible that it's success over the Canned Film Festival was also due to it reaching a wider audience through the then-nascent cable TV
Cable television

Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television broadcasting in which a television antenna is required....
 market, and aired at more suitable hours .

Episode List


The following is an episode list for The Canned Film Festival. Approximately 15 episodes are thought to exist, and due to the nationally syndicated nature of the program, exact air dates for local television broadcasts are not listed. Generally, the program aired on the weekends during the late night time slot on both independent stations and network affiliate
Network affiliate

In the broadcasting industry , a network affiliate is a local broadcaster which carries some or all of the programme line-up of a television network or radio network, but is owned by a company other than the owner of the network....
s from June through September 1986. The list below is in alphabetical order using the name of the featured B movie as the episode title, as no other naming format was suggested during the program run.

  • Attack of the Eye Creatures
    The Eye Creatures

    The Eye Creatures is a 1965 Science fiction film about an invasion of an unnamed American countryside by a flying saucer and its silent, shambling alien occupants....
  • Bride of the Monster
    Bride of the Monster

    Bride of the Monster is a 1955 in film Horror film/science-fiction film starring B?la Lugosi in a traditional mad scientist role. It was produced, directed and co-written by Edward D....
  • The Crawling Hand
    The Crawling Hand

    The Crawling Hand is a 1963 science fiction film starring Rod Lauren, Peter Breck, Allison Hayes, and Alan Hale, Jr.. It was directed by Herbert L....
  • Doctor of Doom
  • Eegah
    Eegah

    Eegah! is a 1962 film starring Arch Hall Jr. as Tom Nelson, Arch Hall Sr. as Robert I. Miller, Richard Kiel as Eegah, and Marilyn Manning as Roxy Miller....
  • Las Vegas Hillbillys
  • Project Moonbase
    Project Moonbase

    Project Moonbase is a black and white 1953 science fiction film directed by Richard Talmadge. The film is also known as Project Moon Base, and is based on a story by Robert A....
  • Robot Monster
    Robot Monster

    Robot Monster is a 1953 in film science fiction B-movie made in 3-d film by Phil Tucker. Like the more famous "Plan 9 from Outer Space" it is known in bad-film fandom for being "so bad, it's good" and has the dubious honor of being considered one of the "Worst films ever"....
  • Rocket Attack USA
  • Santa Claus Conquers the Martians
    Santa Claus Conquers the Martians

    Santa Claus Conquers the Martians is a 1964 List of science fiction films that regularly appears on lists of the Films considered the worst ever....
  • Ski Fever
  • The Slime People
  • The Terror of Tiny Town
    The Terror of Tiny Town

    The Terror of Tiny Town is a 1938 in film film, produced by Jed Buell and directed by Sam Newfield, and starring Billy Curtis. It is the world's only musical Western with an all-dwarf cast....
  • They Saved Hitler's Brain
    They Saved Hitler's Brain

    They Saved Hitler's Brain is a 1966 science fiction film that was made-for-TV movie from a shorter theatrical feature film, Madmen of Mandoras, directed by David Bradley ....
  • Untamed Women
    Untamed Women

    Untamed Women is a 1952 in film United States science fiction film which was written by George Wallace Sayre and directed by W. Merle Connell....


External links

  • at
  • at Internet Movie Database
    Internet Movie Database

    The Internet Movie Database is an online database of information related to film, actors, Television program, production crew personnel, video games, and most recently, fictional characters featured in visual entertainment media....
  • at