The
Bambusoideae is a subfamily of the true grass
familyIn human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children...
PoaceaeThe Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...
, and is characterized by having 3
stigmaThe stigma is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower. The stigma receives pollen at pollination and it is on the stigma that the pollen grain germinates. The stigma is adapted to catch and trap pollen with various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings...
s and are mostly tree-like. However, there are uncertainties at practically every taxonomic level within the Bambusoideae, and different types of data (floral morphology, vegetative structures, anatomy, and genetics) often result in support for differing relationships. The Bambusoideae generally consists of a distinct “core” group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae)and an associated group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous Bambusoideae. The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most “primitive” grasses, mostly because of the presence of
bracteateA bracteate is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age...
, indeterminate inflorescences, “pseudospikelets,” and flowers with three lodicules, six stamens, and three stigmas. In a recent study (Clark et al., 1995) DNA sequences for the
chloroplastChloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are green...
gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the
PoaceaeThe Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...
. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal
cladeA clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also showing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic. A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.’s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark’s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos). Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).
Subdivisions
It is divided into two groups: the Oryzodae and the Bambusodae. It has 13 tribes, as following:
- Oryzodae
- This group is also separated into subfamily Oryzaceae.
- Tribe Anomochloeae
- This tribe is also separated to form subfamily Anomochlooideae. There is one genus: Anomochloa
Anomochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. It is part of the Anomochlooideae, which contains four species.- External links :*...
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- Tribe Diarrheneae
- There is one genus: Diarrhena
Diarrhena is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
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- Tribe Ehrharteae
- There are four genera: Ehrharta
Ehrharta is a genus of about 25 to 35 species of grass mostly native to Africa, with a few species native to the Mascarene Islands and Indonesia. The genus is also found in Yemen, China, Europe and North America and there are several invasive species including Ehrharta longiflora, Ehrharta calycina...
, Microlaena, PetriellaPetriella is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.- External links :*...
, Tetrarrhena.
- Tribe Olyreae
- There are 20 genera: Agnesia
Agnesia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, ArberellaArberella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-Species:*Arberella bahiensis*Arberella costaricensis*Arberella dressleri*Arberella flaccida*Arberella grayumii*Arberella lancifolia*Arberella venezuelae...
, BuergersiochloaBuergersiochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, CryptochloaCryptochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, DiandrolyraDiandrolyra is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, EkmanochloaEkmanochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, FroesiochloaFroesiochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, LithachneLithachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
(also placed in OryzeaeOryzeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the grass family, Poaceae. It contains 12 genera, including both cultivated rice and wild rice .-Genera:* Chikusichloa Koidz.* Hygroryza Nees* Leersia Sw.* Luziola Juss....
), MaclurolyraMaclurolyra is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, MniochloaMniochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, Olyra (plant)Olyra is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, ParianaPariana is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, ParodiolyraParodiolyra is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, PiresiaPiresia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, PiresiellaPiresiella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family....
, RaddiaRaddia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. It grows up to a foot or more tall, and requires light shade to full sun to grow.It originates from Brazil, and was named after G. Raddi, the original collector of the raddia plant....
, RaddiellaRaddiella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, RehiaRehia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, ReitziaReitzia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, SucreaSucrea is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
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- Tribe Oryzeae
Oryzeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the grass family, Poaceae. It contains 12 genera, including both cultivated rice and wild rice .-Genera:* Chikusichloa Koidz.* Hygroryza Nees* Leersia Sw.* Luziola Juss....
- This tribe also forms subfamily Oryzoideae. It has 13 genera: Chikusichloa
Chikusichloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, Hydrochloa, HygroryzaHygroryza is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, LeersiaLeersia is a genus of true grasses which includes species known generally as cutgrasses. There are about 17 species native to tropical and warm temperate areas of the Americas and Eurasia...
, LuziolaLuziola is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, MaltebruniaMaltebrunia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, OryzaOryza is a genus of seven to twenty species of grasses in the tribe Oryzeae, within the subfamily Bambusoideae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Northern Australia and Africa...
, PorteresiaPorteresia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, PotamophilaPotamophila is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, ProsphytochloaProsphytochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, RhynchoryzaRhynchoryza is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, ZizaniaWild rice is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China...
, ZizaniopsisZizaniopsis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
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- Tribe Phaenospermatae
- There is 1 genus in this tribe: Phaenosperma
Phaenosperma is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
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- Tribe Phareae
- There are 4 genera: Leptaspis
Leptaspis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, PharusPharus is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. It contains eight species, including Pharus ecuadoricus....
, ScrotochloaScrotochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
, SuddiaSuddia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
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- Tribe Phyllorhachideae
- This tribe has 2 genera: Humbertochloa
Humbertochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
, PhyllorhachisPhyllorhachis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family....
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- Tribe Streptochaeteae
- There is one genus: Streptochaeta
Streptochaeta is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
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- Tribe Streptogyneae
- This tribe only has one genus: Streptogyna
Streptogyna is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.-External links:*...
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- Bambusodae
- Tribe Bambuseae
- This tribe comprises woody bamboo
Bamboo is a group of perennial evergreens in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family....
s (or hardy bamboos). There are 91 genera, distributed into several subtribes:
- Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae
The Arthrostylidiinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 13 genera. The plant grows in tropical regions....
- Comprises 13 genera: Actinocladum, Alvimia
Alvimia is a genus of bamboo , comprising 3 species found in eastern coastal Bahia, Brazil....
, ApocladaApoclada is a genus of bamboo , comprising one species found in the forests of southeastern Brazil. The genus was for many years thought to contain four species Upon further examination and fieldwork at the collection locality, the single piece of...
, ArthrostylidiumArthrostylidium is a genus of bamboo , comprising 20 species found in the New World. They are climbing bamboos.-Species:*Arthrostylidium angustifolium*Arthrostylidium auriculatum...
, Athroostachys, AtractanthaAtractantha is a genus of bamboo , comprising 2 species found in Brazil....
, AulonemiaAulonemia is a genus of bamboo , comprising about 30 species found from South America to Mexico and Costa Rica. This genus includes Matudacalamus Mackawa....
(Matudacalamus), ColantheliaColanthelia is a genus of bamboo , comprising 7 species found in Brazil....
, ElytrostachysElytrostachys is a genus of bamboo , comprising 2 species found in the rainforests from Honduras to Venezuela....
, Glaziophyton, MerostachysMerostachys is a genus of bamboo . It comprises about 40 species, found in South America and Central America....
, MyriocladusMyriocladus is a genus of bamboo . It comprises about 20 species, found in the sandstone tablelands of Venezuela and Surinam....
, RhipidocladumRhipidocladum is a genus of New World woody bamboo . It comprises 18 species, found in Central and South America. The genus is characterized by 1) erect, non-pseudopetiolate culm leaves, 2) numerous branchlets arising in an apsidate array, and 3) fruits being true caryopses...
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- Subtribe Arundinariinae
The Arundinariinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 16 genera....
- Comprises 16 genera: Acidosasa
Acidosasa is a genus of bamboo . It comprises 6 genera, mostly found in Southern China, with 1 species also in Indochina. Its name is formed from Latin acidum and Sasa , referring to its edible shoots...
, AmpelocalamusAmpelocalamus is a genus of bamboo . It comprises small clumping tropical bamboos found mostly in Southern China. Some experts have placed these species in the genus Sinarundinaria, now replaced by Chimonocalamus....
, ArundinariaArundinaria, commonly known as the canes, is the sole genus of bamboo native to South Africa and eastern North America and the only temperate bamboo in North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Ohio and Texas...
, BorindaBorinda is a genus of clumping bamboos erected in 1994 by Stapleton and previously included in the genera Fargesia and Yushania. They have been recognized to present different flowers and shorter rhizomes than Yushanias....
, ChimonocalamusChimonocalamus is a genus of bamboo. Some of the species are aromatic and grown as ornamental plants.-Synonymy:The genus is also known as Sinarundinaria Nakai, a genus that includes a the species Sinarundinaria alpina...
, DrepanostachyumDrepanostachyum is a genus of medium-sized mountain clumping bamboos.-Taxonomy:The differences between this genus and Himalayacalamus are subtle: Drepanostachyum species have many equal branches while those of Himalayacalamus have one dominant branch. Several species precedently comprised here...
(Himalayacalamus), FargesiaFargesia is a genus of medium to small mountain clumping bamboos, found in alpine conifer forests of East Asia. They are known in Chinese as jian zhu , meaning "arrow bamboo". They can be found in China south to Vietnam and west to the eastern slopes of the Himalayas...
, Ferrocalamus, Gaoligongshania, GelidocalamusGelidocalamus is a genus of small to medium-sized bamboos, found geographically in the mountains of eastern China. This genus is sometimes included in Indocalamus....
, IndocalamusIndocalamus is a genus of bamboo.-Taxonomy:This genus sometimes comprises Gelidocalamus and Ferrocalamus. The genus excludes Monocladus ....
, OligostachyumOligostachyum is a genus of bamboo originating from coastal China. The genus is sometimes considered a synonym of Arundinaria....
, PseudosasaPseudosasa is a genus of small to medium running bamboo. These species usually have one branch at a node. Its name comes from its resemblance to the genus Sasa....
, SasaSasa is a genus of running bamboo. These species have at most one branch per node....
, ThamnocalamusThamnocalamus is a genus of clumping bamboo. These species are found from the mountains of East Asia and Africa. They are similar to the genus Fargesia, which is sometimes put in synonymy with Thamnocalamus....
, YushaniaYushania is a genus of bamboo always of the family Poaceae and now of the woody bamboo tribe Bambuseae and the supertribe Bambusodae which have both been experiencing many name changes....
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- Subtribe Bambusinae
The Bambusinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 10 genera....
- Comprises 10 genera: Bambusa
Bambusa is a large genus of clumping bamboos. These species are usually giant ones, with numerous branches at a node and one or two much larger than the rest...
(Dendrocalamopsis), BoniaBonia is a genus of bamboo.-Taxonomy:The genus Monocladus L.C.Chia & H.L.Fung has been brought into synonymy with Bonia, which is sometimes considered a synonym of the genus Bambusa.Originated from an unusual name, Sonia....
(Monocladus), DendrocalamusDendrocalamus is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, which are similar to the genus Bambusa. With about 29 species, this genus is found from the Indian subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia...
(Klemachloa, Oreobambos, Oxynanthera or Sinocalamus), DinochloaDinochloa is a genus of about 20 species of tropical clumping high-climbing bamboo. These species bear zigzag culms and fleshy fruits. They are found in the hill forests and lowland dipterocarp forest of Malesia....
, GigantochloaGigantochloa is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, similar to the genus Bambusa. Found in Southeast Asia.-Selected species:...
, HolttumochloaHolttumochloa is a genus of bamboo. It has 3 species, all found in the hill forests of Peninsular Malaysia. It is sometimes included in the genus Bambusa....
, KinabaluchloaKinabaluchloa is a genus of bamboo. It comprises 2 species, found in the montane forests of Malaysia.-Taxonomy:The genus was included in Bambusa in the past. It was segregated on a number of differences, as were the following genera:...
(Maclurochloa, Soejatmia), MelocalamusMelocalamus is a genus of bamboo, found in lowland areas from Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand to Southern China....
, SphaerobambosSphaerobambos is a genus of bamboo, comprising 3 species found in the lowland forests of Malesia....
, ThyrsostachysThyrsostachys is a genus of moderate size bamboo, comprising two species found in the dry lowlands from Thailand to Vietnam....
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- Subtribe Chusqueinae
The Chusqueinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 2 genera....
- Comprises 2 genera: Chusquea
Chusquea is a genus of bamboo with about 150 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow...
, NeurolepisNeurolepis is a genus of bamboo. It has several species, found in South America . It is one of two genera in the subtribe Chusqueinae, the other being Chusquea; unlike that genus the stems of Neurolepis are hollow, like other bamboos...
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- Subtribe Guaduinae
The Guaduinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 5 recognized genera....
- Comprises 4 genera: Eremocaulon
Eremocaulon is a genus of bamboo . It is native to Brazil and comprises 5 species.-Taxonomy:The monotypic genus Criciuma Soderstr. & Londoñno has been included into this genus ....
, GuaduaGuadua is a Neotropics genus of thorny clumping bamboo, ranging from moderate to very large species. Physically, Guadua angustifolia is noted for being the largest Neotropics bamboo. The genus is similar to Bambusa and is sometimes included in Bambusa...
, OlmecaOlmeca is a genus of bamboo known from southern Mexico and comprising 2 species. Both have large fleshy fruits - a characteristic unique among New World bamboos, and rhizomes with long necks and very open clumps....
, OtateaOtatea is a genus of clumping bamboos found from Central Mexico to Central America. The name derives from the nahuatl otatl, meaning "bamboo". The genus comprises 3 species, of which the best-known is of the Mexican weeping bamboo....
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- Subtribe Melocanninae
The Melocanninae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 9 genera....
- Comprises 9 genera: Cephalostachyum
Cephalostachyum is a genus of small to medium-sized bamboo . It comprises about 8 genera, found from the northeastern Himalaya to Thailand and Mindoro...
, Davidsea, Leptocanna, MelocannaMelocanna is a genus of tropical clumping bamboo . It comprises 3 species, found in East Asia. The genus is similar to Bambusa. The 48-year cycle of M...
, NeohouzeauaNeohouzeaua is a genus of medium-sized tropical bamboo . These species have culms growing in large tufts, often somewhat scandent. They are found in Southeast Asia....
, OchlandraOchlandra is a genus of bamboo . The genus comprises nine species, of which eight are endemic to the Western Ghats ....
, Pseudostachyum, SchizostachyumSchizostachyum is a tall or shrub-like tropical genus of bamboo. The genus name comes from Greek schistos and stachys , referring to the spacing of spikelets.These are clumping, and sometimes climbing bamboos...
, TeinostachyumTeinostachyum is a genus of bamboo with 3 species, found in India.-See also:*Bambusa*Davidsea*Neohouzeaua*Ochlandra*Schizostachyum...
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- Subtribe Nastinae
The Nastinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises 6 genera....
- Comprises 6 genera: Decaryochloa, Greslania
Greslania is a genus of shrubby bamboo. It comprises 4 species endemic to New Caledonia....
, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, NastusNastus is a genus of slender, erect, scrambling or climbing bamboo. It has 7 species, mainly found in the tropical mountain forests of the Southern Hemisphere from Madagascar and Réunion to the Solomon Islands.-Taxonomy:The genus includes:...
, PerrierbambusPerrierbambus is a genus of bamboo. It comprises 2 species, both of which are native to Madagascar....
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- Subtribe Racemobambodinae
- Comprises one genus: Racemobambos
Racemobambos is a genus of bamboo and the sole genus of its subtribe, the Racemobambodinae. The genus comprises about 16 species, confined to the montane forests of Malesia .-Taxonomy:*Racemobambos gibbsiae HolttumThis genus includes:**Vietnamosasa...
(Neomicrocalamus, Vietnamosasa)
- Subtribe Shibataeinae
Shibataeinae is a subtribe of bamboo . It comprises nine genera, though the position of Temburongia remains uncertain....
- Comprises 8 genera: Chimonobambusa
----Chimonobambusa is a genus of bamboo.- Species :* Chimonobambusa angustifolia* Chimonobambusa armata - Burmese square bamboo* Chimonobambusa brevinoda* Chimonobambusa communis* Chimonobambusa convoluta...
, IndosasaIndosasa is a genus of bamboo, comprising 12 species. They are found in Asia, especially in China and Vietnam....
, PhyllostachysPhyllostachys is a genus of bamboo. The species are native to Asia with a large number of species found in Central China, but can now be found in many temperate and semi-tropical areas around the world as cultivated plants or escapes from cultivation...
, QiongzhueaQiongzhuea is a genus of bamboo. It is often considered a section of the genus Chimonocalamus....
, Semiarundianria (Brachystachyum), ShibataeaShibataea is a genus of bamboo. It is used to make canes.It is a unique shorter bamboo with dark green leaves. This genus of small bamboos are more closely related to the genus Phyllostachys than other small bamboos. An excellent tall groundcover or short hedge, this species is especially suited to...
, SinobambusaSinobambusa is a genus of bamboo....
, TemburongiaTemburongia is a newly discovered genus of bamboo from Brunei. It is usually classified in the subtribe Shibataeinae, though its exact relationship with the subtribe remains unclear....
(incertae sedis).
- Tribe Guaduelleae
- There is one genus: Guaduella
Guaduella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
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- Tribe Puelieae
- There is one genus: Puelia
Puelia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.- External links :*...
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