Aniba
Encyclopedia
Aniba is an american neotropical flowering plant
genus
in the family
Lauraceae
. They are present in low and mountain cloud forest in Caribbean islands, Central America, and norther to central South America
.
s up to 25 m high, hermaphrodite
s. The leaves are alternate, entire, elliptical or narrowly elliptical. The inflorescence
s are paniculate, axillary, flowers arranged in cymes essentially, those strictly opposite side, small. The fruit is a berry dispersed mostly by birds. Fruits of 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, deep dome, warty.
Many species have a valuable timber in yellow wood, others have the wood and bark pleasantly scented. The oils extracted from certain species are used as ingredients in the manufacture of perfumes.
The neotropical genus of the Lauraceae family, Aniba, was established by Aublet in 1775. It currently includes 41 species, classified into 6 different subgroups, in which the woody structure are almost undifferentiated, the differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wet climate. Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that give trees a more fragrant aroma.
Found throughout the Guianas and the Amazon region but also in the Pacific coastal areas of Colombia. They grow mostly in tropical forests and Andean cloud forest
, But has also been found in stubbles and pastures. Its distribution extends from the islands of the Antilles in the Caribbean, Central America, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Guyanas, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru... in the coastal ranges and interior in wet areas, the Andes, to dry regions of central and southern Brazil.
They does not form large stands but rather small groups of trees with a density of up to one individual per five hectares. Those species of wood have been used for a long time to produce essential oils for the pharmaceuticals industry. Due to the low density, exploitation of the natural populations is to the detriment of the rainforest. Overexploitation of the easily accessible trees of the rainforest has been reducing export quotas since the mid-1990s. Due to the distribution in inaccessible rainforest regions and its low density, it is very hard to survey population trends in figures, but overexploitation is evident. Proposals of exploitation must be made before overexploitation of nature poblations causes problems for commercial utilisation.
Most species are poorly defined botanically: Comino real (Colombia), Silverballi (Guayana), Moena amarilla (Peru), Coto (Bolivia), Louro rosa, Pau rosa (Brazil).
The trees Often attains a height of 100 ft with diameters up to 30 in.; clear bole lengths of 55 to 75 ft are obtained.
The most known trees are used by the timber industry, more than 14 species. In this genus the wood has a high commercial value. The woods are typically yellowish with a greenish hue when fresh, becoming brown or olive on exposure. Narrow sapwood light yellowish. Luster medium to high; grain straight to interlocked; texture fine to medium; spicy odor, taste may or may not be distinctive.
The fruit, a berry, are an important food source for birds, usually this birds are from specialized genus: Cotingidae, Columbidae, Rhamphastidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, etc. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory
). In some species the seed dispersal
is carried out by monkey
s, chipmunk
s, porcupine
s, Opossums or fish
es.
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...
. They are present in low and mountain cloud forest in Caribbean islands, Central America, and norther to central South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
.
Description
They are shrubs or treeTree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s up to 25 m high, hermaphrodite
Hermaphrodite
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes.Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both...
s. The leaves are alternate, entire, elliptical or narrowly elliptical. The inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
s are paniculate, axillary, flowers arranged in cymes essentially, those strictly opposite side, small. The fruit is a berry dispersed mostly by birds. Fruits of 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, deep dome, warty.
Many species have a valuable timber in yellow wood, others have the wood and bark pleasantly scented. The oils extracted from certain species are used as ingredients in the manufacture of perfumes.
Ecology
Aniba is a genus of great ecological importance.The neotropical genus of the Lauraceae family, Aniba, was established by Aublet in 1775. It currently includes 41 species, classified into 6 different subgroups, in which the woody structure are almost undifferentiated, the differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wet climate. Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that give trees a more fragrant aroma.
Found throughout the Guianas and the Amazon region but also in the Pacific coastal areas of Colombia. They grow mostly in tropical forests and Andean cloud forest
Cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and...
, But has also been found in stubbles and pastures. Its distribution extends from the islands of the Antilles in the Caribbean, Central America, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Guyanas, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru... in the coastal ranges and interior in wet areas, the Andes, to dry regions of central and southern Brazil.
They does not form large stands but rather small groups of trees with a density of up to one individual per five hectares. Those species of wood have been used for a long time to produce essential oils for the pharmaceuticals industry. Due to the low density, exploitation of the natural populations is to the detriment of the rainforest. Overexploitation of the easily accessible trees of the rainforest has been reducing export quotas since the mid-1990s. Due to the distribution in inaccessible rainforest regions and its low density, it is very hard to survey population trends in figures, but overexploitation is evident. Proposals of exploitation must be made before overexploitation of nature poblations causes problems for commercial utilisation.
Most species are poorly defined botanically: Comino real (Colombia), Silverballi (Guayana), Moena amarilla (Peru), Coto (Bolivia), Louro rosa, Pau rosa (Brazil).
The trees Often attains a height of 100 ft with diameters up to 30 in.; clear bole lengths of 55 to 75 ft are obtained.
The most known trees are used by the timber industry, more than 14 species. In this genus the wood has a high commercial value. The woods are typically yellowish with a greenish hue when fresh, becoming brown or olive on exposure. Narrow sapwood light yellowish. Luster medium to high; grain straight to interlocked; texture fine to medium; spicy odor, taste may or may not be distinctive.
The fruit, a berry, are an important food source for birds, usually this birds are from specialized genus: Cotingidae, Columbidae, Rhamphastidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, etc. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory
Biological dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism. Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population...
). In some species the seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant...
is carried out by monkey
Monkey
A monkey is a primate, either an Old World monkey or a New World monkey. There are about 260 known living species of monkey. Many are arboreal, although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent. Unlike apes, monkeys...
s, chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunks are small striped squirrels native to North America and Asia. They are usually classed either as a single genus with three subgenera, or as three genera.-Etymology and taxonomy:...
s, porcupine
Porcupine
Porcupines are rodents with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend or camouflage them from predators. They are indigenous to the Americas, southern Asia, and Africa. Porcupines are the third largest of the rodents, behind the capybara and the beaver. Most porcupines are about long, with...
s, Opossums or fish
Fish
Fish are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups...
es.
Selected species
- Aniba anisosepala Sandwith
- Aniba canelilla MezMez- People :* Mez , stage name of Joshua Jerimiah Gomes, Trinidadian born Canadian recording artist, record producer, songwriter.* Internet Artist Mez Breeze Mez Breeze is an Australian-based artist who works with net.art...
- Aniba duckei, Kosterm. 1938
- Aniba ferreaAniba ferreaAniba ferrea is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Kubitzki 1982 - Aniba ferrugineaAniba ferrugineaAniba ferruginea is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Venezuela.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Kubitzki 1982 - Aniba firmula, (Nees & Mart.) Mez, 1889
- Aniba flexuosa, A.C.Sm., 1935
- Aniba foeniculacea, MezMez- People :* Mez , stage name of Joshua Jerimiah Gomes, Trinidadian born Canadian recording artist, record producer, songwriter.* Internet Artist Mez Breeze Mez Breeze is an Australian-based artist who works with net.art...
, 1906 - Aniba fragrans Ducke 1925
- Aniba heringeri Vattimo-Gil
- Aniba intermediaAniba intermediaAniba intermedia is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, (Meisn.) Mez 1889 - Aniba novo-granatensisAniba novo-granatensisAniba novo-granatensis is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.-References:* Calderon, E. 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Kubitzki 1982 - Aniba parviflora, (Meisn.) Mez 1889
- Aniba pedicellataAniba pedicellataAniba pedicellata is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Kosterm. 1938 - Aniba percoriaceaAniba percoriaceaAniba percoriacea is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Suriname.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, C.K.Allen 1964 - Aniba perutilis, Hemsl. 1894
- Aniba pilosaAniba pilosaAniba pilosa is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:* Muriel, P. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, van der Werff 1994 - Aniba robustaAniba robustaAniba robusta is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Venezuela.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, (KlotzschJohann Friedrich KlotzschJohann Friedrich Klotzsch was a German pharmacist and botanist.His principal work was in the field of mycology, with the study and description of many species of mushroom.-Selected works:...
& P.Karst.) Mez 1889 - Aniba rosaeodoraAniba rosaeodoraAniba rosaeodora is a species of Magnoliid tree in the Lauraceae family. Its common names are Brazilian rosewood and rosewoodtree. It grows in parts of the tropical rainforest of South America. It is an endangered species that sees exploitation for its essential oil.-Description:A. rosaeodora grows...
, DuckeAdolpho DuckeAdolpho Ducke , also referred to as Adolfo Ducke and occasionally mis-spelled "Duque", was a notable entomologist, botanist and ethnographer of Amazonia....
1930 - Aniba santalodoraAniba santalodoraAniba santalodora is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Ducke 1950 - Aniba sulcata BenoistBenoistBenoist is a surname and may refer to:* Alain de Benoist, French academic* Antoine Benoist, 18th Century French artist - Painter and sculptor to Louis XIV* Alexandre Benois, Russian ballet and stage designer* Élie Benoist, French Protestant minister...
1929 - Aniba vaupesianaAniba vaupesianaAniba vaupesiana is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Kubitzki 1982 - Aniba venezuelanaAniba venezuelanaAniba venezuelana is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, MezCarl Christian MezCarl Christian Mez was a German botanist and university professor. He is denoted by the author abbreviation Mez when citing a botanical name.-Life and work:...
1889 - Aniba vulcanicolaAniba vulcanicolaAniba vulcanicola is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:* Muriel, P. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, van der Werff 1994 - Aniba williamsii BrooksBrooks-Places:Canada*Brooks, AlbertaUnited States*Brooks, Arkansas*Brooks, California*Brooks, Georgia*Brooks, Kentucky*Brooks, Maine*Brooks, Minnesota*Brooks, Oregon*Brooks Township, Michigan...
1931