Alexandra Stevenson
Encyclopedia
Alexandra Winfield Stevenson (born December 21, 1980 in La Jolla, California) is a professional tennis
Tennis
Tennis is a sport usually played between two players or between two teams of two players each . Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society at all...

 player. She made her professional debut in 1999 at Wimbledon, two weeks following graduation from La Jolla Country Day School
La Jolla Country Day School
La Jolla Country Day School is a highly selective private school in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California. It was founded as the Balmer School by Louise C. Balmer in 1926. The school contains a lower school , a middle school , and an upper school...

. At the Wimbledon Championships, Stevenson became the first woman qualifier in the Tennis Open Era
Open era
Open era or Open Era may refer to:* Open Era , the period since 1968 where professionals can compete in Grand Slams* Glasnost era, the increased openness in the Soviet Union from the mid-1980s...

 to reach the semi-finals. It was her second time at Wimbledon, having competed the year before in the Junior Wimbledon Championships. In 1999, Stevenson qualified to the quarterfinals at Birmingham, a grass warmup to Wimbledon, before withdrawing to Magüi Serna
Magüi Serna
María Luisa Serna Barrera is a professional female tennis player from Spain. She started competing in ITF challengers as from 1993, and joined the WTA Tour in 1996. On her high point she was ranked World No...

 because of a stomach muscle pull. The next week Stevenson was the number one seed during qualifying at Roehampton—and did not drop a set in three rounds as she moved into the main draw at Wimbledon. Stevenson beat number 8 seed Julie Halard
Julie Halard-Decugis
Julie Halard-Decugis is a former professional female tennis player.Halard-Decugis lived in La Baule, France during the initial stages of her career and later moved to Pully, Switzerland...

 in the third round. In the fourth round, she saved one match point against Lisa Raymond
Lisa Raymond
Lisa Raymond is an American professional tennis player who has achieved notable success in doubles tennis. On June 12, 2000, she reached the world number one ranking in doubles...

 in a 2–6, 7–6, 6–1 win. She then beat Jelena Dokić
Jelena Dokic
Jelena Dokić is an Australian female professional tennis player.During the height of her career, she played for Serbia and Montenegro and reached a career-high ranking of World No. 4 on 19 August 2002. After several family-related difficulties , she slowly slipped down the rankings in 2006...

 in three sets in the quarter-finals, before finally being knocked out in her ninth match, in straight sets by the eventual champion, Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Ann Davenport is a former World No. 1 American professional tennis player. She has won three Grand Slam singles tournaments and an Olympic gold medal in singles. In 2005, TENNIS Magazine ranked her as the 29th-best player of the preceding forty years...

. Stevenson had 57 aces during the fortnight, her serve speed in the 120s. But, it was the beginning of Stevenson being known for the fastest second serve in the women's game. Stevenson's second serve was 105 mph - 115 mph. Stevenson joined Chris Evert
Chris Evert
Christine Marie "Chris" Evert is a former world number 1 professional tennis player from the United States. She won 18 Grand Slam singles championships, including a record seven championships at the French Open and a record six championships at the U.S. Open. She was the year-ending World No...

 and Anna Kournikova
Anna Kournikova
Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova is a Russian retired professional tennis player. Her beauty and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide, despite the fact that she never won a WTA singles title. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name...

 as the only women in recent times to reach the semi-finals on their Wimbledon debut. Phil Knight, the co-founder and chairman of Nike, Inc.
Nike, Inc.
Nike, Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, which is part of the Portland metropolitan area...

 flew to London to personally sign Stevenson to a three-year Nike contract.

During the months following her dramatic run at Wimbledon, Stevenson was named rookie of the year by Tennis Magazine
TENNIS Magazine
Tennis Magazine is an American sports magazine owned by the Miller Publishing Group, LLC. It is a monthly magazine which covers news from the world of tennis.-History:...

and named Most Fascinating by People Magazine. She was interviewed by Barbara Walters
Barbara Walters
Barbara Jill Walters is an American broadcast journalist, author, and television personality. She has hosted morning television shows , the television newsmagazine , former co-anchor of the ABC Evening News, and current contributor to ABC News.Walters was first known as a popular TV morning news...

 for a Barbara Walters Special and was featured in a variety of national and international media. Nike, Inc. flew a dozen flags with Stevenson's name in bold print during her first visit to the iconic campus. Stevenson moved from California to train with Nick Bollettieri
Nick Bollettieri
Nicholas James Bollettieri is an American tennis coach who is credited with developing many world-class champions, including Andre Agassi, Jim Courier, Monica Seles, and Mary Pierce. Recently, he has worked with 2006 U.S. Open champion Maria Sharapova, Jelena Janković, Nicole Vaidišová and Sabine...

 at IMG Academies from 1999-2002. In 2000 and 2001 Stevenson, often pitted against top 20 players - including Nathalie Tauziat
Nathalie Tauziat
Nathalie Tauziat is a former professional tennis player from France. She was the runner-up in women's singles at the 1998 Wimbledon Championships. Her career-high singles ranking was third in 2000....

, Mary Pierce
Mary Pierce
Mary Pierce is a French-American tennis professional playing on the Women's Tennis Association tour. She is a citizen of France, Canada, and the United States but plays for France in team competitions and the Olympics.Pierce has won four Grand Slam titles, two in singles and two in doubles...

, Martina Hingis
Martina Hingis
Martina Hingis is a retired Swiss professional tennis player who spent a total of 209 weeks as World No. 1. She won five Grand Slam singles titles...

, Monica Seles
Monica Seles
Monica Seles is a former world no. 1 professional tennis player and a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. She was born in Novi Sad, Serbia, former Yugoslavia to Hungarian parents. She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007...

, Amanda Coetzer
Amanda Coetzer
Amanda Coetzer is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.Coetzer turned professional in 1988 and retired in 2004...

, Lisa Raymond
Lisa Raymond
Lisa Raymond is an American professional tennis player who has achieved notable success in doubles tennis. On June 12, 2000, she reached the world number one ranking in doubles...

, Dominique Van Roost, Julie Halard, Jennifer Capriati
Jennifer Capriati
Jennifer Marie Capriati is a former world number one ranked professional tennis player, and the winner of three women's singles championships in Grand Slam tournaments. Capriati made her professional debut in 1990 at the age of 14 when she reached the finals of the hard court tournament in Boca...

, Serena Williams
Serena Williams
Serena Jameka Williams is an American professional tennis player and a former world no. 1. The Women's Tennis Association has ranked her world no. 1 in singles on five separate occasions. She became the world no. 1 for the first time on July 8, 2002 and regained this ranking for the fifth time on...

, and Venus Williams
Venus Williams
Venus Ebony Starr Williams is an American professional tennis player who is a former World No. 1 and is ranked World No. 101 as of 10 October 2011 in singles and World No. 20 in doubles as of 2011. She has been ranked World No. 1 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association on three separate...

 - worked on her aggressive all-court playing style as she found her way in the professional game.

On September 11, 2001, Stevenson lost one of her friends - Manny Del Valle Jr., a fireman in the World Trade Center
World Trade Center
The original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The complex opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with five new...

. Stevenson wrote an article in the New York Times about Del Valle, a driver to the players at the US Open. In 2002, the four Grand Slams allowed Stevenson to wear the patch of DelValle's Engine Company (Engine No. 5) on her NIKE hat. Stevenson reached the quarterfinals at Quebec City in 2001, and the quarterfinals at Linz, defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario en route.

But, it was 2002 that lifted Stevenson to No. 18 in the world. Stevenson had played during the European indoor season in 2001 and was the only American player following 9/11 in Moscow. In 2002, prior to the European indoors, she lost to Monica Seles in the Tokyo quarterfinals 7–6(11–9), 7–6(11–9) and there were no breaks of serve until the tiebreakers. Alan Mills
Alan Mills (tennis)
Allan Mills, CBE born in Stretford, Lancashire, England, was a former tennis player and tournament referee for the Wimbledon tennis championships from 1982 to 2005. Although each individual tennis match was controlled by an on-court umpire, Alan Mills ran the entire tournament...

, the Tokyo referee and renowned Wimbledon referee proclaimed, "This is the finest women's serving match I have ever seen." Soon after, Seles and Stevenson would be asked to serve aces for the American Heart Association
American Heart Association
The American Heart Association is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. It is headquartered in Dallas, Texas...

, bringing awareness to heart disease. Stevenson had 100 aces in 2003. During the 2002 European indoors, Stevenson won her first doubles title with Serena Williams in Leipzig, Germany. She reached the quarterfinals of Filderstadt, defeating number one Jennifer Capriati. She was a finalist at Linz, beating four top ten players en route, including Capriati. Stevenson finished the year at 18, percentage points away from No. 17 Elena Dementieva and the WTA Tour Championships. She appeared as an alternate.

Playing style

Stevenson joined Lindsay Davenport, Monica Seles, Mary Pierce and Jennifer Capriati as a power player on the WTA Tour in 1999. 6' 1" and right-handed, she plays with a one-handed backhand. Her serve, forehand, and one-handed backhand are noted weapons in Stevenson's all-court game. Her fastest serve was clocked at 125 mph. She had the fastest second serve in the women's game from 1999-2004 at 105-115 mph. She was the first woman to amass 57 aces during the Wimbledon fortnight in 1999. The power game came from years of repetitive lessons. At nine years old, Stevenson began traveling from her home in San Diego to Los Angeles to be coached by Robert Lansdorp and Pete Fischer. It was Lansdorp who developed her powerful ground game, changing her two-handed backhand to a one-handed backhand. Lansdorp would tie her arm with an ace bandage to work on the backhand motion. Fischer, who also coached Pete Sampras
Pete Sampras
Pete Sampras is a retired American tennis player and former world no. 1. During his 15-year tour career, he won 14 Grand Slam singles titles and became recognized as one of the greatest tennis players of all time....

, developed Stevenson's service motion, often used by coaches to teach "the perfect service motion." Fischer designed service drills to resemble Sampras' fluid serve.

Early career

As a junior player, Stevenson won the US Open
U.S. Open (tennis)
The US Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a hardcourt tennis tournament which is the modern iteration of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, the U.S. National Championship, which for men's singles was first contested in 1881...

 girls' doubles title in 1997. She was ranked the No. 1 junior in the US in 1996.

Stevenson is thought to be the first player at Wimbledon
The Championships, Wimbledon
The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon , is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, considered by many to be the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the other three Majors...

 to curtsey
Curtsey
A curtsey is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman bends her knees while bowing her head. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in Western cultures...

 to the crowds in all directions at the end of matches. She first did this on a Wimbledon show court, following her 1999 win against Julie Halard. Stevenson said she was inspired by her 15 years of ballet classes, her performances on the stage, and Andre Agassi
Andre Agassi
Andre Kirk Agassi is a retired American professional tennis player and former world no. 1. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has been called the best service returner in the history of the game...

, who had bowed to the crowd at the end of his matches.

Stevenson reached her career-high ranking of 18th on October 28, 2002.

Interesting Facts:
  • Won first doubles title (with Serena Williams) during Leipzig, Germany 2002
  • US Open Mixed Doubles SemiFinals with American Brian MacPhie
  • First female qualifier to reach Wimbledon Semifinals (John McEnroe accomplished this in 1980)
  • Qualifying to quarterfinals, Birmingham, week before Wimbledon Semifinals
  • Only amateur to qualify and then win at the Midland, Michigan professional event (at 17 years old)
  • Has been featured in a variety of national and international media including MTV, BBC, CNN, Barbara Walters Special (ABC TV), Tennis Channel, Best Damned Sports Show, Good Morning America, Today Show, Oxygen Television, People Magazine, Tennis Magazine, (Cover 1999) ESPN Magazine, ESPN TV, ESPN.com, Elle Magazine, Vogue Magazine, Glamour Magazine, Ebony Magazine, Sports Illustrated, Women's Sports and Fitness Magazine, Washington Post, New York Times, New York Observer, Louisiana Times, USA Today (Cover1999) The Times, Australian Age, and numerous other outlets throughout world.
  • Graduated from La Jolla Country Day School
    La Jolla Country Day School
    La Jolla Country Day School is a highly selective private school in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California. It was founded as the Balmer School by Louise C. Balmer in 1926. The school contains a lower school , a middle school , and an upper school...

     in May, 1999 (with honors and 3.4 average)
  • Other interests include drama and singing. Has performed in The Nutcracker (San Diego City Ballet) Guys and Dolls (high school production), Bye Bye Birdie (high school production), Grease (high school production) among other plays and musicals. Off Broadway musical walk-on role. Sang, "Joy to the World" for Millennium audience in Australia at Hopman Cup – televised throughout Australia.


Awards and honors
  • Member of U.S. Hopman Cup
    Hopman Cup
    The Hopman Cup is an annual international team tennis tournament held in Perth, Western Australia in early January each year, which plays mixed teams on a country by country basis...

     Team (2000)
  • Member of U.S. Pan American Games
    Pan American Games
    The Pan-American or Pan American Games are a major event in the Americas featuring summer and formerly winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Pan American Games are the second largest multi-sport event after the Summer Olympics...

     Team (1999) (Bronze medal)
  • Member U.S. Professional Development Program (1998–2002)
  • Member U.S. National Team (1994–1996)
  • Received 1997 Breitbard Athlete of the Year Award
  • Given Key to the city of San Diego by Mayor 1999
  • Member United States Fed Cup team
    United States Fed Cup team
    The United States Fed Cup team is the most successful national team in Fed Cup competition. The team has won 17 titles and finished second a further 9 times, out of 44 participations.-History:...

     2002-2003 (three teams)
  • Recognized by Governor of South Carolina for efforts to bring down the Confederate flag over the State House. Flag was removed to a confederate cemetery.
  • Recognized by elementary schools in California for "Where in the World is Alexandra" – an email sent to elementary classrooms from Alexandra Stevenson about tennis around the world and what is required of a tennis player and citizen of world.
  • "Alexandra's Aces" In 2003 served 127 aces to benefit American Heart Association
  • Graduated December 15, 2007, University of Colorado. Bachelor of Liberal Arts, Sociology, Dean's List. Honor Society. (Unique as Final 8 member to have graduated while playing professional tennis.)
  • Inducted into the La Jolla Country Day School Hall of Fame on December 4, 2009.

Injury and return

Stevenson experienced shoulder pain in 2003 at the Wimbledon Championships. She worked on strengthening the area, but was unable to repair the tear. Stevenson went to Birmingham, Alabama, where Dr. James Andrews performed a Type II labral repair on her right shoulder on September 21, 2004. Alexandra had a Type II labrum repair. Overhead athletes (tennis players and pitchers) tear the labrum at the top of the socket – and she did that between 11:00 and 1:00 on a clock face. When you pull on the biceps during a tennis serve motion, this contributes to the injury, and as the labrum detaches, it becomes painful. This also adds strain to the rotator. You feel grinding, popping and pain. In 2006, following 18 months of shoulder strengthening, Stevenson began a baseball pitcher-type rehabilitation that her mother designed to gain muscle endurance in her shoulder. This required a similar baseball rehab program of innings in and innings out which resulted in retirements during tournaments.

Stevenson played in the qualifying round at the 2006 Wimbledon, but after defeating Jelena Dokić
Jelena Dokic
Jelena Dokić is an Australian female professional tennis player.During the height of her career, she played for Serbia and Montenegro and reached a career-high ranking of World No. 4 on 19 August 2002. After several family-related difficulties , she slowly slipped down the rankings in 2006...

, a player that she had played in 1999 in the Wimbledon quarters, when they were both qualifiers, she suffered a pectoral strain and fell in the second round of qualifiers. At the 2006 Cincinnati Women's Open, she also had a successful run in the qualifying round, but continued shoulder pain caused her to fall in the final round to Chin-Wei Chen 3–6, 6–3, 7–5. Stevenson continued to use the 2007 and 2008 seasons for the baseball pitcher-type rehabilitation program. By 2009, Stevenson gained shoulder strength and posted strong results. In 2010, Kevin Wilk, Dr. Andrews physical therapist said that Stevenson's shoulder "feels like a non-surgical arm."

Personal life

Stevenson's mother is Samantha Stevenson, a noted sports journalist. Her father is basketball legend Julius Erving
Julius Erving
Julius Winfield Erving II , commonly known by the nickname Dr. J, is a retired American basketball player who helped launch a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and play above the rim....

. Stevenson met her father for the first time in October 2008 after she initiated a meeting. The meeting was documented by ESPN.com's "Reaching Out". Stevenson keeps up with her father between tournaments. Stevenson is taking acting and singing classes in Hollywood during her off weeks from her full time return to the WTA Tour. Stevenson graduated from the University of Colorado on December 15, 2007, with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts, Sociology. She graduated on the Dean's List and is the only Final 8 member to have graduated from college while playing professional tennis. Stevenson was inducted into the La Jolla Country Day School
La Jolla Country Day School
La Jolla Country Day School is a highly selective private school in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California. It was founded as the Balmer School by Louise C. Balmer in 1926. The school contains a lower school , a middle school , and an upper school...

 Hall of Fame on December 4, 2009 - joining fellow Torrey, Rashaan Salaam
Rashaan Salaam
Rashaan Iman Salaam is a former professional American football player. Salaam won the 1994 Heisman Trophy as a running back for the University of Colorado at Boulder, rushing for 2,055 yards by the end of the season. Salaam is the fourth major college football player to rush for over 2,000 yards...

, the 1994 Heisman Trophy winner.

Singles performance timeline

To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once a tournament or the player's participation in the tournament has concluded. This table is current through the French Open in Paris, France, which ended on June 8, 2008.
Tournament 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Career
Grand Slam Tournaments
Australian Open
Australian Open
The Australian Open is the only Grand Slam tennis tournament held in the southern hemisphere. The tournament was held for the first time in 1905 and was last contested on grass in 1987. Since 1972 the Australian Open has been held in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1988, the tournament became a hard court...

A A A A 1R 2R 1R 2R 1R A A A A 0 / 5
French Open A A A A 1R 1R 1R 1R A A A A A 0 / 4
Wimbledon A A A SF 2R 2R 1R 1R A A A A A 0 / 5
US Open
U.S. Open (tennis)
The US Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a hardcourt tennis tournament which is the modern iteration of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, the U.S. National Championship, which for men's singles was first contested in 1881...

A A 1R 1R 1R 1R 1R 1R 1R A A A A 0 / 7
Grand Slam Win-Loss 0–0 0–0 0–1 5–2 1-4 2-4 0–4 1-4 0-2 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 9–21
Grand Slam SR 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 / 1 0 / 2 0 / 4 0 / 4 0 / 4 0 / 4 0 / 2 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 / 21
Year-End Championship
WTA Tour Championships
WTA Tour Championships
The WTA Tour Championships is a tennis tournament played annually at the end of the season for the top-ranked players on the Women's Tennis Association tour. The month, city and number of players has changed since the first edition in 1972...

A A A A A A A A A A A A 0 / 0
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
Tennis at the Summer Olympics
Tennis was part of the Summer Olympic Games program from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, but was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics...

A NH NH NH A NH NH NH A NH NH NH A 0 / 0
WTA Tier I Tournaments
Doha
Qatar Total Open
The Qatar Ladies Open , known as the Qatar Total Open for sponsorship reasons, is tennis tournament held in Doha, Qatar. Held since 2001, this WTA Tour event was a Tier I-tournament in 2008, and was played on outdoor hardcourts. Total S.A. was the main tournament sponsor...

- - - - - - - - - - - - A 0 / 0
Indian Wells
Indian Wells Masters
The Indian Wells Masters is an annual tennis tournament held in Indian Wells, California....

1R 1R A 2R 2R 1R 4R 2R 1R A 1R A A 0 / 9
Key Biscayne
Miami Masters
The Miami Masters is an annual tennis tournament for men and women held in Key Biscayne, Miami, Florida. It is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the men's tour and a Premier Mandatory event on the women's tour and is played on hard courts at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park...

A A 1R A 1R 2R 4R 2R 1R A A A A 0 / 6
Charleston
Family Circle Cup
The Family Circle Cup is a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women, held every year since 1973. The tournament is currently played on the green clay courts at the Daniel Island Tennis Center in Charleston, South Carolina, USA...

A A A 1R 1R 2R A 1R 1R 3R A A 2R 0 / 7
Berlin
Qatar Telecom German Open
The German Open, sponsored from 2006 through 2008 as the Qatar Telecom German Open, was a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women played in Berlin, Germany. Held since 1896, it was one of the oldest tournaments for women...

A A A A 2R A A A A A A A A 0 / 1
Rome
Rome Masters
The Italian Open is an annual tennis tournament held in Rome, Italy. It is the most prestigious red clay tennis tournament in the world after the French Open, with the men's competition being an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the Association of Tennis Professionals tour, and the women's...

A A A A 1R A A 1R A A A A A 0 / 2
Montreal/Toronto
Canada Masters
The Canada Masters , currently sponsored as the Rogers Cup, is an annual tennis tournament held in Canada. The men's competition is a Masters 1000 event on the Association of Tennis Professionals tour. The women's competition is a Premier 5 tournament on the Women's Tennis Association tour...

A A A 1R 1R A 3R A A A A A 0 / 3
Tokyo
Toray Pan Pacific Open
The is a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women, held every year since 1984 on in Tokyo, Japan. It is classified on the WTA Tour as a Tier I tournament since 1993. The event has traditionally been played on indoor carpet at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, but the 2008 event...

A A A A 2R A QF 1R A A A A 0 / 3
Moscow
Kremlin Cup
The Kremlin Cup is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It is currently part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the ATP Tour and is a Premier Tournament on the WTA Tour...

- A A A A 2R A 2R A A A A 0 / 2
San Diego - - - - - - - - A A A A - 0 / 0
Zurich
Zurich Open
The Zurich Open was a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women, formerly held every winter in Zurich, Switzerland. It was classified on the WTA Tour as a Tier I tournament from 1993 until 2007. In its final year, 2008, it was downgraded to a Tier II event.The Open was held at...

A A A A A 1R QF 2R A A A A - 0 / 3
Career Statistics
Finals reached 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Tournaments Won 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Overall Win-Loss 213-2191
Year End Ranking 355 394 126 46 93 60 18 82 282 645 394 399 N/A


A = did not participate in the tournament.

SR = the ratio of the number of singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played.

- = tournament was either not held or not a Tier I event.

1 If Fed Cup (0-1 overall) participation is included, her record stands at 213-220 overall.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK