1978 Tour de France
Encyclopedia
The 1978 Tour de France was the 65th Tour de France
Tour de France
The Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...

, taking place June 29 to July 23, 1978. The total race distance was 22 stages over 3908 km, with riders averaging 36.084 km/h. It was won by debutant Bernard Hinault
Bernard Hinault
Bernard Hinault is a former French cyclist known for five victories in the Tour de France. He is one of only five cyclists to have won all three Grand Tours, and the only cyclist to have won each more than once. He won the Tour de France in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985...

, for the first of his five victories.

Participants

The following 11 teams each sent 10 cyclists, for a total of 110:
  • Peugeot-Esso-Michelin
  • Ti Raleigh
  • C&A
  • Kas-Campagnolo
  • Miko-Mercier-Hutchinson
  • Renault-Gitane-Campagnolo
  • Teka
  • Lejeune-BP
  • Fiat-La France
  • Velda-Lono-Flandria
  • Jobo-Superia

  • Since the 1977 Tour de France
    1977 Tour de France
    The 1977 Tour de France was the 64th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 24, 1977. The total race distance was 22 stages over 4096 km, with riders averaging 35.419 km/h....

    , dominant riders as Eddy Merckx
    Eddy Merckx
    Edouard Louis Joseph, Baron Merckx , better known as Eddy Merckx, is a Belgian former professional cyclist. The French magazine Vélo called him "the most accomplished rider that cycling has ever known." The American publication, VeloNews, called him the greatest and most successful cyclist of all...

    , Felice Gimondi
    Felice Gimondi
    Felice Gimondi is an Italian former professional racing cyclist.With his 1968 victory at the Vuelta a España, only three years after becoming a professional cyclist, Gimondi, nicknamed "The Phoenix", was the second cyclist to win all three Grand Tours of road cycling: Tour de France , Giro...

    , Raymond Poulidor
    Raymond Poulidor
    Raymond Poulidor , is a former professional bicycle racer. He was known as the eternal second, because he finished the Tour de France in second place three times, and in third place five times, including his final Tour at the age of 40...

     and Luis Ocaña
    Luis Ocaña
    Jesús Luis Ocaña Pernía was a Spanish road bicycle racer who won the Tour de France in 1973 and the Vuelta a España in 1970.- Early professional career :...

     had retired.

    Lucien Van Impe, the winner of 1976, had broken his collarbone and was still recovering.

    The main contenders were debutant Hinault, who had won the 1977 Vuelta a España
    1977 Vuelta a España
    The 32nd Vuelta a España , a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the 3 grand tours, was held from April 26 to May 15, 1977. It consisted of 19 stages covering a total of 2,785 km, and was won by Freddy Maertens of the Flandria cycling team. Maertens dominated the race and also won the...

    , and Joop Zoetemelk
    Joop Zoetemelk
    Hendrik Gerardus Jozef "Joop" Zoetemelk is a retired professional racing cyclist from the Netherlands who has emigrated to France. He started the Tour de France 16 times and finished every time, a record. He won the race in 1980 and also came eighth, fifth, fourth and second...

    , who had already finished in second place for three times. Pre-race analysis judged Hinault better in the time trials, and Zoetemelk better in the mountains. Bernard Thévenet
    Bernard Thévenet
    Bernard Thévenet, born 10 January 1948, in Saint-Julien-de-Civry, Saône-et-Loire, is a retired French bicycle racer. He is a two-time winner of the Tour de France and known for ending the reign of five-time Tour champion Eddy Merckx...

    , the winner of the 1977 Tour de France
    1977 Tour de France
    The 1977 Tour de France was the 64th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 24, 1977. The total race distance was 22 stages over 4096 km, with riders averaging 35.419 km/h....

    , was out of form, and not considered a favourite.

    Race details

    During the prologue, held in the Netherlands, the weather was bad. The four top places were taken by Dutch cyclists, with Jan Raas
    Jan Raas
    Jan Raas is a Dutch former professional cyclist whose 115 wins include the 1979 World Road Race Championship in Valkenburg, he also won the Ronde van Vlaanderen in 1979 and 1983, Paris–Roubaix in 1982 and Milan – San Remo in 1977. He won ten stages in the Tour de France...

     the winner. The team directors then had a meeting, and all but the manager of Raas' team voted to request the Tour direction to not count the results from the prologue for the overall classification. The direction agreed, so the prologue results did not count.
    Jan Raas was still given the stage win, but he was not recognized as race leader, so he was not allowed to wear the yellow jersey during the first stage. The winner of the previous year, Bernard Thévenet
    Bernard Thévenet
    Bernard Thévenet, born 10 January 1948, in Saint-Julien-de-Civry, Saône-et-Loire, is a retired French bicycle racer. He is a two-time winner of the Tour de France and known for ending the reign of five-time Tour champion Eddy Merckx...

    , was allowed to wear the yellow jersey, but he refused.

    In that first stage, Raas and his team were full of anger. Raas escaped close to the finish, and beat everybody by a second, thus becoming the race's leader after all. Raas lost the lead in the third stage.

    The fourth stage was run as a time trial. The TI-Raleigh
    TI-Raleigh
    TI-Raleigh was a Dutch professional road bicycle racing team between 1974 and 1983. The team was created and led by Peter Post.The team was successful in classics and in stage races. Riders included Joop Zoetemelk, Jan Raas, Gerrie Knetemann, Hennie Kuiper, Dave Lloyd, Urs Freuler, Henk Lubberding,...

     team was specialized in this, and they won the stage. Klaus-Peter Thaler
    Klaus-Peter Thaler
    Klaus-Peter Thaler was a professional cyclist between 1976 and 1988, successful in road-racing and cyclo-cross...

     of the TI-Raleigh team became the new leader, thanks to the bonification seconds.

    Hinault beat Zoetemelk in the time trial in stage eight. Joseph Bruyere, former second man of Eddy Merckx, finished in second place and became the new race leader.

    The eleventh stage included the toughest mountains in the Pyrenées. On the last mountain, the Pla d'Adet, Pollentier and Zoetemelk attacked, and Martinez and Hinault soon followed. Martinez rode away to win the stage, and Hinault won some seconds on Zoetemelk. Bruyere stayed the leader, with Hinault in second place and Zoetemelk in third place. During that stage, Thevenet retired.

    The next day, the twelfth stage was scheduled, split into two sections. This meant that after the transfer from the previous stage, the riders were not in bed before 12:00 PM, and had to wake up at 5:00 AM. In the early stage to Valence-d'Agen, the riders held a strike against the early start. They rode at a slow pace of 20 kilometres per hour (12.4 mph), arrived at the finish well behind schedule, and crossed the finish line walking. The Tour officials canceled the stage.

    The fourteenth stage was an individual mountain time trial. Zoetemelk won the stage, beating Bruyere by 55 seconds and Hinault by 100 seconds. Hinault had lost some time because his lightweight bike, that he intended to use for the steepest part, broke when he hit a spectator while changing bikes.

    In the sixteenth stage, that ended on top of Alpe d'Huez
    Alpe d'Huez
    L'Alpe d'Huez is a ski resort at . It is a mountain pasture in the Central French Alps, in the commune of Huez, in the Isère département in the Rhône-Alpes region.-Tour de France:L'Alpe d'Huez is one of the main mountains in the Tour de France...

    , Pollentier attacked. At the foot of the Alpe d'Huez, Pollentier had a margin of two minutes. He was chased by Hinault, Zoetemelk and Kuiper, who at 4 km before the finish had closed the gap to 50 seconds. Hinault then attacked, and Kuiper could follow but Zoetemelk had to let them go. Pollentier stayed away, won the stage and became the new leader of the general classification.

    As stage winner and general classification leader, Pollentier had to go to the doping control. Pollentier first went to his hotel, and was only found two hours later. Another cyclist at the doping control, Antoine Guttierrez, was found with a fake urine sample, trying to use it to fake the doping control. This device did not work, and the race doctor discovered the fraud. He then checked the other cyclists, and Pollentier was using the same fraud. Pollentier was removed from the race, and Zoetemelk became the new leader. Pollentier later explained that he tried to evade the controls because he had taken amphetamines for breathing, and he did not know if it would give back a positive test.

    In the seventeenth stage, Kuiper, third in the general classification, crashed, broke a clavicle, and had to leave the race.

    Hinault was only 14 seconds behind Zoetemelk at the start of the time trial in stage 20. Hinault won that time trial by more than four minutes over Zoetemelk, and became the race leader.

    Stages

    The 1978 Tour de France started on 29 June, and had two rest days, in Biarritz and Alpe d'Huez.
    Stage results
    Stage Date Route Terrain Length Winner
    P 29 June Leiden
    Individual time trial
    Individual time trial
    An individual time trial is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock . There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes, and team time trials...

     
    5 km (3.1 mi)
    1A 30 June Leiden – St Willebrord
    Plain stage
    135 km (83.9 mi)
    1B St Willebrord – Brussel
    Plain stage
    100 km (62.1 mi)
    2 1 July Brussel – St Amand les Eaux
    Plain stage
    199 km (123.7 mi)
    3 2 July St Amand les Eaux – St Germain en Laye
    Plain stage
    244 km (151.6 mi)
    4 3 July Evreux
    Évreux
    Évreux is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.-History:In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area...

     – Caen
    Caen
    Caen is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located inland from the English Channel....

    Team time trial
    Team time trial
    A team time trial is a road-based bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock .Teams start at equal intervals, usually two, three or four minutes apart...

     
    153 km (95.1 mi) TI-Raleigh
    5 4 July Caen – Maze Montgeoffroy
    Plain stage
    244 km (151.6 mi)
    6 5 July Maze Montgeoffroy – Poitiers
    Poitiers
    Poitiers is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque...

    Plain stage
    162 km (100.7 mi)
    7 6 July Poitiers – Bordeaux
    Bordeaux
    Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...

    Plain stage
    242 km (150.4 mi)
    8 7 July St Emilion – Ste Foy la Grande
    Individual time trial
    Individual time trial
    An individual time trial is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock . There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes, and team time trials...

     
    59 km (36.7 mi)
    9 8 July Bordeaux – Biarritz
    Biarritz
    Biarritz is a city which lies on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast, in south-western France. It is a luxurious seaside town and is popular with tourists and surfers....

    Plain stage
    233 km (144.8 mi)
    10 10 July Biarritz – Pau
    Hilly stage
    192 km (119.3 mi)
    11 11 July Pau – St Lary Soulan
    Stage with mountain(s)
    161 km (100 mi)
    12A 12 July Tarbes
    Tarbes
    Tarbes is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants....

     – Valence d'Agen
    Plain stage
    158 km (98.2 mi) Cancelled
    12B Valence d'Agen – Toulouse
    Toulouse
    Toulouse is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern FranceIt lies on the banks of the River Garonne, 590 km away from Paris and half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea...

    Plain stage
    96 km (59.7 mi)
    13 13 July Figeac
    Figeac
    Figeac is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.Figeac is a sub-prefecture of the department.-History:Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major hiking medieval pilgrimage trail which is part of the Way of St. James...

     – Super Besse
    Super Besse
    Super Besse is a winter sports resort in the Massif Central in France.-Geography:The winter sports resort of Super Besse is located in the commune of Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise in the Parc naturel régional des volcans d'Auvergne in the department of Puy de Dôme, in Auvergne...

    Hilly stage
    221 km (137.3 mi)
    14 14 July Besse en Chandesse – Puy de Dome
    Individual time trial
    Individual time trial
    An individual time trial is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock . There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes, and team time trials...

     
    52 km (32.3 mi)
    15 15 July St Dier d'Auvergne – St Etienne
    Hilly stage
    196 km (121.8 mi)
    16 16 July St Etienne – L'Alpe d'Huez
    Stage with mountain(s)
    241 km (149.8 mi)
    16 16 July St Etienne – L'Alpe d'Huez
    Stage with mountain(s)
    241 km (149.8 mi)
    17 18 July Grenoble
    Grenoble
    Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère...

     – Morzine
    Morzine
    Morzine is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France with panoramic mountain views, modern ski facilities and hotels and restaurants. The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune...

    Stage with mountain(s)
    225 km (139.8 mi)
    18 19 July Morzine – Lausanne
    Lausanne
    Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and is the capital of the canton of Vaud. The seat of the district of Lausanne, the city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva . It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura mountains to its north-west...

    Plain stage
    137 km (85.1 mi)
    19 20 July Lausanne – Belfort
    Belfort
    Belfort is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Franche-Comté in northeastern France and is the prefecture of the department. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap or Burgundian Gate .-...

    Plain stage
    182 km (113.1 mi)
    20 21 July Metz
    Metz
    Metz is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place...

     – Nancy
    Individual time trial
    Individual time trial
    An individual time trial is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock . There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes, and team time trials...

     
    72 km (44.7 mi)
    21 22 July Epernay
    Épernay
    Épernay is a commune in the Marne department in northern France. Épernay is located some 130 km north-east of Paris on the main line of the Eastern railway to Strasbourg...

     – Senlis
    Senlis, Oise
    Senlis is a French commune located in the Oise department near Paris. It has a long and rich heritage, having traversed centuries of history. This medieval town has welcomed some of the most renowned figures in French history, including Hugh Capet, Louis IX, the Marshall of France, Anne of Kiev and...

    Plain stage
    207 km (128.6 mi)
    22 23 July St Germain en Laye – Parijs
    Plain stage
    162 km (100.7 mi)

    General classification

    Final general classification (1–10)
    Rank Name Team Time
    1 Renault 107h 18' 00"
    2 Miko +3' 56"
    3 Flandria-Velda +6' 54"
    4 C&A +9' 04"
    5 Miko +12' 50"
    6 Raleigh +14' 38"
    7 KAS +17' 08"
    8 Raleigh +17' 26"
    9 C&A +21' 01"
    10 Jobo +22' 58"

    Points classification

    Final points classification (1–10)
    Rank Name Team Points
    1 Flandria-Velda 242
    2 Peugeot-Esso 185
    3 Renault 123
    4 Raleigh 109
    5 C&A 100
    6 Raleigh 91
    7 Renault 79
    8 Renault 74
    9 Miko 71
    10 Teka 70

    Mountains classification

    Final mountains classification (1–10)
    Rank Name Team Points
    1 Jobo 187
    2 Renault 176
    3 Miko 155
    4 Miko 90
    5 Flandria-Velda 73
    6 Miko 70
    7 Raleigh 68
    8 Flandria-Velda 63
    9 Fiat 54
    10 C&A 53

    Team classification

    The Kas team finished with only two cyclists, so was not eligible for the team classifications.
    Final team classification
    Rank Team Time
    1 Mercier 562h 05' 52"
    2 Raleigh +17' 20"
    3 C&A +17' 22"
    4 Flandria +1h 15' 45"
    5 Gitane +1h 47' 46"
    6 Peugeot +4h 25' 36"
    7 Lejeune +4h 29' 18"
    8 Teka +4h 51' 32"
    9 Jobo +5h 02' 48"
    10 Fiat +7h 04' 37"

    Team points classification

    Final team points classification
    Rank Team Time
    1 Raleigh 720
    2 Gitane 909
    3 Flandria 972
    4 Mercier 1072
    5 Peugeot 1144
    6 C&A 1456
    7 Jobo 1656
    8 Lejeune 1729
    9 Fiat 2347
    10 Teka 2629

    Young rider classification

    Final young rider classification (1–5)
    Rank Name Team
    1 Raleigh
    2 Miko
    3 Flandria-Velda
    4 Lejeune
    5 Fiat

    Sprints classification

    Final sprints classification (1–5)
    Rank Name Team Points
    1 Renault 95
    2 Fiat 60
    3 Gitane 52
    4 Flandria-Velda 44
    5 C&A 21

    Doping

    In total, 110 doping tests were done. Three cyclists were penalized for doping offences, all tested after the sixteenth stage:
    • Antoine Guttierrez, for attempt of fraud
    • Michel Pollentier, for attempt of fraud
    • José Nazabal

    Nazabal had already anticipated the positive result, and had left the race before the eighteenth stage.
    Guttierrez and Pollentier were removed from the race and banned for two months; Nazabal was set back to the last place of the stage, received ten minutes penalty time in the general classification, a fine of 1000 Swiss Francs and one month provisional suspension.
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