Vinogradovsky District
Encyclopedia
Vinogradovsky District is an administrative district (raion
), one of the twenty-one
in Arkhangelsk Oblast
, Russia
. Municipally, it is incorporated as Vinogradovsky Municipal District. It is located in the central part of the oblast
and borders with Pinezhsky District
in the northeast, Verkhnetoyemsky District
in the southeast, Shenkursky District
in the south, Plesetsky District in the southwest, the town of Mirny
in the west, and Kholmogorsky District in the northwest. Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement
) of Bereznik
. District's population: Population of Bereznik accounts for 36.0% of the district's population.
The district is named after Pavlin Vinogradov, a Bolshevik
and an active participant of the October Revolution
and the Russian Civil War
. In 1918, Vinogradov was sent to Arkhangelsk and eventually charged with the organization of the Bolshevik resistance to British and American troops. Vinogradov died in combat at the village of Shidrovo, now within the area of the district.
and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic
. After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
. Historically, it was a part of Vazhsky Uyezd, a vast area including almost all of the river basin of the Vaga
. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate
, In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty
. Vazhsky Uyezd was split, and the area of the current Vinogradovsky District became a part of the newly established Shenkursky Uyezd. In 1796, Shenkursky Uyezd was transferred to Arkhangelsk Governorate
. The area was known as Podvinsky Stan.
In the Russian Civil War
, in the present area of the district there have been battles between British and American troops and the Bolshevik troops. The battles also involved the Northern Dvina Flotilla, which acted on the Northern Dvina.
Shenkursky Uyezd remained in Arkhangelsk Governorate until 1929, when several governorates were merged into Northern Krai
. On July 15, 1929, the uyezds were abolished, and Shenkursky Uyezd was split into Shenkursky, Bereznikovsky, and Rovdinsky Districts. Bereznikovsky District became a part of Nyandoma Okrug of Northern Krai.
In the following years, the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1930, the okrug was abolished, and the district became subordinate to the central administration of Northern Krai. In 1936, the krai itself was transformed into Northern Oblast. In 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. In 1940, Bereznikovsky District was renamed Vinogradovsky District and remained in Arkhangelsk Oblast ever since.
(left) and the Vayenga
(right). The eastern part of the district belongs to the river basin of the Pinega River
via its major left tributaries, the Yula
and the Pokshenga
.
Almost the whole of the district is covered by coniferous forests (taiga
). The exception are the meadows in the floodplain
s.
s and one urban-type settlement
(Bereznik
). One locality which previously had urban-type settlement
status, Rochegda, was downgraded to a rural locality in 2005. The following selsoviets have been established (the administrative centers are given in parentheses),
connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk, crosses the district from south to north.
The Northern Dvina and the Vaga are navigable within the boundaries of the district.
Of the four ensembles protected at the federal level only one survives,
The only museum in the district is Vinogradovsky District Museum in Bereznik, open in 1970.
In the selos of Borok and Puchuga, located along the Northern Dvina, traditional wood painting crafts developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, similar to the neighboring Nizhnyaya Toyma painting school. It is characteristic of painting in black and red colors over a yellow background. Their favorite motifs were the Sirin Bird
and the black horses, symbols of a wealthy household. By the 1970s, the craft declined.
Raion
A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French rayon 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district"...
), one of the twenty-one
Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast
Administratively, Arkhangelsk Oblast is divided into six cities and towns of oblast significance, twenty-one districts, and two island territories . Besides, Mirny is a town under the federal government management....
in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Arkhangelsk Oblast
Arkhangelsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It includes the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea....
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. Municipally, it is incorporated as Vinogradovsky Municipal District. It is located in the central part of the oblast
Oblast
Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"...
and borders with Pinezhsky District
Pinezhsky District
Pinezhsky District is an administrative district , one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Pinezhsky Municipal District...
in the northeast, Verkhnetoyemsky District
Verkhnetoyemsky District
Verkhnetoyemsky District is an administrative district , one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Verkhnetoyemsky Municipal District...
in the southeast, Shenkursky District
Shenkursky District
Shenkursky District is an administrative district , one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Shenkursky Municipal District...
in the south, Plesetsky District in the southwest, the town of Mirny
Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Mirny is a closed town in the west of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, serving the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Administratively, it is incorporated as a town of oblast significance, while municipally, it is incorporated as Mirny Urban Okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast...
in the west, and Kholmogorsky District in the northwest. Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement ; , selyshche mis'koho typu ) is an official designation for a type of locality used in some of the countries of the former Soviet Union...
) of Bereznik
Bereznik
Bereznik , also known as Dvinskoy Bereznik is an urban type settlement and the administrative center of Vinogradovsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Northern Dvina River, southeast of Kholmogorskaya railway station and away from Arkhangelsk...
. District's population: Population of Bereznik accounts for 36.0% of the district's population.
The district is named after Pavlin Vinogradov, a Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
and an active participant of the October Revolution
October Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
and the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
. In 1918, Vinogradov was sent to Arkhangelsk and eventually charged with the organization of the Bolshevik resistance to British and American troops. Vinogradov died in combat at the village of Shidrovo, now within the area of the district.
History
The area was originally populated by Finno-Ugric peoplesFinno-Ugric peoples
The Finno-Ugric peoples are any of several peoples of Europe who speak languages of the proposed Finno-Ugric language family, such as the Finns, Estonians, Mordvins, and Hungarians...
and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic was a large medieval Russian state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th centuries, centred on the city of Novgorod...
. After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow or Grand Principality of Moscow, also known in English simply as Muscovy , was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow, and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia....
. Historically, it was a part of Vazhsky Uyezd, a vast area including almost all of the river basin of the Vaga
Vaga River
The Vaga is a river in Totemsky, Syamzhensky, and Verkhovazhsky Districts of Vologda Oblast and in Velsky, Shenkursky, and Vinogradovsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left and the biggest tributary of the Northern Dvina River. The length of the river is . The area of its basin...
. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate
Archangelgorod Governorate
Archangelgorod Governorate , or the Government of Archangelgorod, was an administrative division of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1780. Its seat was in Archangel...
, In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty
Vologda Viceroyalty
Vologda Viceroyalty was an administrative division of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796.The viceroyalty was established by a decree of Catherine II on , 1780...
. Vazhsky Uyezd was split, and the area of the current Vinogradovsky District became a part of the newly established Shenkursky Uyezd. In 1796, Shenkursky Uyezd was transferred to Arkhangelsk Governorate
Arkhangelsk Governorate
Archangelsk Governorate was an administrative division of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1796 until 1929. Its seat was in Arkhangelsk...
. The area was known as Podvinsky Stan.
In the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
, in the present area of the district there have been battles between British and American troops and the Bolshevik troops. The battles also involved the Northern Dvina Flotilla, which acted on the Northern Dvina.
Shenkursky Uyezd remained in Arkhangelsk Governorate until 1929, when several governorates were merged into Northern Krai
Northern Krai
Northern Krai was a krai of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1936. Its seat was in the city of Arkhangelsk...
. On July 15, 1929, the uyezds were abolished, and Shenkursky Uyezd was split into Shenkursky, Bereznikovsky, and Rovdinsky Districts. Bereznikovsky District became a part of Nyandoma Okrug of Northern Krai.
In the following years, the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1930, the okrug was abolished, and the district became subordinate to the central administration of Northern Krai. In 1936, the krai itself was transformed into Northern Oblast. In 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. In 1940, Bereznikovsky District was renamed Vinogradovsky District and remained in Arkhangelsk Oblast ever since.
Location and geography
The district is located on both banks of the Northern Dvina River; the left-bank part of the district is considerably smaller than the right-hand one. The whole of the district belongs to the river basins of the Northern Dvina and its major tributaries. The main tributaries of the Northern Dvina within the district are the VagaVaga River
The Vaga is a river in Totemsky, Syamzhensky, and Verkhovazhsky Districts of Vologda Oblast and in Velsky, Shenkursky, and Vinogradovsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left and the biggest tributary of the Northern Dvina River. The length of the river is . The area of its basin...
(left) and the Vayenga
Vayenga River
The Vayenga is a river in Vinogradovsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Northern Dvina River. The length of the river is . The area of its basin...
(right). The eastern part of the district belongs to the river basin of the Pinega River
Pinega River
The Pinega is a river in Verkhnetoyemsky, Pinezhsky, and Kholmogorsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Northern Dvina River. It is long, and the area of its basin...
via its major left tributaries, the Yula
Yula River
The Yula is a river in Vinogradovsky and Pinezhsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Pinega River. It is long, and the area of its basin...
and the Pokshenga
Pokshenga River
The Pokshenga is a river in Vinogradovsky and Pinezhsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Pinega River. It is long, and the area of its basin...
.
Almost the whole of the district is covered by coniferous forests (taiga
Taiga
Taiga , also known as the boreal forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests.Taiga is the world's largest terrestrial biome. In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States and is known as the Northwoods...
). The exception are the meadows in the floodplain
Floodplain
A floodplain, or flood plain, is a flat or nearly flat land adjacent a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge...
s.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, the district is divided into thirteen selsovietSelsoviet
Selsoviet is a shortened name for a rural council. The full names for the term are, in , , . Selsoviets were the lowest level of administrative division in rural areas in the Soviet Union...
s and one urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement ; , selyshche mis'koho typu ) is an official designation for a type of locality used in some of the countries of the former Soviet Union...
(Bereznik
Bereznik
Bereznik , also known as Dvinskoy Bereznik is an urban type settlement and the administrative center of Vinogradovsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Northern Dvina River, southeast of Kholmogorskaya railway station and away from Arkhangelsk...
). One locality which previously had urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlement ; , selyshche mis'koho typu ) is an official designation for a type of locality used in some of the countries of the former Soviet Union...
status, Rochegda, was downgraded to a rural locality in 2005. The following selsoviets have been established (the administrative centers are given in parentheses),
- Boretsky (Gridinskaya);
- Kitsky (Vazhsky);
- Konetsgorsky (Konetsgorye);
- Morzhegorsky (Rodionovskaya);
- Osinovsky (Osinovo);
- Rochegodsky (Rochegda);
- Selmengsky (Selmenga);
- Shastozyorsky (Uyta);
- Shidrovsky (Shidrovo);
- Topetsky (Topsa);
- Ust-Vayengsky (Ust-Vayenga);
- Vayengsky (Vorontsy);
- Zaostrovsky (Yakovlevskaya).
Municipal divisions
Municipally, the district is divided into one urban settlement and eight rural settlements (the administrative centers are given in parentheses):- Bereznikovskoye Urban Settlement (BereznikBereznikBereznik , also known as Dvinskoy Bereznik is an urban type settlement and the administrative center of Vinogradovsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Northern Dvina River, southeast of Kholmogorskaya railway station and away from Arkhangelsk...
); - Boretskoye Rural Settlement (Selmenga);
- Kitskoye Rural Settlement (Vazhsky);
- Morzhegorskoye Rural Settlement (Khetovo);
- Osinovskoye Rural Settlement (Osinovo);
- Rochegodskoye Rural Settlement (Rochegda);
- Shidrovskoye Rural Settlement (Shidrovo);
- Ust-Vayengskoye Rural Settlement (Ust-Vayenga);
- Zaostrovskoye Rural Settlement (Yakovlevskaya).
Industry
The basis of the economy of the district is timber industry, which in 2010 was responsible for 95% of the district production. Food industry, including milk production, is also somewhat developed.Agriculture
The agriculture specializes on cattle production, as well as growing of potatoes and vegetables. It suffered heavily from the economic crisis of the 1990s, from which it has not recovered.Transport
One of the principal highways in Russia, M8M8 highway (Russia)
The Russian route M8, also known as the Kholmogory Highway or Yaroslavl highway, is a major trunk road that links Moscow to the Russian North in general and the sea harbour of Arkhangelsk in particular...
connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk, crosses the district from south to north.
The Northern Dvina and the Vaga are navigable within the boundaries of the district.
Culture and recreation
The district contains twelve objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by the Russian Federal law, and additionally seventy-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance. Most of these are wooden rural houses, churches, and bridges built prior to 1917.Of the four ensembles protected at the federal level only one survives,
- Seletsky Pogost is an all-wooden ensemble of St. Iliya Church (1798), Church of the Erection of the Cross (1802-1808), and the bell-tower (1800).
- Kalezhsky Pogost was an ensemble of two wooden churches - St. Nicholas Church (1773), St. Demetrius Church (1890), as well as the wooden bell-tower (1745), in the village of Kalyi. Burnt down in 2006 and does not exist anymore.
- Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos (1726) in the village of Yakovlevskaya. Burnt down in 1989 and does not exist anymore.
- The ensemble of wooden St. Joachim and St. Anna Church (1726) and St. Vasily Church (1700); no longer exists.
The only museum in the district is Vinogradovsky District Museum in Bereznik, open in 1970.
In the selos of Borok and Puchuga, located along the Northern Dvina, traditional wood painting crafts developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, similar to the neighboring Nizhnyaya Toyma painting school. It is characteristic of painting in black and red colors over a yellow background. Their favorite motifs were the Sirin Bird
Sirin
Sirin is a mythological creature of Russian legends, with the head and chest of a beautiful woman and the body of a bird . According to myth, the Sirins lived "in Indian lands" near Eden or around the Euphrates River....
and the black horses, symbols of a wealthy household. By the 1970s, the craft declined.