Sataniv
Encyclopedia
Sataniv, or Satanov, is a town in Khmelnytskyi Oblast
, Ukraine
.
was incorporated into the kingdom of Poland
. Jews in Satanov were involved in the import of goods from the east, leasing of estates and customs dues, manufacture of alcoholic drinks, and goldsmith
ery.
The town was periodically attacked by the Tatars
and Cossacks, including combined attacks in 1651 and from the Cossacks in 1703. The synagogue in Satanov was built as a fortress to allow the Jews to defend themselves in such attacks.
In the 18th century Satanov was Podolia's leading community. In 1756 its dayyanim
(religious judges) held a trial of the Frankists
. In 1765 there were 1,369 Jews paying the poll tax
in Satanov. The Jews there were involved in international commerce, traveling to fairs in Leipzig
, Breslau, and Frankfurt
, until 1793, when Satanov was incorporated into Russia
.
The Hebrew writer and maskil Isaac Satanow
lived in Satanov, and was active there in the latter half of the 18th century. Him, Menachem Mendel Lefin
, and Alexander b. Ẓevi Margaliot, all of whom also lived in the town, were among the pioneers of the Haskalah
movement. From the end of the 18th century and during the 19th, Satanov was an important center of Hasidism.
Until 1862 the Jewish settlement there was restricted by the authorities, because of Satanov's closeness to the Austrian border. The Jewish population was 2,848, 64% of the total, in 1897. In 1919, Jews in Satanov underwent pogrom
s by Ukrainian nationalists. In 1926 Satanov probably had 2,359 Jews, then declining to 1,516, 40% of the total population. A rural Jewish council existed in the Soviet period. On 6 July 1941 the Germans entered Satanov, and on 14 May 1942 they locked 240 Jews into a cellar, letting them suffocate. Throughout 1942, 210 Jews were shot. 800 people were officially murdered by the Germans, most of whom were Jews.
Khmelnytskyi Oblast
Khmelnytskyi Oblast is an oblast of western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Khmelnytskyi.The current estimated population is around 1,401,140 .-Geography:...
, Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
.
History
A Jewish community was organized in Satanov in the second half of the 16th century, after PodoliaPodolia
The region of Podolia is an historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. Northern Transnistria, in Moldova, is also a part of Podolia...
was incorporated into the kingdom of Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. Jews in Satanov were involved in the import of goods from the east, leasing of estates and customs dues, manufacture of alcoholic drinks, and goldsmith
Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Since ancient times the techniques of a goldsmith have evolved very little in order to produce items of jewelry of quality standards. In modern times actual goldsmiths are rare...
ery.
The town was periodically attacked by the Tatars
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
and Cossacks, including combined attacks in 1651 and from the Cossacks in 1703. The synagogue in Satanov was built as a fortress to allow the Jews to defend themselves in such attacks.
In the 18th century Satanov was Podolia's leading community. In 1756 its dayyanim
Beth din
A beth din, bet din, beit din or beis din is a rabbinical court of Judaism. In ancient times, it was the building block of the legal system in the Biblical Land of Israel...
(religious judges) held a trial of the Frankists
Frankism
Frankism was an 18th-century to 19th-century Jewish religious movement centered around the leadership of the Jewish Messiah claimant Jacob Frank, who lived from 1726 to 1791. At its height, it claimed perhaps 50,000 followers, primarily Jews living in Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe...
. In 1765 there were 1,369 Jews paying the poll tax
Poll tax
A poll tax is a tax of a portioned, fixed amount per individual in accordance with the census . When a corvée is commuted for cash payment, in effect it becomes a poll tax...
in Satanov. The Jews there were involved in international commerce, traveling to fairs in Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, Breslau, and Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
, until 1793, when Satanov was incorporated into Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
.
The Hebrew writer and maskil Isaac Satanow
Isaac Satanow
Isaac Satanow was a Polish Jewish scholar and poet.-Life:In early manhood he left his native country and went to Berlin in search of learning. There he became the protégé of Isaac Daniel and David Friedländer, who found him employment as a teacher in some prominent families.Satanow represents a...
lived in Satanov, and was active there in the latter half of the 18th century. Him, Menachem Mendel Lefin
Menachem Mendel Lefin
Menachem Mendel Lefin was an early leader of the Haskalah movement. He was born in Satanov, Podolia, where he had a traditional Jewish education supplemented by studies in science, mathematics,and medieval philosophy. In the early 1780s he lived in Berlin, where he met Moses Mendelssohn and...
, and Alexander b. Ẓevi Margaliot, all of whom also lived in the town, were among the pioneers of the Haskalah
Haskalah
Haskalah , the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the 18th–19th centuries that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew language, and Jewish history...
movement. From the end of the 18th century and during the 19th, Satanov was an important center of Hasidism.
Until 1862 the Jewish settlement there was restricted by the authorities, because of Satanov's closeness to the Austrian border. The Jewish population was 2,848, 64% of the total, in 1897. In 1919, Jews in Satanov underwent pogrom
Pogrom
A pogrom is a form of violent riot, a mob attack directed against a minority group, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes and properties, businesses, and religious centres...
s by Ukrainian nationalists. In 1926 Satanov probably had 2,359 Jews, then declining to 1,516, 40% of the total population. A rural Jewish council existed in the Soviet period. On 6 July 1941 the Germans entered Satanov, and on 14 May 1942 they locked 240 Jews into a cellar, letting them suffocate. Throughout 1942, 210 Jews were shot. 800 people were officially murdered by the Germans, most of whom were Jews.