Pope Theodore I (died May 14,
649-Asia:*Arabs conquer Cyprus*Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa Maro is killed by Naka no Ōe no Ōji.-Religion:*July 5—Pope Martin I succeeds Pope Theodore I as the 74th pope.*The Lateran Council of 649, convoked by Pope Martin I, strongly condemns Monothelitism...
), who was
popeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
November 24,
642-Europe:* August 5—In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia.* Batbayan succeeds Kubrat as ruler of the Bulgars .-Africa:...
- May 14
649-Asia:*Arabs conquer Cyprus*Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa Maro is killed by Naka no Ōe no Ōji.-Religion:*July 5—Pope Martin I succeeds Pope Theodore I as the 74th pope.*The Lateran Council of 649, convoked by Pope Martin I, strongly condemns Monothelitism...
, is considered a
GreekThe Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in diaspora communities around the world....
, but was born in
PalestinePalestine is a conventional name used, among others, to describe a geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands.As a geographical term, Palestine can also refer to 'ancient Palestine,' an area...
. He was made a cardinal deacon, (possibly around 640) and a full
cardinalA cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available...
by
Pope John IVPope John IV was elected pope, after a four-month sede vacante, December 24, 640.Pope John was a native of Dalmatia . He was the son of the scholasticus Venantius. At the time of his election he was archdeacon of the Roman Church, an important role in governing the see...
.
His election was supported by the
ExarchIn the Byzantine Empire, an exarch, from , was governor with extended authority of a province at some remove from the capital Constantinople...
and he was installed on November 24,
642-Europe:* August 5—In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia.* Batbayan succeeds Kubrat as ruler of the Bulgars .-Africa:...
, succeeding the short reign of Pope John IV. The main feature of his pontificate was the continued struggle against the heretical
MonothelitesMonothelitism is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a Christological doctrine, that formally emerged in Armenia and Syria in 629 AD. Specifically, Monothelitism teaches that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will...
.
Pope Theodore I (died May 14,
649-Asia:*Arabs conquer Cyprus*Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa Maro is killed by Naka no Ōe no Ōji.-Religion:*July 5—Pope Martin I succeeds Pope Theodore I as the 74th pope.*The Lateran Council of 649, convoked by Pope Martin I, strongly condemns Monothelitism...
), who was
popeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
November 24,
642-Europe:* August 5—In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia.* Batbayan succeeds Kubrat as ruler of the Bulgars .-Africa:...
- May 14
649-Asia:*Arabs conquer Cyprus*Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa Maro is killed by Naka no Ōe no Ōji.-Religion:*July 5—Pope Martin I succeeds Pope Theodore I as the 74th pope.*The Lateran Council of 649, convoked by Pope Martin I, strongly condemns Monothelitism...
, is considered a
GreekThe Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in diaspora communities around the world....
, but was born in
PalestinePalestine is a conventional name used, among others, to describe a geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands.As a geographical term, Palestine can also refer to 'ancient Palestine,' an area...
. He was made a cardinal deacon, (possibly around 640) and a full
cardinalA cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available...
by
Pope John IVPope John IV was elected pope, after a four-month sede vacante, December 24, 640.Pope John was a native of Dalmatia . He was the son of the scholasticus Venantius. At the time of his election he was archdeacon of the Roman Church, an important role in governing the see...
.
His election was supported by the
ExarchIn the Byzantine Empire, an exarch, from , was governor with extended authority of a province at some remove from the capital Constantinople...
and he was installed on November 24,
642-Europe:* August 5—In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia.* Batbayan succeeds Kubrat as ruler of the Bulgars .-Africa:...
, succeeding the short reign of Pope John IV. The main feature of his pontificate was the continued struggle against the heretical
MonothelitesMonothelitism is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a Christological doctrine, that formally emerged in Armenia and Syria in 629 AD. Specifically, Monothelitism teaches that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will...
. He refused to recognize Paul as the
Patriarch of Constantinople-Current Ecumenical Patriarch:The current Ecumenical Patriarch is His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople.-General Introduction:...
, because his predecessor, Pyrrhus, had not been correctly replaced. He pressed Emperor
Constans IIConstans II , also called "Constantine the Bearded" , was Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. He also was the last emperor to become consul in 642, becoming the last Roman consul in history.Constans is a diminutive nickname given to the emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned...
to withdraw the
Ecthesis of
HeracliusFlavius Heraclius was a Byzantine Emperor of Armenian origin, who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire for over thirty years, from October 5, 610 to February 11, 641...
. While his efforts made little impression on
ConstantinopleConstantinople was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire...
, it increased the opposition to the heresy in the West; Pyrrhus even briefly recanted his heresy (645), but was
excommunicatedExcommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. The word literally means putting [someone] out of communion. In some religions, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group...
in 648. Paul was excommunicated in 649; in response Paul destroyed the
RomanRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated municipality , with over 2.7 million residents in , while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated by OECD to have a population of 3.7 million...
altar in the palace of
PlacidiaPlacidia was the wife of Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor. Her full name is uncertain. The "Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The reign by reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome" by Chris Scarre gives her name as Galla Placidia Valentiniana or Galla Placidia the Younger, based on Roman naming...
and exiled or imprisoned the papal
nuncioNuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word, Nuntius, meaning "envoy." This article addresses this title as well as derived similar titles, all within the structure of the Roman Catholic Church....
s. But he also sought to end the issue with the Emperor, by promulgating the
Type of ConstansThe Type of Constans is an imperial edict released by Byzantine Emperor Constans II in 648 in an attempt to diffuse the confusion and arguments over the Christological doctrine of Monotheletism.-Background:...
, ordering that the
Ecthesis be taken down and seeking to end discussion on the doctrine.
Theodore planned the
Lateran Council of 649The Lateran Council of 649 was a synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran to condemn Monothelitism, a Christology espoused by many Eastern Christians...
to condemn the
Ecthesis, but died before he could convene it, which his successor,
Pope Martin IPope Saint Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria in the place now named after him Pian S. Martino, was pope from 649 to 653, succeeding Theodore I in July 649...
, did. Theodore was buried in
St. Peter'sThe Papal Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian as the ' and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is located within the Vatican City. St. Peter's Basilica has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world, holding 60,000 people. It is the symbolic "Mother church" of...
.