P.N.03
Encyclopedia
P.N.03, short for Product Number Zero Three, is a 2003 third-person shooter
Third-person shooter
Third-person shooter is a genre of 3D action games in which the player character is visible on-screen, and the gameplay consists primarily of shooting.-Definition:...

 video game developed and published by Capcom
Capcom
is a Japanese developer and publisher of video games, known for creating multi-million-selling franchises such as Devil May Cry, Chaos Legion, Street Fighter, Mega Man and Resident Evil. Capcom developed and published Bionic Commando, Lost Planet and Dark Void too, but they are less known. Its...

 for the Nintendo GameCube
Nintendo GameCube
The , officially abbreviated to NGC in Japan and GCN in other regions, is a sixth generation video game console released by Nintendo on September 15, 2001 in Japan, November 18, 2001 in North America, May 3, 2002 in Europe, and May 17, 2002 in Australia...

. Its protagonist, a mercenary named Vanessa Z. Schneider, fights an army of berserk robots in a space colony compound. Vanessa wears special body suits that provide offensive capabilities such as shooting and explosive area-attacks.

The game is part of Shinji Mikami
Shinji Mikami
is a Japanese video game designer best known for creating the seminal survival horror series Resident Evil. He also contributed to some of Capcom's most popular post-32-bit era franchises, including Viewtiful Joe, Devil May Cry, and Ace Attorney, where he served as an executive producer...

's Capcom Five
Capcom Five
The Capcom Five is a set of five video games unveiled by Capcom in late 2002 and subsequently published beginning in March 2003. At a time when Nintendo's GameCube console failed to capture market share, Capcom announced five new GameCube titles with the apparent goal of boosting hardware sales and...

, a group of five Capcom games intended to be exclusive for the GameCube. However, P.N.03 was the sole released Capcom Five game that was not later ported to another system. The development team aimed to create exciting gameplay and visuals. To avoid similarities to Devil May Cry
Devil May Cry
is an action game developed and published by Capcom, released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2. Although it is the first game in the series of the same name, the events in Devil May Cry are second in the series storyline's chronological order, taking place after Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening and...

and Resident Evil, the staff emphasized defensive and rhythmic maneuvers in the game as well as a "delicate", "feminine" game world.

P.N.03 received mixed reviews from video game publications, who also labeled it a commercial failure. Critics called the game repetitive and lamented its brevity. Reviewers were divided on its gameplay mechanics: some criticized the controls—specifically the inability to move and shoot simultaneously—while others praised its reward system and likened it to older video games.

Overview

In P.N.03, players take control of Vanessa Z. Schneider, a freelance mercenary who works on colonized planets
Space colonization
Space colonization is the concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth. Although hypothetical at the present time, there are many proposals and speculations about the first space colony...

. She is contracted by a mysterious client to destroy a series of Computerized Armament Management System (CAMS) robots that have gone berserk. Vanessa has a personal grudge against these military robots because a previous incident resulted in the death of her parents. To destroy these robots, Vanessa wears "Aegis
Aegis
An aegis is a large collar or cape worn in ancient times to display the protection provided by a high religious authority or the holder of a protective shield signifying the same, such as a bag-like garment that contained a shield. Sometimes the garment and the shield are merged, with a small...

 suits", full-body suits that allow her to shoot energy beams from her palms and perform powerful attacks called "energy drives". Energy drives require energy to perform and generally target multiple enemies while granting temporary invulnerability to Vanessa. At checkpoints, the player may purchase Aegis suits and energy drives as well as upgrade these suits' capabilities using points earned from defeating robots. Players may save
Saved game
A saved game is a piece of digitally stored information about the progress of a player in a video game. This saved game can be reloaded later, so the player can continue where he or she had stopped...

 their game to a memory card
Memory card
A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles...

 at checkpoints between missions as well as play "trial missions" (randomly generated levels) to score extra points.

All robots in the game have set attack patterns with visual and audio cues that indicate their next attack. To avoid these attacks, Vanessa has a variety of evasive maneuvers that travel fixed distances within the environment. Players cannot move while attacking but most rooms have terrain features that provide cover against enemy attacks. Defeated enemies may drop items that replenish barrier and energy as well as trigger a combo timer that multiplies point earnings as enemies are destroyed consecutively. Missions consist of a series of rooms with a fixed number of enemies that do not reappear once eliminated and may include a boss
Boss (video games)
A boss is an enemy-based challenge which is found in video games. A fight with a boss character is commonly referred to as a boss battle or boss fight...

 robot. At the end of a mission, players receive a score based on the number of rooms explored and enemies destroyed.

In one of the final missions, Vanessa discovers a clone of herself in a CAMS facility but is forced to escape without her due to the facility's self-destruct
Self-destruct
A self-destruct is a mechanism which causes a device to destroy itself under a predefined set of circumstances.Self-destruct mechanisms are also found on devices and systems where malfunction could endanger large numbers of people...

 sequence. After destroying the CAMS central core, Vanessa encounters a digital projection of the client, who appears identical to herself. She speculates that the client is the person she was cloned from but the client counters that none of their memories may be real. Vanessa debates continuing being a mercenary as the game ends.

Development

In November 2002, Capcom announced development of the Capcom Five
Capcom Five
The Capcom Five is a set of five video games unveiled by Capcom in late 2002 and subsequently published beginning in March 2003. At a time when Nintendo's GameCube console failed to capture market share, Capcom announced five new GameCube titles with the apparent goal of boosting hardware sales and...

, a group of video games produced by Capcom Production Studio 4 and overseen by Resident Evil creator Shinji Mikami
Shinji Mikami
is a Japanese video game designer best known for creating the seminal survival horror series Resident Evil. He also contributed to some of Capcom's most popular post-32-bit era franchises, including Viewtiful Joe, Devil May Cry, and Ace Attorney, where he served as an executive producer...

. Among the announced group was P.N.03, with Mikami as the director. Capcom developed the Capcom Five to bring new intellectual property
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law...

 to the industry, which the company viewed at the time as stagnate. Producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi summarized P.N.03s development as striving to create a game that is "fun to watch and fun to play". He listed audiovisuals, action, and speed as the game's key elements, and attempted to balance "tension experienced on the battlefield and the exhilaration of taking out the enemies". Mikami wanted P.N.03 to express a feeling of simple old Nintendo games. While the staff felt the background graphics were important, they prioritized excitement in the game world.

During the planning stage, P.N.03 was originally a wargame
Wargame (video games)
Wargames are a subgenre of strategy video games that emphasize strategic or tactical warfare on a map, as well as historical accuracy.-History:The genre of wargame video games is derived from earlier forms of wargames...

 referred to simply as the "robot war game". Five days into development, the staff created a preliminary demonstration of the graphics. Unsatisfied with the game's early form, Mikami decided to change the direction of development to a third-person shooting game. The director initially wanted to name the game Jaguar to reflect Vanessa's cat-like agility. However, other staff members disliked the name; some claimed that it didn't describe the game well enough, while others thought that White Jaguar was a better title. Mikami chose P.N.03 as a hint to the game's plot.

Early depictions of P.N.03 in the media highlighted the action aspects of the gameplay: acrobatics and shooting. Initial development versions featured gameplay similar to Devil May Cry
Devil May Cry
is an action game developed and published by Capcom, released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2. Although it is the first game in the series of the same name, the events in Devil May Cry are second in the series storyline's chronological order, taking place after Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening and...

; Vanessa attacked with two pistols and performed acrobatic moves like Devil May Crys protagonist, Dante
Dante (Devil May Cry)
is the primary fictional protagonist of the Devil May Cry video game series published by Capcom. The character and Devil May Cry are one of Capcom's flagship game franchises, which has sold over nine million copies worldwide as of 2008 and currently spans four video games...

. Feeling that it resembled Devil May Cry too closely, Mikami altered the game to reward players for performing defensive moves. Mikami wanted Vanessa to use guns, but the developers were unable to complete the animated graphics for the weapons in time for release. The developers later replaced the character's guns for the ability to shoot energy bolts from her hands. Capcom developed P.N.03 quickly and released it in March in an effort to meet its yearly sales goals. Many of Capcom's releases for the year had under-performed. The release of Viewtiful Joe
Viewtiful Joe
is a video game developed by Capcom's Production Studio 4 for the Nintendo GameCube. It was originally released in 2003 as a part of the Capcom Five under director Hideki Kamiya and producer Atsushi Inaba. Viewtiful Joe was later ported to the Sony PlayStation 2 by the same design team under the...

, another Capcom Five title, was pushed back into the proceeding fiscal year, resulting in a decrease in possible sales that had to be compensated for. After leaving Capcom, Mikami later incorporated ideas he intended for P.N.03 into the 2010 title Vanquish
Vanquish (video game)
is a third-person shooter video game developed by Platinum Games and published by Sega for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 video game consoles. The game was released in October 2010, after having been in development since 2007....

.

Kobayashi aimed to avoid conventions established in Resident Evil, such as the dark masculine world portrayed in the series. With P.N.03, Kobayashi wanted to portray a "white" world with "feminine, delicate lines". To that end, the staff applied a minimalist approach to the visuals, used "fine drawn lines", and tried to emphasize "visibility and creativity" in the game world. To maintain the game's "delicate image", the developers aimed to make the visuals easily viewable and understandable. The development staff crafted the gameplay to avoid "button mashing"; instead players are meant to think prior to attacking by watching for enemy patterns. Mechanical designer Shou Sakai aimed to design "things that would stick in [the player's] mind". The tight development schedule resulted in the 3D models
3D modeling
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of object via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model...

 being created immediately after designs were completed. Sakai described the lack of time as the "toughest part" of the process.

Mikami was indifferent to the main character's gender. During the early creation process, he left the decision to his staff, who ultimately chose a female character. Because P.N.03 takes place on a space colony, Mikami wanted Vanessa's country of origin to be ambiguous. To that end, her name is a combination of French, German
German name
German names consist of one or several Vornamen and a Nachname . The Vorname is usually gender-specific.-Forenames:...

, and English names. The animation for Vanessa's movements were created freehand, without the use of motion capturing
Motion capture
Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating that movement on to a digital model. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, and medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics...

. The designers posed Vanessa on her hands and knees while crouching to resemble a jaguar
Jaguar
The jaguar is a big cat, a feline in the Panthera genus, and is the only Panthera species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range extends from Southern United States and Mexico...

, as an homage to the Jaguar title. The staff integrated rhythmic motions to her maneuvers to emulate dancing and appear stylish. Kobayashi wanted Vanessa to be a "cool and sexy mercenary with a tough exterior that hides her dark past." In retrospect, he was proud of the character's style and movements.

Release

The Capcom Five were first announced as games exclusive to the Nintendo GameCube
Nintendo GameCube
The , officially abbreviated to NGC in Japan and GCN in other regions, is a sixth generation video game console released by Nintendo on September 15, 2001 in Japan, November 18, 2001 in North America, May 3, 2002 in Europe, and May 17, 2002 in Australia...

; however, Capcom later stated that most of the games would be ported to other consoles. In affirming the GameCube exclusiveness, the company announced at the end of 2002 that P.N.03 would be released in 2003. In January 2003, the company announced the March Japanese release date, and retracted the exclusiveness announcement. At a press conference prior to the 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo, however, Capcom announced that the game would be available only on the GameCube. In the end, P.N.03 was the only Capcom Five title to remain exclusively a GameCube game.

P.N.03 was the first of the Capcom Five released. Prior to its debut in Japan, Capcom distributed playable demonstrations to video game stores and released new screen shots to the media. Upon release, Capcom shipped 25,000 copies of the game in Japan. Under 11,000 units were sold, making it the country's 26th best-selling title during the last week of March 2003. The low sales failed to help Capcom meet its yearly sales goals. The North American release date was announced in July 2003. Few aspects of the game were changed during the North American localization. Capcom advertised a free t-shirt as a pre-order incentive in North America. A pair of promotional sunglasses modeled after Vanessa's was also released.

Reception

Commentators have called P.N.03 a commercial failure. Reviews of P.N.03 were mixed; it received scores of 64% and 63 on review aggregate websites GameRankings and Metacritic
Metacritic
Metacritic.com is a website that collates reviews of music albums, games, movies, TV shows and DVDs. For each product, a numerical score from each review is obtained and the total is averaged. An excerpt of each review is provided along with a hyperlink to the source. Three colour codes of Green,...

, respectively. Electronic Gaming Monthly
Electronic Gaming Monthly
Electronic Gaming Monthly is a bimonthly American video game magazine. It has been published by EGM Media, LLC. since relaunching in April of 2010. Its previous run, which ended in January 2009, was published by Ziff Davis...

s three reviewers characterized the game as shallow and repetitive, and complained that it lacked plot and character development. Mark MacDonald of the magazine criticized the developers' decision to prevent the player character from moving and shooting at the same time. In contrast to the EGM review, the reviewer for Edge
Edge (magazine)
Edge is a multi-format computer and video game magazine published by Future Publishing in the United Kingdom. It is known for its industry contacts, editorial stance, distinctive anonymous third-person writing style, yearly awards and longevity....

wrote, "P.N.03 may be rather short and its premise simple, but grace under fire has rarely been done better." The writer favorably compared its gameplay to that of Space Invaders, stating that, like that game, P.N.03 "rewards skill above all else and mastery brings huge satisfaction". The writer cited protagonist Vanessa Schneider as one of the game's high points. In a 2009 retrospective review, the Edge magazine staff echoed its previous praise of the game while acknowledging P.N.03s awkward control mechanics. The writer commented that though the character can move fluidly, the player typically has a difficult time achieving that; the writer further noted, however, that the challenge of mastering the control scheme was part of the game's charm.

A GamePro
GamePro
GamePro Media was a United States gaming media company publishing online and print content on the video game industry, video game hardware, and video game software developed for a video game console , a computer, and/or a mobile device . GamePro Media properties include GamePro magazine and...

writer under the pseudonym Major Mike called the game "a long, intense, thumb-busting shooter that tests trigger fingers and patience levels." While he noted that the environments and enemies were repetitive, he cited "strong aesthetics" and "a slick reward system" as redemptive features. He summarized that the game "may not be the deepest GameCube offering available, but for those who crave a shoot-em-up
Shoot 'em up
Shoot 'em up is a subgenre of shooter video games. In a shoot 'em up, the player controls a lone character, often in a spacecraft or aircraft, shooting large numbers of enemies while dodging their attacks. The genre in turn encompasses various types or subgenres and critics differ on exactly what...

 with old-school inflections, P.N.03 is A-OK." Paul Byrnes of GMR
GMR (magazine)
GMR was a monthly magazine on video games that was published by Ziff-Davis — the publisher of such magazines as PC Magazine, Electronic Gaming Monthly, and Computer Gaming World . GMR was launched in February 2003, being sold in only the Electronics Boutique chain of video game stores...

called the game "boring and repetitive", and believed that it was a missed opportunity. He noted its lack of flow, which he attributed in part to the player character's inability to move while shooting; however, he also cited the game's placement of enemies and a "clumsily staccato
Staccato
Staccato is a form of musical articulation. In modern notation it signifies a note of shortened duration and separated from the note that may follow by silence...

" set of character movements as factors. Game Informer
Game Informer
Game Informer is an American-based monthly magazine featuring articles, news, strategy, and reviews of popular video games and associated consoles. It was formed in August 1991, when FuncoLand started publishing a six-page magazine, free in all its retail locations...

s Andrew Reiner wrote that P.N.03s setting, animations and protagonist gave it an "undeniable allure" of freshness and originality. However, he disliked the game's control system and wrote that "blowing away robots gets old rather quickly". He considered its length, which he estimated at around four hours, to be its "most disappointing aspect".

Greg Kasavin of GameSpot
GameSpot
GameSpot is a video gaming website that provides news, reviews, previews, downloads, and other information. The site was launched in May 1, 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein. It was purchased by ZDNet, a brand which was later purchased by CNET Networks. CBS Interactive, which...

 wrote that "you'll almost certainly be unimpressed with the repetitive and cumbersome action at the heart of [P.N.03]." He disliked the way that the developers separated the game into brief sections, and, although he noted that the overall design was a reference to that of older games, he wrote that P.N.03 lacked the "extremely precise controls and smooth, colorful graphics" of the titles that inspired it. He summarized it as "a short, uninspired game that's yet another would-be imitator of Capcom's own Devil May Cry
Devil May Cry
is an action game developed and published by Capcom, released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2. Although it is the first game in the series of the same name, the events in Devil May Cry are second in the series storyline's chronological order, taking place after Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening and...

." Matt Casamassina
Matt Casamassina
Matt Casamassina is a video game journalist who worked for IGN until April 23, 2010. In his time at the site, he was the author of many reviews and previews of Nintendo games. He resides in Los Angeles, California, is married and has two daughters, Zoe and Fiona Jade, and a son named Rocco Archer...

 of IGN
IGN
IGN is an entertainment website that focuses on video games, films, music and other media. IGN's main website comprises several specialty sites or "channels", each occupying a subdomain and covering a specific area of entertainment...

wrote that "you want to like" the game, but that "you won't be able to ignore [the] design flaws and sloppy execution that knits this package together." He found its graphics and gameplay elements repetitive, and wrote that the fast-paced gameplay and "unresponsive control setup" resulted in a game that was "at war with itself." The reviewer concluded that the game "has no depth whatsoever." However, he summarized, "But the end experience not a disaster -- merely a disappointment. All said and done, its drawbacks in mind, P.N.03 lands itself solidly in average country."
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