Nogeoldae
Encyclopedia
The Nogeoldae is an old foreign language textbook published in Korea. At first it dealt only with the Chinese language, but later various tongues from elsewhere. This book has a weighty status in Chinese historical linguistics for its abundant, valuable data.
and his relatives travel from Kaesŏng
, called the Royal Capital (王京, wang gyeong, as opposed to the Imperial Capital) to Dadu (Beijing
), and on their way they happen to get Chinese companions. In Dadu, they sell Korean commodities and purchase goods to sell in their country. They eventually depart from Dadu, and their route comes to an end.
After the first Chinese edition, two major revisions have been issued; Some were translated into other languages, while others made into guidebooks in Hangul
.
The first Chinese edition seems to have been written in the late Goryeo Dynasty. A copy discovered in Daegu
in 1998 is considered the closest to the original version. It includes valuable information on the colloquial Northern Chinese language(referred as Haner language
(漢兒言語) in this book) around the 14th century.
Since the original version became obsolete from the Ming Dynasty
, a revised edition was produced in 1480s. A Korean scholar Choi Sejin
wrote a guidebook based on it, called Beonyeok Nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大). This contains the pronunciation of the Chinese language as well as its meaning in Korean
, both recorded in Hangul. In 1670 he put out another book called Nogeoldae Eonhae (老乞大諺解).
During the Qing
period, the text was revised again to adjust contemporary Chinese. the Nogeoldae Sinseok (老乞大新釋) was published in 1761, and the Junggan Nogeoldae (重刊老乞大) appeared in 1795. The commentaries corresponding to them are called Nogeoldae Sinseok Eonhae (老乞大新釋諺解) (1763) and the Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae (重刊老乞大諺解).
The Nogeoldae was translated into other languages.
The Cheong-eo Nogeoldae (or Qīngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 淸語老乞大) includes the Manchu
text along with Hangul pronunciation and Korean translations. It was written by Choe Hutaek and others and published in 1680.
I Choedae made a Mongolian
edition called the Mong-eo Nogeoldae (Měngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 蒙語老乞大) that was published in 1741.
Text
The book mainly consists of dialogues. A merchant from GoryeoGoryeo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which came to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
and his relatives travel from Kaesŏng
Kaesong
Kaesŏng is a city in North Hwanghae Province, southern North Korea , a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Korea during the Koryo Dynasty. The city is near Kaesŏng Industrial Region and it contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. It was formally named Songdo while it was the...
, called the Royal Capital (王京, wang gyeong, as opposed to the Imperial Capital) to Dadu (Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
), and on their way they happen to get Chinese companions. In Dadu, they sell Korean commodities and purchase goods to sell in their country. They eventually depart from Dadu, and their route comes to an end.
After the first Chinese edition, two major revisions have been issued; Some were translated into other languages, while others made into guidebooks in Hangul
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
.
The first Chinese edition seems to have been written in the late Goryeo Dynasty. A copy discovered in Daegu
Daegu
Daegu , also known as Taegu, and officially the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third largest metropolitan area in the country with over 2.5 million residents. The city is the capital and principal city of the...
in 1998 is considered the closest to the original version. It includes valuable information on the colloquial Northern Chinese language(referred as Haner language
Haner language
The Han'er language is a pre-modern Sino-Korean term used to denote a medieval Chinese language heavily influenced by non-Han Chinese languages, especially Mongolian, during an era of non-Han Chinese domination of China...
(漢兒言語) in this book) around the 14th century.
Since the original version became obsolete from the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
, a revised edition was produced in 1480s. A Korean scholar Choi Sejin
Choi Sejin
Choe Sejin was a Korean linguist, educator, and a proponent of hangul during the Joseon Dynasty. He is of the Goesan Choe clan and courtesy name was Gongseo ....
wrote a guidebook based on it, called Beonyeok Nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大). This contains the pronunciation of the Chinese language as well as its meaning in Korean
Korean language
Korean is the official language of the country Korea, in both South and North. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China. There are about 78 million Korean speakers worldwide. In the 15th century, a national writing...
, both recorded in Hangul. In 1670 he put out another book called Nogeoldae Eonhae (老乞大諺解).
During the Qing
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
period, the text was revised again to adjust contemporary Chinese. the Nogeoldae Sinseok (老乞大新釋) was published in 1761, and the Junggan Nogeoldae (重刊老乞大) appeared in 1795. The commentaries corresponding to them are called Nogeoldae Sinseok Eonhae (老乞大新釋諺解) (1763) and the Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae (重刊老乞大諺解).
The Nogeoldae was translated into other languages.
The Cheong-eo Nogeoldae (or Qīngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 淸語老乞大) includes the Manchu
Manchu language
Manchu is a Tungusic endangered language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus...
text along with Hangul pronunciation and Korean translations. It was written by Choe Hutaek and others and published in 1680.
I Choedae made a Mongolian
Mongolian language
The Mongolian language is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner...
edition called the Mong-eo Nogeoldae (Měngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 蒙語老乞大) that was published in 1741.