Mycena lanuginosa
Encyclopedia
Mycena lanuginosa is a species of mushroom
in the Mycenaceae
family. First collected in 2000 and reported as a new species in 2007, it is known only from lowland oak-dominated forests in central Honshu
in Japan. The small mushroom is characterized by its grooved, grayish-brown to violet-brown cap
up to 11 mm (0.433070866141732 in) in diameter, and the slender grayish-brown to reddish-brown stem
covered with minute, fine, soft hairs. The mushroom produces amyloid
spores (spores that stain when treated with Melzer's reagent
). Microscopic distinguishing features include the smooth, spindle-shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge and face, respectively) and the diverticulate
elements in the outer layer of the cap and the stem.
word lanuginosa, meaning "lanugineous", referring to the hairy stem. The Japanese name for the mushroom is Keashi-haiirotake (ケアシハイイロタケ).
The fungus is classified in the section Fragilipedes (Fr.) Quél., as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus
. This section is the largest in the genus Mycena.
is 7 to 11 mm (0.275590551181102 to 0.433070866141732 in) in diameter, conical to convex to bell-shaped, and has distinct radial grooves that extend almost to the center. It is dry, and somewhat hygrophanous
(changing color as it loses or absorbs water). The surface is initially pruinose (covered with what appears to be a fine white powder), but soon becomes smooth. The cap is dark brown at the center, and gradually changes to reddish-brown and finally to nearly white at the margin. The white flesh
is up to 0.5 mm thick, and does not have any distinctive taste or odor. The slender stem
is 30 to 60 mm (1.2 to 2.4 in) long by 0.8 to 1.3 mm (0.031496062992126 to 0.0511811023622047 in) thick, cylindrical, attached to the center of the cap, hollow, and dry. The top portion of the stem is pruinose, while near the base the surface is covered with soft, fine hairs. The stem color is grayish-brown to reddish-brown near the top, changing to reddish-brown near the bottom. The stem base is covered with long, fairly coarse, whitish fibrils. The gills are narrowly attached to the stem, distantly spaced (12–18 gills reach the stem), up to 1.5 mm broad, thin, and whitish, with the gill edges the same color as the gill faces.
. They are amyloid
, meaning they will stain blue to black when treated with Melzer's reagent
. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 35–42 by 7–9 µm, club-shaped, four-spored, and have clamps at their bases. The abundant cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are thin-walled, and measure 40–80 by 5–15 µm. The smooth, colorless, and thin-walled spindle-shaped cells sometimes come to an abruptly tapering point; they form a sterile gill edge. Like the cheilocystidia, the pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are also spindle-shaped, abundant, smooth and thin-walled; they measure 63–102 by 8–15 µm. The hymenophoral
tissue (tissue of the hymenium
-bearing structure) is made of smooth, thin-walled element hyphae that are 3–25 µm wide, roughly cylindrical (often inflated), hyaline
(translucent), and dextrinoid (turning reddish to reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent). The cap cuticle
is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae that are 2–6 µm wide, and cylindrical. They can be either smooth, or covered with scattered, warty or finger-like thin-walled brownish diverticulae
. The underlying hyphae have a parallel arrangement, and are hyaline or brownish, dextrinoid, with short and inflated cells that are up to 35 µm wide. The stem cuticle is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae measuring 3–6 µm wide. These hyphae, as well as the terminal cells (caulocystidia), have characteristics similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle. The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally arranged, cylindrical hyphae that are 6–20 µm wide, smooth, hyaline, and dextrinoid. Clamp connection
s are present in the cortical layer of cap and stem, and at the basal septa of the basidia.
; long, cylindrical caulocystidia that diverge at a right angle; and it does not have pleurocystidia. Mycena zephirus is distinct in forming a whitish cap, a stem that is initially minutely hairly but later becomes smooth, radish-like odor, ellipsoid to cylindrical spores, and cheilocystidia with branches near the tip.
, Japan. Fruit bodies are found solitary or scattered, on dead leaves and twigs in lowland forests dominated by the oak
species Quercus myrsinifolia
and Q. serrata. Fruiting occurs from March to November.
Mushroom
A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi that...
in the Mycenaceae
Mycenaceae
The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi , the family contains 10 genera and 705 species. This is one of several families that were separated from the Tricholomataceae as a result of phylogenetic analyses...
family. First collected in 2000 and reported as a new species in 2007, it is known only from lowland oak-dominated forests in central Honshu
Honshu
is the largest island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Strait...
in Japan. The small mushroom is characterized by its grooved, grayish-brown to violet-brown cap
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
up to 11 mm (0.433070866141732 in) in diameter, and the slender grayish-brown to reddish-brown stem
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
covered with minute, fine, soft hairs. The mushroom produces amyloid
Amyloid (mycology)
In mycology the term amyloid refers to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, to produce a black to blue-black positive reaction. It is called amyloid because starch gives a similar reaction, and that reaction for starch is also called an amyloid reaction...
spores (spores that stain when treated with Melzer's reagent
Melzer's Reagent
Melzer's reagent is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi.-Composition:...
). Microscopic distinguishing features include the smooth, spindle-shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge and face, respectively) and the diverticulate
Diverticulum
A diverticulum is medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, they are described as being either true or false....
elements in the outer layer of the cap and the stem.
Taxonomy, naming, and classification
Mycena lanuginosa was first collected by Haruki Takahashi in 2000, and published as a new species in 2007, along with seven other Japanese Mycena species. The specific epithet is derived from the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word lanuginosa, meaning "lanugineous", referring to the hairy stem. The Japanese name for the mushroom is Keashi-haiirotake (ケアシハイイロタケ).
The fungus is classified in the section Fragilipedes (Fr.) Quél., as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus
Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus
Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus, born 20 January 1911 in The Hague, died May 18 2003 in Oegstgeest, was a Dutch mycologist.-References:...
. This section is the largest in the genus Mycena.
Description
The capPileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
is 7 to 11 mm (0.275590551181102 to 0.433070866141732 in) in diameter, conical to convex to bell-shaped, and has distinct radial grooves that extend almost to the center. It is dry, and somewhat hygrophanous
Hygrophanous
The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry....
(changing color as it loses or absorbs water). The surface is initially pruinose (covered with what appears to be a fine white powder), but soon becomes smooth. The cap is dark brown at the center, and gradually changes to reddish-brown and finally to nearly white at the margin. The white flesh
Trama (mycology)
In mycology trama is a term for the inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or fruit body. It is distinct from the outer layer of tissue, known as the pileipellis or cuticle, and from the spore-bearing tissue layer known as the hymenium....
is up to 0.5 mm thick, and does not have any distinctive taste or odor. The slender stem
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
is 30 to 60 mm (1.2 to 2.4 in) long by 0.8 to 1.3 mm (0.031496062992126 to 0.0511811023622047 in) thick, cylindrical, attached to the center of the cap, hollow, and dry. The top portion of the stem is pruinose, while near the base the surface is covered with soft, fine hairs. The stem color is grayish-brown to reddish-brown near the top, changing to reddish-brown near the bottom. The stem base is covered with long, fairly coarse, whitish fibrils. The gills are narrowly attached to the stem, distantly spaced (12–18 gills reach the stem), up to 1.5 mm broad, thin, and whitish, with the gill edges the same color as the gill faces.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are roughly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, colorless, and measure 10–12 by 5.5–6.5 µmMicrometre
A micrometer , is by definition 1×10-6 of a meter .In plain English, it means one-millionth of a meter . Its unit symbol in the International System of Units is μm...
. They are amyloid
Amyloid
Amyloids are insoluble fibrous protein aggregates sharing specific structural traits. Abnormal accumulation of amyloid in organs may lead to amyloidosis, and may play a role in various neurodegenerative diseases.-Definition:...
, meaning they will stain blue to black when treated with Melzer's reagent
Melzer's Reagent
Melzer's reagent is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi.-Composition:...
. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are 35–42 by 7–9 µm, club-shaped, four-spored, and have clamps at their bases. The abundant cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are thin-walled, and measure 40–80 by 5–15 µm. The smooth, colorless, and thin-walled spindle-shaped cells sometimes come to an abruptly tapering point; they form a sterile gill edge. Like the cheilocystidia, the pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are also spindle-shaped, abundant, smooth and thin-walled; they measure 63–102 by 8–15 µm. The hymenophoral
Hymenophore
A hymenophore refers to the hymenium-bearing structure of a fungal fruiting body. Hymenophores can be smooth surfaces, lamellae, folds, tubes, or teeth....
tissue (tissue of the hymenium
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia or...
-bearing structure) is made of smooth, thin-walled element hyphae that are 3–25 µm wide, roughly cylindrical (often inflated), hyaline
Hyaline
The term hyaline denotes a substance with a glass-like appearance.-Histopathology:In histopathological medical usage, a hyaline substance appears glassy and pink after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin — usually it is an acellular, proteinaceous material...
(translucent), and dextrinoid (turning reddish to reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent). The cap cuticle
Pileipellis
thumb|300px||right|The cuticle of some mushrooms, such as [[Russula mustelina]] shown here, can be peeled from the cap, and may be useful as an identification feature....
is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae that are 2–6 µm wide, and cylindrical. They can be either smooth, or covered with scattered, warty or finger-like thin-walled brownish diverticulae
Diverticulum
A diverticulum is medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, they are described as being either true or false....
. The underlying hyphae have a parallel arrangement, and are hyaline or brownish, dextrinoid, with short and inflated cells that are up to 35 µm wide. The stem cuticle is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae measuring 3–6 µm wide. These hyphae, as well as the terminal cells (caulocystidia), have characteristics similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle. The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally arranged, cylindrical hyphae that are 6–20 µm wide, smooth, hyaline, and dextrinoid. Clamp connection
Clamp connection
A clamp connection is a structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is created to ensure each septum, or segment of hypha separated by crossed walls, receives a set of differing nuclei, which are obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types...
s are present in the cortical layer of cap and stem, and at the basal septa of the basidia.
Similar species
M. lanuginosa closely resembles M. pilosella, a species originally described from Netherlands by Maas Geesteranus, and the European species M. zephirus; both are in the section Fragilipedes. Mycena pilosella differs in several microscopic characteristics: it has densely diverticulate elements of the cap cuticlePileipellis
thumb|300px||right|The cuticle of some mushrooms, such as [[Russula mustelina]] shown here, can be peeled from the cap, and may be useful as an identification feature....
; long, cylindrical caulocystidia that diverge at a right angle; and it does not have pleurocystidia. Mycena zephirus is distinct in forming a whitish cap, a stem that is initially minutely hairly but later becomes smooth, radish-like odor, ellipsoid to cylindrical spores, and cheilocystidia with branches near the tip.
Habitat and distribution
Mycena lanuginosa is known only from Kanagawa, in HonshuHonshu
is the largest island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Strait...
, Japan. Fruit bodies are found solitary or scattered, on dead leaves and twigs in lowland forests dominated by the oak
Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
species Quercus myrsinifolia
Quercus myrsinifolia
Quercus myrsinifolia is an evergreen Oak tree in the ring-cupped oaks subgenus. It has several common names, including Bamboo-leaf Oak, Chinese Evergreen Oak, and Chinese Ring-cupped Oak. Its Chinese name is 小叶青冈; pinyin:xiǎo yè qīng gāng, which means little leaf ring-cupped Oak...
and Q. serrata. Fruiting occurs from March to November.
External links
- The Agaricales in Southwestern Islands of Japan Images of the holotypeHolotypeA holotype is a single physical example of an organism, known to have been used when the species was formally described. It is either the single such physical example or one of several such, but explicitly designated as the holotype...
specimen