Menachem Birnbaum (born 1893 in
ViennaVienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by...
, died probably 1944), was an
AustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
n Jewish book
illustratorAn illustrator is a graphic artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
and portrait painter.
Birnbaum was the second son of the Jewish philosopher
Nathan BirnbaumNathan Birnbaum , was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker...
and his wife Rosa Korngut. Birnbaum later married Ernestine (Tina) Esther Helfmann, with whom he had two children: Rafael Zwi and Hana. Birnbaum lived in
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
from 1911 until 1914 and again from 1919 until 1933.
Discussion
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Menachem Birnbaum (born 1893 in
ViennaVienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by...
, died probably 1944), was an
AustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
n Jewish book
illustratorAn illustrator is a graphic artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
and portrait painter.
Life
Birnbaum was the second son of the Jewish philosopher
Nathan BirnbaumNathan Birnbaum , was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker...
and his wife Rosa Korngut. Birnbaum later married Ernestine (Tina) Esther Helfmann, with whom he had two children: Rafael Zwi and Hana. Birnbaum lived in
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
from 1911 until 1914 and again from 1919 until 1933. He then emigrated to the
NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
. In the spring of 1943 he was arrested by the
GestapoThe was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel under Heinrich Himmler in his position as leader of the SS and Chief of German Police...
and with his relatives sent to a German Nazi concentration camp where he was murdered by the
NazisNazism, known officially in German as National Socialism , is the totalitarian ideology and practices of the Nazi Party or National Socialist German Workers’ Party under Adolf Hitler, and the policies adopted by the dictatorial government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.Nazism is often considered...
. Birnbaum probably died in
AuschwitzAuschwitz-Birkenau was the largest of Nazi Germany's concentration camps and extermination camps, operational during World War II.The camp took its German name from the hosting town of Oświęcim. Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Oświęcim was annexed by Nazi Germany and...
in 1944; Tina, Rafael Zwi, and Hana Birnbaum perhaps in
SobibórSobibor was a Nazi German extermination camp set up in the Lublin region of occupied Poland as part of Operation Reinhard; the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor. Jews, including Jewish Soviet prisoners of war , and possibly Gypsies were transported to Sobibor by rail, and...
in 1943.
Works
- Das Hohe Lied (The High Song), Berlin 1912
- Der Aschmedaj (Newspaper), Berlin-Warsaw 1912
- Schlemiel (Newspaper), Berlin 1919-1920 (Schriftleitung des künstlerischen Teils)
- Chad Gadjo, Berlin 1920
- Chad Gadjo, Scheveningen 1935
- Menachem Birnbaum Zeigt, Den Haag 1937
Literatur
- Kitty Zijlmans, Jüdische Künstler im Exil: Uriel und Menachem Birnbaum; in: Hans Wuerzner (Hg.), Österreichische Exilliteratur in den Niederlanden 1934-1940, Amsterdam 1986