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Jalal al-Dawlah Malik-shah or simply Malik Shah (Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
: , Turkish
Turkish language

Turkish is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other parts of Eastern Europe....
: Meliksah) (died 1092) was the Seljuk sultan from 1072 to 1092.

He drove the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 out of most of Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
 following their defeat by his father Alp Arslan
Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan was the second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponym of the dynasty. He assumed the name of Muhammad bin Da'ud Chaghri when he embraced Islam, and for his military prowess, personal valour, and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which means "a valiant lion" in Turkish lang...
 at the Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Great Seljuq Empire forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert ....
 in 1071. Likewise, he reformed the calendar with the Jalali calendar
Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri is an astronomical solar calendar and one of the longest chronological records in history and is currently used in Iran and Afghanistan as the main official calendar....
 in 1079. Malik Shah expanded Seljuk power into Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
 at the expense of the Fatimids of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
, setting up client princes in Edessa
Edessa, Mesopotamia

Edessa is the historical name of a Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator....
, Aleppo
Aleppo

Aleppo is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governorate extends around the city for over 16,000 km? and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governorate in Syria by population....
 and Damascus
Damascus

Damascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is List of oldest continuously inhabited cities and its current population is estimated at about 4,000,000....
 and is remembered as one of the greatest of the Seljuk sultans.

yman revolted against Malik Shah I and proclaimed himself the Sultan of Rūm
Rūm

R?m, also Roum or Rhum , is a very indefinite term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, and for the Byzantine Empire in particular, for the Seljuk Sultanate of R?m in Asia Minor, and for Greeks inhabiting Ottoman Empire or modern Turkey territory as well as for Greek Cypriots....
, establishing his capital at Nicaea
Iznik

Iznik is a city in Turkey which is known primarily as the site of the First Council of Nicaea and Second Council of Nicaea Councils of Nicaea, the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christianity church, the Nicene Creed, and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea....
.






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Jalal al-Dawlah Malik-shah or simply Malik Shah (Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
: , Turkish
Turkish language

Turkish is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other parts of Eastern Europe....
: Meliksah) (died 1092) was the Seljuk sultan from 1072 to 1092.

He drove the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 out of most of Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
 following their defeat by his father Alp Arslan
Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan was the second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponym of the dynasty. He assumed the name of Muhammad bin Da'ud Chaghri when he embraced Islam, and for his military prowess, personal valour, and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which means "a valiant lion" in Turkish lang...
 at the Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Great Seljuq Empire forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert ....
 in 1071. Likewise, he reformed the calendar with the Jalali calendar
Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri is an astronomical solar calendar and one of the longest chronological records in history and is currently used in Iran and Afghanistan as the main official calendar....
 in 1079. Malik Shah expanded Seljuk power into Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
 at the expense of the Fatimids of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
, setting up client princes in Edessa
Edessa, Mesopotamia

Edessa is the historical name of a Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator....
, Aleppo
Aleppo

Aleppo is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governorate extends around the city for over 16,000 km? and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governorate in Syria by population....
 and Damascus
Damascus

Damascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is List of oldest continuously inhabited cities and its current population is estimated at about 4,000,000....
 and is remembered as one of the greatest of the Seljuk sultans.

Revolt in Anatolia

Suleyman revolted against Malik Shah I and proclaimed himself the Sultan of Rūm
Rūm

R?m, also Roum or Rhum , is a very indefinite term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, and for the Byzantine Empire in particular, for the Seljuk Sultanate of R?m in Asia Minor, and for Greeks inhabiting Ottoman Empire or modern Turkey territory as well as for Greek Cypriots....
, establishing his capital at Nicaea
Iznik

Iznik is a city in Turkey which is known primarily as the site of the First Council of Nicaea and Second Council of Nicaea Councils of Nicaea, the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christianity church, the Nicene Creed, and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea....
. Suleyman expanded his realm but was killed near Antioch
Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and was a cradle of gentile hi...
 in 1086 by Tutush I
Tutush I

Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I was the Seljuk Turks ruler of Damascus from 1079 to 1095, succeeding Abaaq al-Khwarazmi. In 1085 he conquered most of Syria from the Great Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, but lost it in 1086, only to recapture it in 1094....
, the Seljuk ruler of Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
. Suleyman's son, Kilij Arslan I
Kilij Arslan I

File:Ralamb Sipahi.jpgKilij Arslan was the Seljuk Sultanate of R?m from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack....
, was captured and taken as a hostage by Malik Shah I to Isfahan. It is uncertain whether Tutush killed Suleyman out of loyalty to Malik Shah I or simply for personal gain.

State Organization

The principal post in the organization was that of the vizier Nizam al-Mulk
Nizam al-Mulk

Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk was a celebrated Persians scholar and vizier of the Seljuqs....
 who served both him and his father and achieved a near mythic stature in contemporary Muslim histories.

He moved the capital from Rayy
Rayü

Rayu is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.See also*List of towns and villages in TibetExternal links...
 to Isfahan.

Legacy

After his death in 1092, the Seljuk empire dissolved into smaller, warring states, as Malik Shah's brother and four sons quarreled over the apportioning of the empire between themselves. Kilij Arslan I
Kilij Arslan I

File:Ralamb Sipahi.jpgKilij Arslan was the Seljuk Sultanate of R?m from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack....
 reestablished the Sultanate of Rūm in Anatolia, and Tutush I
Tutush I

Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I was the Seljuk Turks ruler of Damascus from 1079 to 1095, succeeding Abaaq al-Khwarazmi. In 1085 he conquered most of Syria from the Great Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, but lost it in 1086, only to recapture it in 1094....
 established himself in Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
. In Persia, Malik Shah was succeeded by his son Mahmud I
Mahmud I of Great Seljuk

Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I was the sultan of Seljuk Turks . He succeeded Malik Shah I as Sultan, but he did not gain control of the empire built by Malik Shah, and Alp Arslan....
 whose reign was contested by his other thre brothers: Barkiyaruq
Barkiyaruq

Abu al-Muzaffar Rukn ud-Din Barkyaruq bin Malik?ah was the sultan of Seljuk Turks from 1094-1105.He was a son of Malik Shah I and participated in the succession wars against his three brothers, Mahmud I of Great Seljuk, Ahmed Sanjar, and Mehmed I of Great Seljuk....
 in Iraq
Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, Muhammad I
Muhammad I of Great Seljuk

Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad Tapar was a son of Seljuk Turks Sultan Malik Shah I. He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his brother Ahmed Sanjar in Khorasan probably held more practical power....
 in Baghdad
Baghdad

Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
, and Ahmed Sanjar
Ahmed Sanjar

Mu'iz ud-Din Ahmad-e Sanjar was the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire from 1118 to 1153. He was initially the sultan of Greater Khorasan until he gained the rest of the territory upon the death of Muhammad I of Great Seljuk....
 in Khorasan
Khorasan

Khorasan Khorasan is famous world wide for its saffron and Berberis#Zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. Production is more than 170 tons per year....
.

The disunity within the Seljuk lands contributed to the success of the First Crusade
First Crusade

The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to the appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I. The Emperor requested that western volunteers come to their aid and repel the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, Modern day Turkey....
.