Lyon Hockey Club
Encyclopedia
Lyon Hockey Club is the ice hockey
Ice hockey
Ice hockey, often referred to as hockey, is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use wooden or composite sticks to shoot a hard rubber puck into their opponent's net. The game is played between two teams of six players each. Five members of each team skate up and down the ice trying to take...

 team of Lyon
Lyon
Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....

, France. The team currently competes in the France's Division 2
FFHG Division 2
FFHG Division 2 is a professional ice hockey league in France...

 ice hockey championship. Lyon finished in first place at the end of the 2007 regular season and was undefeated in the playoff
Playoff
The playoffs, postseason, or finals of a sports league are a game or series of games played after the regular season by the top competitors, usually but not always with a single-elimination system, to determine the league champion or a similar accolade.In the U.S...

 series until the final game when the Nice
Nice
Nice is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of more than 955,000 on an area of...

 Eagles defeated them on Lyon's home ice.

1898-1953: Ice Hockey in Lyon

Ice hockey was played in Lyon as early as 1898 on a rink located on the Boulevard des Belges
Boulevard des Belges
The Boulevard des Belges is a wide and posh avenue located in Les Brotteaux quarter, in the 6th arrondissement of Lyon. It begins with the Quai de Grande Bretagne, runs along the southern part of the Parc de la Tête d'Or until the Avenue Verguin and ends on the Place Jules Ferry, in front of the...

 where today the Guimet Museum
Guimet Museum
The Guimet Museum is a museum of Asian art located at 6, place d'Iéna in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France...

 stands. The Sporting Club de Lyon (Lyon Sporting Club) won the national Coupe Magnus title in 1905 and 1908 but the rink was coverted to a museum in 1909 and Lyon was without a rink and a team for the next 44 years.http://www.info-stades.net/infos/patinoire-charlemagne-77.php

1953-1997: The CPL Era

In 1953 the Club des Patineurs Lyonnais (Skating Club of Lyon or CPL) was founded and in 1956 the Lyon team won France's Division 1 ice hockey championship. In 1963 CPL built the Patinoire Charlemagne that still today serves as the home of Lyon ice sports. In their new home CPL won France's Division 2 ice hockey championship in both 1972 and 1989. Christophe Geoffroy's management forces the CPL to the liquidation in 1997

1997-2007: Lyon Hockey Club

Following the collapse of CPL local businessman Christophe Geoffroy founded Hockey sur glace lyonnais Elite (Lyon Elite Ice Hockey). Teamed with the Lyon Hockey Club Association, an association charged with developing junior ice hockey, the Lyon Hockey Club was born. The new team experienced quick success and twice finished third in France's Ligue Magnus
Ligue Magnus
-Former Teams:*Bisons de Neuilly-sur-Marne*Orques d'Anglet*Sangliers Arvernes*Corsaires de Dunkerque*Albatros de Brest*Jets de Viry-Essonne-Defunct Teams:*Diables Noirs de Tours*Hockey Club de Mulhouse*Séquanes de Besançon*Flammes Bleues de Reims...

 in 1997 and 1998. LHC qualified for Europe's Continental Cup in 1999 and reached the quarter finals before being elminated.

By 2000 LHC had been relegated to France's Division 3 championship but quickly began to rise through national ranks again. In the 2001 season Lyon reached and won the Division 2 championship and earned a place in Division 1 for season 2002. A poor season in 2002 saw the team return to the second division once again and, despite reaching the final in 2007, LHC remains a Division 2 team in 2008.

2008 Season

Lyon began the season
Season (sports)
In an organized sports league, a season is the portion of one year in which regulated games of the sport are in session. For example, in Major League Baseball, one season lasts approximately from April 1 through October 1; in Association football, it is generally from August until May In an...

 with a trip to the Illberg Arena to face Mulhouse
Mulhouse
Mulhouse |mill]] hamlet) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders. With a population of 110,514 and 278,206 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2006, it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin département, and the second largest in the Alsace region after...

. Down a goal
Goal (sport)
Goal refers to a method of scoring in many sports. It can also refer to the physical structure or area of the playing surface where scoring occurs....

 at the end of the first period, Mulhouse scored again and the Lions scored twice in the second to go into the final break all even. Both Mulhouse and Lyon scored once more in a hard fought final period before a goal to the LHC in the final seconds saw the Lions leave Illberg with their first win of the season.

Lyon welcomed Nantes
Nantes
Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants....

 to the Patinoire Charlemagne in the second round of the Southern Pool and stunned their opponents with a goal after only 28 seconds. A fiery first period ended with Lyon up 2-1 and the match remained scoreless until late in the third period where Lyon scored their third and final goal to win 3-1.

The Lions travelled to the Chambéry Métropole to face alpine rivals Chambéry
Chambéry
Chambéry is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.-Geography:Chambéry...

. It was all even at the end of the first period (1-1) but the LHC added a goal in the second and two more in the third to walk away from the match
Match
A match is a tool for starting a fire under controlled conditions. A typical modern match is made of a small wooden stick or stiff paper. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by frictional heat generated by striking the match against a suitable surface...

 with a clear 4-1 win.

Back in Lyon for a game against Font Romeu, the Lions went almost two periods before scoring. Just one goal in the second period and two more against a weakening Font Romeu in the third period saw the Lions win 3-0.

The fifth round of season 2008 saw Lyon welcome Cholet
Cholet
Cholet is a commune of western France in the Maine-et-Loire department. It was the capital of military Vendée.-Geography:Cholet stands on an eminence on the right bank of the Moine, which used to be crossed by a bridge from the fifteenth century...

 and the home team scored early to lead 1-0 after the first period. Both teams added one more goal in the second period and Cholet scored once more in the third to tie it all up. Undisciplined play in the final minutes, however, saw two Lions sent to the penalty box and the Cholet Dogs took advantage of their numbers to score the winning goal with two minutes to go. The defeat against Cholet was Lyon's first regular season loss at home in two seasons.

Game six of the season saw the Lions travel to Clermont
Clermont
-In Canada:*Clermont, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec*Clermont, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec-In France:* Clermont, Ariège, in the Ariège département* Clermont, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute-Savoie département* Clermont, Landes, in the Landes département...

 and face the Boars. It took only a little more than three minutes for Lyon to open the scoring and, after an equaliser by Clermont, the Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet is a professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Lyon Hockey Club.- Career :...

 scored again for the LHC to finish the first period ahead 2-1. Xavier Simoni
Xavier Simoni
Xavier Simoni is a professional ice hockey player. He is currently a defenceman for the Lyon Hockey Club.-Career:...

 scored quickly (33 seconds) into the second period and added another 10 minutes later before Clermont scored again, rounding out the second period to a 4-2 scoreline in favour of Lyon. A final period onslaught by the Lions saw five unanswered goals added (1 on power play, 3 in normal time and 1 while a man down) to give the LHC a 9-2 win and return them to the top of the Division 2
FFHG Division 2
FFHG Division 2 is a professional ice hockey league in France...

 table.

Ranking Season 2008 (as of 23 November 2008):
Rank Team Played Won Lost Drawn Points Goals For Goals Against
1 Cholet
Cholet
Cholet is a commune of western France in the Maine-et-Loire department. It was the capital of military Vendée.-Geography:Cholet stands on an eminence on the right bank of the Moine, which used to be crossed by a bridge from the fifteenth century...

7 5 2 0 10 44 20
2 Lyon 6 5 1 0 10 25 10
3 Mulhouse
Mulhouse
Mulhouse |mill]] hamlet) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders. With a population of 110,514 and 278,206 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2006, it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin département, and the second largest in the Alsace region after...

7 5 2 0 10 47 22
4 Nantes
Nantes
Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants....

7 3 3 1 7 34 26
5 Toulouse
Toulouse
Toulouse is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern FranceIt lies on the banks of the River Garonne, 590 km away from Paris and half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea...

 Blagnac
Blagnac
Blagnac is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.It is the third-largest suburb of the city of Toulouse, although governed by a separate council, and is adjacent to it on the northwest side. It is a member of the Urban community of Greater Toulouse...

7 3 4 0 6 33 47
6 Clermont
Clermont
-In Canada:*Clermont, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec*Clermont, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec-In France:* Clermont, Ariège, in the Ariège département* Clermont, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute-Savoie département* Clermont, Landes, in the Landes département...

7 3 4 0 6 29 40
7 Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc or Monte Bianco , meaning "White Mountain", is the highest mountain in the Alps, Western Europe and the European Union. It rises above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence...

7 2 4 1 5 28 46
8 La Roche-sur-Yon
La Roche-sur-Yon
La Roche-sur-Yon is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.It is the capital of the department. Its inhabitants are called Yonnais.-History:...

6 2 3 1 5 31 31
9 Chambéry
Chambéry
Chambéry is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.-Geography:Chambéry...

7 2 4 1 5 26 38
10 Font-Romeu 7 2 5 0 4 28 45

Logo

The logo
Logo
A logo is a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition...

 of the LHC features a red head of a lion in profile
Profile
- Computing and technology :* Profile , a concept in Unified Modeling Language* Apple ProFile, a hard drive* User profile refers to the computer representation of user information...

 on a white background with the name of the team above (in white on red) and the team's nickname
Nickname
A nickname is "a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name.", or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name....

 - 'Les Lions' - in white text on a blue background below.

Red, white and blue are both the colours of France and the colours of the city of Lyon.

Jersey

The LHC play in red, blue, black and white jerseys.

The jersey has changed in recent years from a predominantly white jersey in season 2006 to predominantly red in season 2007 and predominantly blue for season 2008.

The front of the jersey features a stylised image of a lion and bears the logo of the LHC's major sponsor, Flunch
Flunch
Flunch is a French fast casual restaurant chain, owned by the Agapes Restauration group.-Restaurants:The first Flunch branch opened in the Englos shopping centre on the outskirts of Lille in 1971...

.

The jerseys are provided by equipment sponsor Nike Bauer
Nike Bauer
Bauer Performance Sports Ltd. is one of the leading manufacturers of ice hockey equipment, fitness and recreational skates, and apparel. Bauer produces helmets, gloves, sticks, skates, shin guards, pants, shoulder pads, elbow pads, as well as goalie equipment...

.

Broadcasters

LHC media partners include Télé Lyon Métropole, the Tribune de Lyon and Virgin Radio
Virgin Radio (France)
Virgin Radio is a French network of FM radio stations dedicated to Rock and Pop music, operating on 250 different frequencies across France. Its musical programming is closely related to the American Hot Adult Contemporary format...

.

Télé Lyon Métropole

LHC matches are a regular feature on Télé Lyon Métropole's Sunday sports review, Dimanche Sports. LHC players are also interviewed frequently for other TLM programs including Lundi Sport.

Tribune de Lyon

The Tribune de Lyon produces a pre-season guide to the LHC each year and reports on matches each week.

Virgin Radio

As well as reporting on LHC matches Virgin Radio provides the background music
Background music
Although background music was by the end of the 20th century generally identified with Muzak or elevator music, there are several stages in the development of this concept.-Antecedents:...

 for matches. While the playlist
Playlist
In its most general form, a playlist is simply a list of songs. They can be played in sequential or shuffled order. The term has several specialized meanings in the realms of radio broadcasting and personal computers.-In radio:...

 varies by season current songs on the match-night programme include Sleeping Satellite
Sleeping Satellite
"Sleeping Satellite" was the debut single by the British singer-songwriter Tasmin Archer, released in 1992. The song peaked at no.1 in the UK, and was also an international hit.-Lyrics and music:...

 (Junior Caldera) and No Stress
No Stress
"No Stress" is the name of a 2008 song recorded by the French house producer and DJ Laurent Wolf. It was the first single from his sixth album Wash My World, on which it features as first track in its radio edit version, and as tenth track in the Zen @ Acoustic version...

 (Laurent Wolf
Laurent Wolf
Laurent Wolf 1973 in Toulouse Is a French electro-house producer and DJ. He is the author of several compilations that contain his own tracks and also his remixes. He reached the top of the charts with his "Saxo" and "Calinda" compositions. Laurent Wolf was the winner of the DJ category in the...

).

Sponsors

Major sponsors of the LHC are Fiat
Fiat
FIAT, an acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino , is an Italian automobile manufacturer, engine manufacturer, financial, and industrial group based in Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors including Giovanni Agnelli...

, Flunch
Flunch
Flunch is a French fast casual restaurant chain, owned by the Agapes Restauration group.-Restaurants:The first Flunch branch opened in the Englos shopping centre on the outskirts of Lille in 1971...

, Kinnarps, Metifiot, Virgin Radio
Virgin Radio
Absolute Radio is one of the UK's three Independent National Radio stations. The station rebranded to its current name at 7.45am on 29 September 2008.The station is based in London and plays popular rock music...

, Nike Bauer
Nike Bauer
Bauer Performance Sports Ltd. is one of the leading manufacturers of ice hockey equipment, fitness and recreational skates, and apparel. Bauer produces helmets, gloves, sticks, skates, shin guards, pants, shoulder pads, elbow pads, as well as goalie equipment...

 and Air Canada
Air Canada
Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1936, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and cargo to 178 destinations worldwide. It is the world's tenth largest passenger airline by number of destinations, and the airline is a...

. The LHC also has a number of minor sponsors and supporting sponsors.

Home Ice

The LHC plays all its home matches at the Patinoire Charlemagne.

Commissioned in 1967 and opened in 1969, the Patinoire Charlemagne's distinctive architectural style incorporating concrete
Concrete
Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate , water and chemical admixtures.The word concrete comes from the Latin word...

, glass and aluminum saw it placed on the Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes is one of the 27 regions of France, located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rhône River and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris...

' List of 20th century Buildings of Architectural Interest.

Since May 2006 more than 3.7 million euros have been spent to refurbish the arena and stadium.http://www.info-stades.net/infos/patinoire-charlemagne-77.php

Patinoire Charlemagne offers many services apart from the ice hockey rink including medical facilities, a bar
Bar (establishment)
A bar is a business establishment that serves alcoholic drinks — beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails — for consumption on the premises.Bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bars have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go...

, a dance hall, meeting rooms and a press centre.http://www.info-stades.net/infos/patinoire-charlemagne-77.php

The Patinoire Charlemagne is also well known for hosting other ice sports, particularly figure skating
Figure skating
Figure skating is an Olympic sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform spins, jumps, footwork and other intricate and challenging moves on ice skates. Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level , and at local, national, and international competitions...

. Each year the rink hosts the Pôle France de danse sur glace and world champion figure skaters Marina Anissina
Marina Anissina
Marina Vyacheslavovna Anissina is a French-Russian ice dancer. With partner Gwendal Peizerat, she is the 2002 Olympic champion.- Career :...

 and Gwendal Peizerat
Gwendal Peizerat
Gwendal Peizerat is a French ice dancer. With Marina Anissina, he is the 2002 Olympic champion, the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist, the 2000 World Champion, and a six-time French National Champion.-Biography:...

 both train at Charlemagne.

The Patinoire Charlemagne was one of the host stadiums for the 2006 European Figure Skating Championships.http://www.info-stades.net/infos/patinoire-charlemagne-77.php

The ice is Olympic sized
Hockey rink
An ice hockey rink is an ice rink that is specifically designed for ice hockey, a team sport. It is rectangular with rounded corners and surrounded by a wall approximately 40 inches high called the boards.- Name origins :...

 (60 metres long by 30 metres wide) and has a capacity of 4 400 spectators.http://www.info-stades.net/infos/patinoire-charlemagne-77.php

Current roster

Goalkeepers:

  Daniel Svedin

  Frederick Witte

Defenders:

  Joe Cappellano

  Martin Croguennec

  Damien Croux
Damien Croux
Damien Croux is a professional ice hockey player. He is currently a defenceman for the Lyon Hockey Club.- Career :...



  Nicolas Deshaies

  François-Henri Deserable
François-Henri Deserable
François-Henri Deserable is a professional ice hockey player. He is currently a defenceman for the Lyon Hockey Club.- Career :...



  Xavier Simoni

  Charles Vouligny

Attackers:

  Matthieu Combe

  Baptiste Frioux

  Anthony Kodyjasz

  Arnaud Magallon

  Alexander Olsson

  Robert Olsson

  Paulin Jouanin

  Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet is a professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Lyon Hockey Club.- Career :...



  Adryan Serrano

  Kim Wikstrom (Captain
Captain (ice hockey)
In ice hockey, each team can designate an official captain for each game. The player serving as captain during the game wears a "C" on his or her jersey...

)

Notable Past Players

]
While not considered a breeding ground for great players Lyon has been able to both develop young stars and attract former NHL stars to the Patinoire Charlemagne.

LHC alumni have played in the North American National Hockey League
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which 7 are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States...

 (NHL), the French Ligue Magnus
Ligue Magnus
-Former Teams:*Bisons de Neuilly-sur-Marne*Orques d'Anglet*Sangliers Arvernes*Corsaires de Dunkerque*Albatros de Brest*Jets de Viry-Essonne-Defunct Teams:*Diables Noirs de Tours*Hockey Club de Mulhouse*Séquanes de Besançon*Flammes Bleues de Reims...

 and on French Olympic
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...

 teams.

Among the most notable of LHC past-players are:
Baptiste Amar - 2002 French Olympic team
/  Roger Dubé - 1998 French Olympic team
/  Jean-Marc Gaulin - Right-wing for the NHL
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which 7 are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States...

's Quebec Nordiques
Quebec Nordiques
The Quebec Nordiques were a professional ice hockey team based in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association and the National Hockey League...

 1982-87
Laurent Meunier - Captain of French national team, 2002 French Olympic team, two-time Ligue Magnus
Ligue Magnus
-Former Teams:*Bisons de Neuilly-sur-Marne*Orques d'Anglet*Sangliers Arvernes*Corsaires de Dunkerque*Albatros de Brest*Jets de Viry-Essonne-Defunct Teams:*Diables Noirs de Tours*Hockey Club de Mulhouse*Séquanes de Besançon*Flammes Bleues de Reims...

 MVP
/  André Svitac - 1992 French Olympic team

LHC Junior Squads

As well as the senior team the LHC competes in six levels of junior ice hockey
Junior ice hockey
Junior hockey is a catch-all term used to describe various levels of ice hockey competition for players generally between 16 and 20 years of age...

.

LHC Poussins

A team for players aged under 11 years. The team is coached by LHC player Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet
Geoffrey Paillet is a professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Lyon Hockey Club.- Career :...

.

LHC Benjamins

A team for players aged under 13 years. The team is coached by LHC player Pascal Margerit.

LHC Minimes

Two teams - Minimes Excellence and Minime Elite - for players aged under 15 years.

Mascot, Nickname & Supporters

The official mascot of the LHC is Pepito the Lion
Lion
The lion is one of the four big cats in the genus Panthera, and a member of the family Felidae. With some males exceeding 250 kg in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger...

. Always in attendance at home games, Pepito wears a Lyon hockey jersey
Jersey
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and...

 and a straw hat. The nickname
Nickname
A nickname is "a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name.", or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name....

 of the LHC is 'The Lions' and relates to the symbol
Symbol
A symbol is something which represents an idea, a physical entity or a process but is distinct from it. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for...

 of city of Lyon.

The most vocal supporters of the LHC are the Lions Gones. This group of fans
Fan (person)
A Fan, sometimes also called aficionado or supporter, is a person with a liking and enthusiasm for something, such as a band or a sports team. Fans of a particular thing or person constitute its fanbase or fandom...

 are similar to football ultras
Ultras
Ultras are a type of sports fans renowned for their fanatical support and elaborate displays. They are predominantly European followers of football teams...

 and share their name with the Bad Gones of the city's Olympique Lyonnais
Olympique Lyonnais
Olympique Lyonnais is a French association football club based in Lyon. They play in France's highest football division, Ligue 1. The club was formed as Lyon Olympique Universitaire in 1899, according to many supporters and sport historians, but was nationally established as a club in 1950. The...

 football team.

According to the Tribune de Lyon, despite being a Division 2 team the LHC attracts the highest crowds
Crowds
Crowds is a proposed anonymity network that gives probable innocence in the face of a large number of attackers. Crowds was designed by Michael K. Reiter and Aviel D. Rubin and defends against internal attackers and a corrupt receiver, but provides no anonymity against a global attacker or a local...

 of any hockey team in France in any league, save for Ligue Magnus teams Grenoble
Grenoble
Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère...

 and Rouen
Rouen
Rouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...

.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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