Leon Warnerke
Encyclopedia
Leon Warnerke. Polish engineer and inventor in the field of photography, independence activist and revolutionary. Leon Warnerke have been a pseudonym
. His real name is Władysław Małachowski.
Władysław Małachowski was born on 26 May 1837 to an Polish-Lithuanian
szlachta
family in manor Macie, Grodno Governorate
, Lithuania
, Russian Empire
(today Belarus
). He graduated from the Corps of Railroad Engineers
in 1859.
In 1863 he joined the January Uprising
, and then entered the National Government in Vilnius
. After the uprising chased by police, fled with his wife on board the English ship to the UK. He settled in London
, under the name Leon Warnerke. He died 7 October 1900 in Geneva
, Switzerland
.
He made many inventions in the field of photography. Małachowski, first developed in 1875 the camera system, which acted like modern cameras. His system was based on the photosensitive layer of dry collodion
imposed on the paper covered with a layer of gum arabic
. After exposure, the layer of collodion was through a complex process, transferred to a glass substrate. This material is also suitable for printing positive. Photosensitive material in a roll was placed in a special cartridge which allows to perform up to 100 photos. The design of this camera was based on entirely new solutions that allow for the first time to perform such a large number of images on a single cartridge is loaded. Unfortunately, high production costs have prevented the proliferation of these films and their disposal.
Małachowski in 1880 invented the first practical sensitometer
, which allows measurement of the speed of photographic materials.
He also discovered the phenomenon of tanning the exposed parts gelatin emulsion by pyro developer
, which later found its application in Bromoil Process
. Malachowski has developed the basic concepts of this photographic technique for which he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Photographic Society of Great Britain (known as Royal Photographic Society today) in 1882.
Małachowski lived a double life
, maintaining a career as a photographer and businessman. Nevertheless, Małachowski is thought to have been the head of a group of anarchists and ex-communists and to have engaged in massive and highly successful forgery of Europe
an banknotes, with an emphasis on Russian ruble
s. He was a master paper maker and managed to elude capture throughout his subversion activity. It has also been rumored that he faked his own death in 1900.
Pseudonym
A pseudonym is a name that a person assumes for a particular purpose and that differs from his or her original orthonym...
. His real name is Władysław Małachowski.
Władysław Małachowski was born on 26 May 1837 to an Polish-Lithuanian
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
szlachta
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
family in manor Macie, Grodno Governorate
Grodno Governorate
The Grodno Governorate, was a governorate of the Russian Empire.-Overview:Grodno: a western province or government of Europe lying between 52 and 54 N lat 23 and E long and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland The country was a wide plain in parts very...
, Lithuania
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
, Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
(today Belarus
Belarus
Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
). He graduated from the Corps of Railroad Engineers
Petersburg State University of Means of Communication
The Petersburg State Transport University is a higher education institution specializing in railway transport. Before 1990 it was known as "Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers"...
in 1859.
In 1863 he joined the January Uprising
January Uprising
The January Uprising was an uprising in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Russian Empire...
, and then entered the National Government in Vilnius
Vilnius
Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 as of 2010. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County...
. After the uprising chased by police, fled with his wife on board the English ship to the UK. He settled in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, under the name Leon Warnerke. He died 7 October 1900 in Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
.
He made many inventions in the field of photography. Małachowski, first developed in 1875 the camera system, which acted like modern cameras. His system was based on the photosensitive layer of dry collodion
Collodion process
The collodion process is an early photographic process. It was introduced in the 1850s and by the end of that decade it had almost entirely replaced the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype. During the 1880s the collodion process, in turn, was largely replaced by gelatin dry...
imposed on the paper covered with a layer of gum arabic
Gum arabic
220px|thumb|right|Acacia gumGum arabic, also known as acacia gum, chaar gund, char goond, or meska, is a natural gum made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal...
. After exposure, the layer of collodion was through a complex process, transferred to a glass substrate. This material is also suitable for printing positive. Photosensitive material in a roll was placed in a special cartridge which allows to perform up to 100 photos. The design of this camera was based on entirely new solutions that allow for the first time to perform such a large number of images on a single cartridge is loaded. Unfortunately, high production costs have prevented the proliferation of these films and their disposal.
Małachowski in 1880 invented the first practical sensitometer
Sensitometry
Sensitometry is the scientific study of light-sensitive materials, especially photographic film. The study has its origins in the work by Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield with early black-and-white emulsions...
, which allows measurement of the speed of photographic materials.
He also discovered the phenomenon of tanning the exposed parts gelatin emulsion by pyro developer
Pyrogallol
Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a benzenetriol. It is a white crystalline powder and a powerful reducing agent. It was first prepared by Scheele 1786 by heating gallic acid. An alternate preparation is heating para-chlorophenoldisulphonic acid with potassium hydroxide.When in alkaline...
, which later found its application in Bromoil Process
Bromoil Process
The Bromoil Process was an early photographic process that was very popular with the Pictorialists during the first half of the twentieth century...
. Malachowski has developed the basic concepts of this photographic technique for which he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Photographic Society of Great Britain (known as Royal Photographic Society today) in 1882.
Małachowski lived a double life
Double Life
Double Life is a 2-CD compilation album of songs by Värttinä. It includes the entire 6.12 live album, and songs from studio albums Seleniko, Aitara and Ilmatar...
, maintaining a career as a photographer and businessman. Nevertheless, Małachowski is thought to have been the head of a group of anarchists and ex-communists and to have engaged in massive and highly successful forgery of Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an banknotes, with an emphasis on Russian ruble
Russian ruble
The ruble or rouble is the currency of the Russian Federation and the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Formerly, the ruble was also the currency of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union prior to their breakups. Belarus and Transnistria also use currencies with...
s. He was a master paper maker and managed to elude capture throughout his subversion activity. It has also been rumored that he faked his own death in 1900.