The concept of the knowledge divide refers to the gaps in standards of living and economic development that exist between those who can find, create, manage, process, and disseminate information or knowledge, and those who are impaired in this process. According to a 2005 UNESCO World Report, the rise in the 21st century of a global information society has resulted in the emergence of knowledge as a valuable resource, increasingly determining who has access to power and profit. The rapid dissemination of information on a potentially global scale as a result of new information media and the globally uneven ability to assimilate knowledge and information has resulted in potentially expanding gaps in knowledge between individuals and nations.

Introduction

In the 21st century, the emergence of the knowledge society becomes pervasive. The transformations of world’s economy and of each society have a fast pace. Together with information and communication technologies (ICT

Information technology

Information technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...

) these new paradigms have the power to reshape the global economy . In order to keep pace with innovations, to come up with new ideas, people need to produce and manage knowledge. This is why knowledge has become essential for all societies.

The Knowledge Divide Between Nations

According to UNESCO

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...

 and the World Bank

World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...

, knowledge gaps between nations may occur due to the varying degrees by which individual nations incorporate the following elements:

• Human rights and fundamental freedoms: An absence of freedom within a society can diminish or delay the ability of its members to acquire, debate, and transmit knowledge. Vital to the spread of knowledge and information between nations are such freedoms as freedom of expression, an absence of censorship, free circulation of information, and freedom of the press
  Freedom of the press
  Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through vehicles including various electronic media and published materials...
  
  .

• Democracy
  Democracy
  Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
  
  

• Plurality of knowledge and information: This includes a diverse media and the acceptance of diverse forms of knowledge.

• Quality infrastructure: For instance, a poor electrical grid makes the existence of computer networks or of higher education institutions less attainable.

• Effective communication system: This will affect the dissemination of knowledge or movement of ideas within and between nations.

• Effective education system: Gaps in knowledge between nations can exist when individual countries invest too little in primary school education, which acts as the base for the entire education system. According to UNESCO
  UNESCO
  The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
  
  , in order for a nation to become a knowledge society, primary education must focus on basic literacy and must be universally accessible. However, as others have pointed out, higher education may be equally important for closing knowledge gaps between nations, particularly between newly industrialized nations, such as the Republic of Korea, and more advanced industrial societies. For the former, higher education can play an important role in bridging knowledge gaps, but must benefit more than a small elite portion of the population and must be taught at international standards. The poor development of educational institutions from a society affects the creativity of people belonging to that society.

• Focus on Research and Innovation: As the World Bank
  World Bank
  The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
  
   suggests, Research & Development within a nation can enable it to follow current developments in global knowledge and also to understand how to adapt external knowledge and technology to meet its needs. In nations with low degrees of R&D, government funding can provide a significant portion of support that can later be taken over by private investment. Closely tied to effective education systems is the need for a nation to allow for academic freedom. Because higher educational institutions are significant contributors to R&D, these institutions must be granted freedom to create and disseminate knowledge. An environment supportive of research and innovation may also help stem the “brain drain
  Brain drain
  Human capital flight, more commonly referred to as "brain drain", is the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals...
  
  ” of educated individuals from knowledge-poor nations to knowledge-rich nations.

• Intellectual Property Rights: Closely connected to a focus on research and innovation are national and international Intellectual Property Rights. Within a nation, Intellectual Property Rights can spawn research and innovation by providing economic incentives for investing in new knowledge development. However, as stated by the World Bank
  World Bank
  The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
  
  , by protecting innovations, intellectual property rights may also inhibit knowledge-sharing and may prevent developing nations from benefitting from knowledge produced in other countries.

The Knowledge Divide and The Digital Divide

The information and ICT systems that support knowledge are very important. This is why digitization is viewed closely related to knowledge. Scientists generally agree that there is a digital divide

Digital divide

The Digital Divide refers to inequalities between individuals, households, business, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels in access to information and communication technologies and Internet connectivity and in the knowledge and skills needed to effectively use the information...

, recently different reports also showed the existence of knowledge divide .

The creation and effective use of knowledge are increasingly related to the development of an ICT infrastructure. Without ICT, it is impossible to have an infrastructure able to process the huge flow of information required in an advanced economy. In particular, without adequate technical support, it is difficult to develop and use e-learning and electronic documents to overcome time and space constraints.

The knowledge divide is, however, but one important part of the larger knowledge divide. As UNESCO states, “closing the digital divide will not suffice to close the knowledge divide, for access to useful, relevant knowledge is more than simply a matter of infrastructure—it depends on training, cognitive skills and regulatory frameworks geared towards access to contents.”

Knowledge divide in gender, race, ethnicity and social class

First, it was noticed that a great difference exists between the North and the South

North-South divide

The north–south divide is a socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as "the north", and the poorer developing countries , or "the south." Although most nations comprising the "North" are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere ,...

  (rich countries vs. poor countries). The development of knowledge depends on spreading Internet and computer technology and also on the development of education in these countries. If a country has attained higher literacy level then this will result in having higher level of knowledge.
Indeed, UNESCO's report details many social issues in knowledge divide related to globalization. There was noticed a knowledge divide with respect to

• Gender: Socio-cultural inequalities between men and women, such as unequal access to education and technology, create the conditions for unequal access to knowledge. This can cause significant knowledge gaps both within and between nations, the latter resulting from individual nations’ underutilization of their full knowledge workforce.
• Race
• Ethnicity
• Social class

See also

• Digital divide
  Digital divide
  The Digital Divide refers to inequalities between individuals, households, business, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels in access to information and communication technologies and Internet connectivity and in the knowledge and skills needed to effectively use the information...
  
  
• Knowledge gap hypothesis
  Knowledge gap hypothesis
  - Definition :The knowledge gap hypothesis attempts to explain “the apparent failure of mass publicity to inform the public at large.”...
  
  
• Knowledge
  Knowledge
  Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something unknown, which can include information, facts, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject...
  
  
• Digital citizen
  Digital citizen
  A digital citizen commonly refers to a person utilizing information technology information technology in order to engage in society, politics, and government participation. K. Mossberger, et al...
  
  

External links

• http://www.knowledge-divide.org Research Project "The changing knowledge divide in the global economy"