Kalmar FF
Encyclopedia
Kalmar FF is a Swedish
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

 football club
Football (soccer)
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball...

 located in Kalmar
Kalmar
Kalmar is a city in Småland in the south-east of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 62,767 inhabitants in 2010 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality. It is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 233,776 inhabitants .From the thirteenth to the...

. Formed 10 January 1910, the club has won three national cup
Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen , is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska Cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 98 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan...

 titles and 1 league
Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan is a Swedish professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Swedish football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan...

 title. Kalmar FF currently play in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan is a Swedish professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Swedish football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan...

.

Kalmar FF's local rivals are Kalmar AIK
Kalmar AIK
Kalmar Allmänna Idrottsklubb Fotbollsklubb is a Swedish football club located in Kalmar.They play at Fredriksskans like their big brother Kalmar FF.- History :...

 and Östers IF
Östers IF
Östers IF is a Swedish football club located in Växjö. The club, formed 20 April 1930 , is currently playing in the second Swedish league called Superettan. In 1968, Öster won Allsvenskan as newcomers. The club is affiliated to the Smålands Fotbollförbund...

. The club is affiliated to the Smålands Fotbollförbund
Smålands Fotbollförbund
The Smålands Fotbollförbund is one of the 24 district organisations of the Swedish Football Association. It administers lower tier football in the historical province of Småland.- Background :...

.

In the beginning

On 10 January 1910, the club IF Göta was created, however they were not allowed to enter the Riksidrottsförbundet due to a conflict regarding the name. The name was already taken by Stockholm's-Göta and Karlstads-Göta. Later in 1912 the club changed its name to IF Gothia and was then accepted by Riksidrottsförbundet.

In 1918 Fredriksskans
Fredriksskans
Fredriksskans is a multi-purpose stadium in Kalmar, Sweden. It is currently used mostly for football matches and was until replaced by Guldfågeln Arena in 2011 the home ground of Kalmar FF. The stadium holds 8,500 people and was built in 1910....

 was opened and at the same time the where a major conference in Kalmar about the high number of clubs in the town, this led to the merging of IF Gothia and Kamraterna to Kalmar Idrotts Sällskap and Kalmar IK merged with Falken to form Kalmar AIK
Kalmar AIK
Kalmar Allmänna Idrottsklubb Fotbollsklubb is a Swedish football club located in Kalmar.They play at Fredriksskans like their big brother Kalmar FF.- History :...

. In 1927 Kalmar Idrotts Sällskap changed its name to Kalmar FF.

In 1927-1928 they qualified for the local league in the Swedish league system, IFK Oskarshamn won the league and was moved up to the Southswedish league, covering both Småland
Småland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...

 and Skåne, however IFK Oskarshamn renounce its position and it was given to Kalmar FF, this gave rise to complaint from the clubs in Skåne since there were no good train connections to Kalmar at that time, however SJ
Statens Järnvägar
The Swedish State Railways or SJ, originally the Royal Railway Board , is a former government agency responsible for operating the state railways in Sweden....

 solved it. In their first game they defeated KIS Malmö FF with 6-0.

The middle years

In 1949 the club reached Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan is a Swedish professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Swedish football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan...

 for the first time after defeating Halmstads BK
Halmstads BK
Halmstads Bollklubb, also called HBK or just Halmstad, is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad in the southwest of Sweden. The club, formed 6 March 1914, competes in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan, and has won 4 national championship titles and 1 national cup title...

 in the decisive game of the season; during this time Swedish leagues were played autumn–spring, on 31 July they played their first game in Allsvenskan against Degerfors IF
Degerfors IF
Degerfors IF is a Swedish football club located in Degerfors. The club, formed 13 January 1907, is currently playing in the second highest Swedish league, Superettan.-Background:...

 and lost 2-0, afterward, the later world famous Gunnar Nordahl
Gunnar Nordahl
Gunnar Nordahl was a Swedish football player, best known for his play in AC Milan 1949-1956.-Sweden:...

 claimed that he had seen much worse newcomers, also this year, on 4 September Kalmar faced Malmö FF
Malmö FF
Malmö Fotbollförening, also known simply as Malmö FF, are a Swedish professional football club based in Malmö. The club is affiliated with Skånes Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Swedbank Stadion. The club colours, reflected in their crest and kit, are sky blue and white...

 in front of 15 093 people in the audience; this is still the audience record on Fredriksskans.

Between 1950 and 1955 the club went up and down between Allsvenskan and Division 2. In 1955 they fell down to Division 2 and stayed there for 20 years; during this time players like Hungarian Ference Marko represented the club at the same time as he lived at the refugee camp in Borgholm
Borgholm
Borgholm is a city and the seat of Borgholm Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 3,093 inhabitants in 2005. It is located on the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea....

 in 1957, in 1959 Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson
Sune Andersson
Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson was a Swedish footballer and football manager.Andersson played as a midfielder from the 1930s to the 70s, appearing for A.S...

, who won an Olympic medal in the 1948 Summer Olympics
1948 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin...

 as a player, as manager, during this time Sten-Åke Johansson played for the club and became the top goalscorer for all time for the club, on 19 October 1975 Kalmar FF defeated Västra Frölunda and returned to Allsvenskan.

In 1976 the club played its 100th game in Allsvenskan against GIF Sundsvall
GIF Sundsvall
GIF Sundsvall is a Swedish football club located in the city of Sundsvall. The club, formed on 25 August 1903, is currently playing in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan. The club is affiliated to Medelpads Fotbollförbund.- History :...

, however this ended with 9-2 defeat and led to manager Kay Wiestål being fired. The 1977 season became the club's most successful season so far; a group of companies sponsored the club's buying of Benno Magnusson
Benno Magnusson
Lars Roger "Benno" Magnusson, born 4 February 1953 in Ålem, Kalmar län, Småland, is a former Swedish footballer. He's a brother of fellow footballer Roger Magnusson....

; the club was able to end in 3rd place at the end of the season, earning the club its first medal.

In 1981 the club won its first title ever, by defeating IF Elfsborg
IF Elfsborg
IF Elfsborg is a Swedish football club located in Borås. The club has won five national championship titles, the latest in 2006, and two national cup titles. Currently playing in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan. Elfsborg is based at Borås Arena...

 with 4-0, the club won the Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen , is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska Cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 98 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan...

 for the first time ever, however they failed to stay in Allsvenskan and was relegated to Division 1; however the spell was only one year long and Kalmar returned in 1983.

1985 became the club's most successful season, as the club ended up in second place behind Örgryte IS
Örgryte IS
Örgryte IS, also commonly referred to as ÖIS, is a Swedish football club based in Gothenburg.-History:The club was founded on 4 December 1887 and participated in the first football match in Sweden on 22 May 1892. Örgryte IS has won 12 national championship titles and one national cup title. After...

 and Billy Lansdowne
Billy Lansdowne
William "Billy" Lansdowne, Jr. is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. Active in both England and Sweden, Lansdowne scored 45 goals in 169 career league games.-Career:...

 and Peter Karlsson
Peter Karlsson (footballer)
Peter Karlsson is a Swedish football goalkeeper who currently plays for Landskrona BoIS. He has also played for IF Sylvia and IFK Norrköping.-External links:* - Player stats* - Player stats...

 both became the league's top goalscorer along with Sören Börjesson, Örgryte IS, all scoring 10 goals each. The following year did not go as good; the club was relegated from the top league and the only happiness in 1987 was when the club yet again won the Cup title, this time against GAIS
GAIS
Göteborgs Atlet- och Idrottssällskap is a Swedish football club based in Gothenburg, currently playing in Allsvenskan. The club is commonly referred to simply as GAIS, while its fans also refers to the club as grönsvart or the mackerels because of the traditional shirt colours...

, however the club fell out of Division 1 this year.

Between 1988 and 1997 the club spent most of its time in second highest league; this caused serious economic problems for the club; in 1988 Kalmar FF won Division 2 without a single defeat which is a record in Division 2 and higher leagues.

The Brazilian era

After returning to Allsvenskan in 1998, but in 1999 the club fell out again, the only good thing was that the economy had been restored and was in good shape again. During the 2000 season club had to fight to avoid relegation from the second highest league and was only able to do it in the end of the season.

The goal of the 2001 season was to return to Allsvenskan again, after buying several new players such as Lasse Johansson, Fredrik Gärdeman and Lucas Nilsson, the club was able to return to Allsvenskan again, unfortunately the club was relegated directly. During the 2002 the first Brazilian, Alysson, arrived at the club.

The spell in Superettan
Superettan
Superettan is the second highest league in the league system of Swedish football and comprises 16 Swedish football teams. It was created in 2000. Before that, the second level league in Sweden had been Division 1....

 2003 became only one year as Kalmar won the league well ahead of Trelleborgs FF
Trelleborgs FF
Trelleborgs FF, or simply Trelleborg, is a Swedish football club located in Trelleborg. The club, formed 6 December 1926, will during the season of 2012 play in the second highest Swedish league, Superettan...

, purchase of Daniel Mendes
Daniel Mendes
Daniel Freire Mendes, is a Brazilian football player who plays for Kalmar FF in the highest Swedish league Allsvenskan.- Career :He has previously played for AIK and Degerfors IF....

 and Dudu
Eduardo Francisco de Silva Neto
Eduardo Francisco de Silva Neto, also known as Dudu is a Brazilian footballer, who has currently plays for Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube.In 2008, he won South Korea's K-League top scorer with 15 goals.-External links:...

 helped the club a lot.

In 2004 the club bought three new Brazilian players, Dedé Anderson
Dedé Anderson
Dedé Anderson de Oliveira Gomes is a professional Brazilian footballer who played forward.He began his career playing for Vasco da Gama and Bahia in the Campeonato Brasileiro....

, Fabio Augusto and Cesar Santin
César Santín
César Santin is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Danish Superliga club F.C. Copenhagen. He formerly played 5 years in Sweden for Kalmar FF....

, they all helped the club to a 5th place in Allsvenskan, just missing out on Royal League
Royal League
The Royal League was an annual Scandinavian football tournament held three times between teams from the three Scandinavian monarchies , starting after the end of the regular domestic seasons of Norway and Sweden. Denmark, however, are in mid-season when the tournament starts...

, the club also made a change board as chairman Ronny Nilsson left after 12 years at the helm, he was replaced by Tommy Strandman.

Champions

The two following seasons, 2005 and 2006, Kalmar ended up in 3rd and 5th respectively. Then in 2007 they made a great run from start to finish and finally ended up in second place after champions IFK Göteborg
IFK Göteborg
IFK Göteborg is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg. Founded in 1904, the club has won 18 national championship titles, five national cup titles, and two UEFA Cups....

. They won Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen , is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska Cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 98 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan...

 the same year by beating IFK Göteborg with 3-0 at Fredriksskans in Kalmar.

Before the start, several Swedish experts believed that Kalmar FF would be one of the teams fighting for the championship title 2008, the club started the season stable and as the season went on the club performance became stronger and saw the club win many big victories, only other team able to keep up was IF Elfsborg
IF Elfsborg
IF Elfsborg is a Swedish football club located in Borås. The club has won five national championship titles, the latest in 2006, and two national cup titles. Currently playing in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan. Elfsborg is based at Borås Arena...

. The club had to wait until the last match of the season against Halmstads BK
Halmstads BK
Halmstads Bollklubb, also called HBK or just Halmstad, is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad in the southwest of Sweden. The club, formed 6 March 1914, competes in the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan, and has won 4 national championship titles and 1 national cup title...

 in Halmstad before they could become champions. Before the final match Elfsborg was behind with 3 points and 9 goals. The match against Halmstads BK ended 2-2 placing the club 1 point ahead of Elfsborg. Patrik Ingelsten
Patrik Ingelsten
Patrik Ingelsten is a Swedish footballer, who plays Winger and forward currently for Viking FK in the Norwegian Premier League.- Career :...

 also became the leagues top goalscorer of the season with 19 goals scored. The team reached the final in Svenska Cupen yet again and also this year against IFK Göteborg, however this year IFK won 5-4 on penalties after full time and extra time had ended 0-0. The club also had the chance to reach the group stage of the UEFA Cup
UEFA Cup 2008–09
The UEFA Cup 2008–09 was the 38th edition of the UEFA Cup football tournament. The final was played at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, home ground of Fenerbahçe, in Istanbul, Turkey, on 20 May 2009. This season was the final one to use the UEFA Cup format; starting in 2009, the event is known as the...

. After strong play against Racing FC
Racing FC Union Luxembourg
Racing Football Club Union Luxembourg , usually abbreviated to Racing FC, is a football club, based in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.-History:...

 from Luxembourg and Gent from Belgium, the club faced Dutch top team Feyenoord, after winning 1-0 away in Rotterdam
Rotterdam
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam on the Rotte river, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre...

 the club lost home with 1-2, in Borås at Borås Arena
Borås Arena
Borås Arena is a football stadium in Borås, Sweden. It is the home ground of IF Elfsborg and Norrby IF and was opened in 2005. Borås Arena has an artificial turf pitch, Playfoot XM40 by FieldTurf, and has a capacity of 14,500–17,800 depending on usage. Both clubs presently using the stadium...

 since Fredriksskans failed to reach UEFA demands, sending the club out of the competition on away goals.

European record

  • Q = Qualifying round

UEFA Champions League
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League, known simply the Champions League and originally known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or European Cup, is an annual international club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. It...



UEFA Europa League

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was a football club competition contested annually by the most recent winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The cup is one of the many inter-European club competitions that have been organised by UEFA. The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season—but...


Current squad

For season transfers, see transfers winter 2011–2012.

Former players

Sweden David Elm
David Elm (footballer)
David Elm is a Swedish footballer who plays for Elfsborg as a striker. He previously played for Swedish clubs Kalmar FF and Falkenbergs FF and for English club Fulham.-Early career:...

 Rasmus Elm
Rasmus Elm
Rasmus Cristoffer Elm is a Swedish footballer, who currently plays for AZ in the Dutch Eredivisie.- Early career and Kalmar FF :...

 Viktor Elm
Viktor Elm
Viktor Sebastian Elm is a Swedish footballer, who plays for Dutch Eredivisie club SC Heerenveen and the Swedish national team...

 Patrik Ingelsten
Patrik Ingelsten
Patrik Ingelsten is a Swedish footballer, who plays Winger and forward currently for Viking FK in the Norwegian Premier League.- Career :...

 Lasse Johansson
Lasse Johansson (footballer)
Lasse Johansson is a Swedish footballer, currently playing for Emmaboda IS. He played for Kalmar FF from 2001-2009.-References:...

 Niklas Kaldner Peter Karlsson
Peter Karlsson (footballer)
Peter Karlsson is a Swedish football goalkeeper who currently plays for Landskrona BoIS. He has also played for IF Sylvia and IFK Norrköping.-External links:* - Player stats* - Player stats...

 Håkan Lindqvist Benno Magnusson
Benno Magnusson
Lars Roger "Benno" Magnusson, born 4 February 1953 in Ålem, Kalmar län, Småland, is a former Swedish footballer. He's a brother of fellow footballer Roger Magnusson....

 Jens Nilsson Johan Paulsson
Johan Paulsson
Johan Paulsson is a Swedish mathematician and systems biologist at Harvard Medical School. He is a leading researcher in systems biology and stochastic processes, specializing in stochasticity in gene networks and plasmid reproduction.- Biography :...

 Patrik Rosengren
Patrik Rosengren
Patrik Rosengren , nicknamed Bagarn, is a Swedish footballer, currently playing for Mjällby AIF. He started his career in Mjällby 2001 and between 2002 and 2008 he played for Kalmar FF. On 17th November 2008 he signed with Mjällby for 1 year in Superettan. He helped the club gain promotion to...

 Andreas Thomsson

Brazil Alysson Marins
Alysson Marendaz Marins
Alysson Marendaz Marins , is a Brazilian football player.- Career :As a journeyman, Alysson Marendaz Marins has previously played for CR Vasco da Gama, on loan for Serrano Football Club, CFZ do Rio, AIK Fotboll, Kalmar FF and OFK Ostersund in Sweden, Perak FA in Malaysia, and Chinese Super League...

 Ari
Ariclenes da Silva Ferreira
Ariclenes da Silva Ferreira , commonly known as Ari , is a Brazilian striker who plays for FC Spartak Moscow in the Russian Premier League.-Club career:...

 César Santin
César Santín
César Santin is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Danish Superliga club F.C. Copenhagen. He formerly played 5 years in Sweden for Kalmar FF....

 Dedé Anderson
Dedé Anderson
Dedé Anderson de Oliveira Gomes is a professional Brazilian footballer who played forward.He began his career playing for Vasco da Gama and Bahia in the Campeonato Brasileiro....

 Fabio Augusto Givaldo Oliveira Thiago Oliveira
England Billy Lansdowne
Billy Lansdowne
William "Billy" Lansdowne, Jr. is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. Active in both England and Sweden, Lansdowne scored 45 goals in 169 career league games.-Career:...

 Stuart Reddington
Stuart Reddington
Stuart Reddington is a former professional footballer who played as a defender. He currently plays for Lincoln United.-Career:...

 Scott Sloan
Scott Sloan (footballer)
Scott Sloan is a retired English footballer. He was born in Wallsend on 14 December 1967. He played as a striker. Since retirement he works as a fireman in Tyneside....


Uruguay Hernan Ponkilainen (Finnish/Uruguayan)

Achievements

  • Swedish Champions
    Swedish football champions
    Swedish football champions is a title held by the winners of the highest Swedish football league played each year, Allsvenskan. IFK Göteborg holds the record of most titles with 18 Swedish championships. After winning the 2011 Allsvenskan, Helsingborgs IF are the reigning Swedish football...

    • Winners (1): 2008

League

  • Allsvenskan
    Allsvenskan
    Allsvenskan is a Swedish professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Swedish football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan...

    :
    • Winners (1): 2008
      Allsvenskan 2008
      Allsvenskan 2008, part of the 2008 Swedish football season, was the 84th Allsvenskan season played. The first match was played on 30 March 2008 and the last matches were played on 9 November 2008.- Participating clubs :- Managers :- Standings :...

    • Runners-up (2): 1985, 2007
      Allsvenskan 2007
      Allsvenskan 2007, part of the 2007 Swedish football season, was the 83rd Allsvenskan season played. The first match was played 6 April 2007 and the last match was played 28 October 2007...

  • Superettan
    Superettan
    Superettan is the second highest league in the league system of Swedish football and comprises 16 Swedish football teams. It was created in 2000. Before that, the second level league in Sweden had been Division 1....

    :
    • Winners (2): 2001, 2003
  • Division 1 Södra
    Division 1 Södra
    Division 1 Södra is one of two leagues in the third level, Division 1, in the league system of Swedish football and comprises 14 Swedish football teams. Division 1 Södra had status as one of the official second level leagues from 1987 to 1999, but was replaced by Superettan in 2000...

    :
    • Winners (1): 1998
    • Runners-up (1): 1994

Cups

  • Svenska Cupen
    Svenska Cupen
    Svenska Cupen , is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska Cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 98 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan...

    :
    • Winners (3): 1980–81, 1986–87, 2007
    • Runners-up (3): 1977–78, 2008, 2011
  • Supercupen
    Supercupen
    Supercupen is a one-off fixture in Swedish football played between the Allsvenskan champions and the winners of Svenska Cupen. The fixture is played before the start of the Allsvenskan season. In the event of a club winning the Double the runner up of the Allsvenskan takes part...

    :
    • Winners (1): 2009
      2009 Supercupen
      Supercupen 2009, Swedish Super Cup 2009, was a Swedish football match, played 21 March 2009 between Allsvenskan champions Kalmar FF and Svenska Cupen winners IFK Göteborg...

    • Runners-up (1): 2008

Footnotes

A. The title of "Swedish Champions" has been awarded to the winner of four different competitions over the years. Between 1896 and 1925 the title was awarded to the winner of Svenska Mästerskapet
Svenska Mästerskapet
Svenska Mästerskapet was a Swedish football cup held to decide the Swedish Champions between 1896 and 1925.-Previous winners:-Cup champions:...

, a stand-alone cup tournament. No club were given the title between 1926 and 1930 even though the first-tier league Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan is a Swedish professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Swedish football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan...

 was played. In 1931 the title was reinstated and awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan. Between 1982 and 1990 a play-off
Allsvenskan play-offs
The Allsvenskan play-offs was a Swedish football cup held to decide the Swedish football champions between 1982 and 1990. The cup was created to increase the average attendance for Allsvenskan since public interest had dropped remarkably in the previous years. The four best placed teams in...

 in cup format was held at the end of the league season to decide the champions. After the play-off format in 1991 and 1992 the title was decided by the winner of Mästerskapsserien
Mästerskapsserien
Mästerskapsserien was a short-lived Swedish football league played 1991 and 1992 to decide the Swedish Champions. The top six teams from Allsvenskan qualified for Mästerskapsserien while the four bottom had to play the promotion and relegation Kvalsvenskan league with four and two teams from...

, an additional league after the end of Allsvenskan. Since the 1993 season the title has once again been awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK