Isotopes of bismuth
Encyclopedia
Bismuth
Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead...

(Bi) has no stable
Stable isotope
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that may or may not be radioactive, but if radioactive, have half-lives too long to be measured.Only 90 nuclides from the first 40 elements are energetically stable to any kind of decay save proton decay, in theory...

 isotope
Isotope
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation...

s, but does have one very long-lived isotope, thus the standard atomic mass
Atomic mass
The atomic mass is the mass of a specific isotope, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. The atomic mass is the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom....

 can be given. Although bismuth-209
Bismuth-209
Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest half-life. It has 83 protons and 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 u. All primordial bismuth is of this isotope...

 is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a "stable" isotope because it has a half-life of over 1.9×1019 years, which is more than a billion (1000 million) times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy available to be imparted either to a newly created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay, and emits gamma...

 are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic
Radiogenic nuclide
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive, or stable.Radiogenic nuclides form some of the most important tools in geology...

 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days.

Commercially the radioactive isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium
Radium
Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,...

 with bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into a photon because energy is conserved. The term is...

 photons from a linear particle accelerator
Linear particle accelerator
A linear particle accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that greatly increases the velocity of charged subatomic particles or ions by subjecting the charged particles to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline; this method of particle acceleration was invented...

. In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45 minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, e.g. in the Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program. Bismuth-213 is also found on the decay chain of uranium-233
Uranium-233
Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium, bred from Thorium as part of the thorium fuel cycle. It has been used in a few nuclear reactors and has been proposed for much wider use as a nuclear fuel. It has a half-life of 160,000 years....

.

Table

nuclide
symbol
historic
name
Z(p
Proton
The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number....

)
N(n
Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of...

)
 
isotopic mass (u)
 
half-lifeBold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable) decay
mode(s)Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
Electron capture
Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino...


IT: Isomeric transition
Isomeric transition
An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer....

daughter
isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
184Bi 83 101 184.00112(14)# 6.6(15) ms 3+#
184mBi 150(100)# keV 13(2) ms 10-#
185Bi 83 102 184.99763(6)# 2# ms p
Proton emission
Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very...

184Pb 9/2-#
α
Alpha decay
Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less...

 (rare)
181Tl
185mBi 70(50)# keV 49(7) µs α 181Tl 1/2+
p 184Pb
186Bi 83 103 185.99660(8) 14.8(7) ms α 182Tl (3+)
β+
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a...

 (rare)
186Pb
186mBi 270(140)# keV 9.8(4) ms α 182Tl (10-)
β+ 186Pb
187Bi 83 104 186.993158(16) 32(3) ms α (50%) 183Tl 9/2-#
β+ (50%) 187Pb
187m1Bi 101(20) keV 320(70) µs 1/2+#
187m2Bi 252(1) keV 7(5) µs (13/2+)
188Bi 83 105 187.99227(5) 44(3) ms α 184Tl 3+#
β+ (rare) 188Pb
188mBi 210(140)# keV 220(40) ms α 184Tl (10-)
β+ (rare) 188Pb
189Bi 83 106 188.98920(6) 674(11) ms α (51%) 185Tl (9/2-)
β+ (49%) 189Pb
189m1Bi 181(6) keV 5.0(1) ms (1/2+)
189m2Bi 357(1) keV 880(50) ns (13/2+)
190Bi 83 107 189.9883(2) 6.3(1) s α (77%) 186Tl (3+)
β+ (30%) 190Pb
190m1Bi 420(180) keV 6.2(1) s α (70%) 186Tl (10-)
β+ (23%) 190Pb
190m2Bi 690(180) keV >500(100) ns 7+#
191Bi 83 108 190.985786(8) 12.3(3) s α (60%) 187Tl (9/2-)
β+ (40%) 191Pb
191mBi 240(4) keV 124(5) ms α (75%) 187Tl (1/2+)
β+ (25%) 191Pb
192Bi 83 109 191.98546(4) 34.6(9) s β+ (82%) 192Pb (3+)
α (18%) 188Tl
192mBi 150(30) keV 39.6(4) s β+ (90.8%) 192Pb (10-)
α (9.2%) 188Tl
193Bi 83 110 192.98296(1) 67(3) s β+ (95%) 193Pb (9/2-)
α (5%) 189Tl
193mBi 308(7) keV 3.2(6) s α (90%) 189Tl (1/2+)
β+ (10%) 193Pb
194Bi 83 111 193.98283(5) 95(3) s β+ (99.54%) 194Pb (3+)
α (.46%) 190Tl
194m1Bi 110(70) keV 125(2) s β+ 194Pb (6+,7+)
α (rare) 190Tl
194m2Bi 230(90)# keV 115(4) s (10-)
195Bi 83 112 194.980651(6) 183(4) s β+ (99.97%) 195Pb (9/2-)
α (.03%) 191Tl
195m1Bi 399(6) keV 87(1) s β+ (67%) 195Pb (1/2+)
α (33%) 191Tl
195m2Bi 2311.4+X keV 750(50) ns (29/2-)
196Bi 83 113 195.980667(26) 5.1(2) min β+ (99.99%) 196Pb (3+)
α (.00115%) 192Tl
196m1Bi 166.6(30) keV 0.6(5) s IT
Isomeric transition
An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer....

196Bi (7+)
β+ 196Pb
196m2Bi 270(3) keV 4.00(5) min (10-)
197Bi 83 114 196.978864(9) 9.33(50) min β+ (99.99%) 197Pb (9/2-)
α (10−4%) 193Tl
197m1Bi 690(110) keV 5.04(16) min α (55%) 193Tl (1/2+)
β+ (45%) 197Pb
IT (.3%) 197Bi
197m2Bi 2129.3(4) keV 204(18) ns (23/2-)
197m3Bi 2360.4(5)+X keV 263(13) ns (29/2-)
197m4Bi 2383.1(7)+X keV 253(39) ns (29/2-)
197m5Bi 2929.5(5) keV 209(30) ns (31/2-)
198Bi 83 115 197.97921(3) 10.3(3) min β+ 198Pb (2+,3+)
198m1Bi 280(40) keV 11.6(3) min β+ 198Pb (7+)
198m2Bi 530(40) keV 7.7(5) s 10-
199Bi 83 116 198.977672(13) 27(1) min β+ 199Pb 9/2-
199m1Bi 667(4) keV 24.70(15) min β+ (98%) 199Pb (1/2+)
IT (2%) 199Bi
α (.01%) 195Tl
199m2Bi 1947(25) keV 0.10(3) µs (25/2+)
199m3Bi ~2547.0 keV 168(13) ns 29/2-
200Bi 83 117 199.978132(26) 36.4(5) min β+ 200Pb 7+
200m1Bi 100(70)# keV 31(2) min EC
Electron capture
Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino...

 (90%)
200Pb (2+)
IT (10%) 200Bi
200m2Bi 428.20(10) keV 400(50) ms (10-)
201Bi 83 118 200.977009(16) 108(3) min β+ (99.99%) 201Pb 9/2-
α (10−4%) 197Tl
201m1Bi 846.34(21) keV 59.1(6) min EC (92.9%) 201Pb 1/2+
IT (6.8%) 201Bi
α (.3%) 197Tl
201m2Bi 1932.2+X keV 118(28) ns (25/2+)
201m3Bi 1971.2+X keV 105(75) ns (27/2+)
201m4Bi 2739.90(20)+X keV 124(4) ns (29/2-)
202Bi 83 119 201.977742(22) 1.72(5) h β+ 202Pb 5(+#)
α (10−5%) 198Tl
202m1Bi 615(7) keV 3.04(6) µs (10#)-
202m2Bi 2607.1(5) keV 310(50) ns (17+)
203Bi 83 120 202.976876(23) 11.76(5) h β+ 203Pb 9/2-
α (10−5%) 199Tl
203m1Bi 1098.14(7) keV 303(5) ms IT 203Bi 1/2+
203m2Bi 2041.5(6) keV 194(30) ns 25/2+
204Bi 83 121 203.977813(28) 11.22(10) h β+ 204Pb 6+
204m1Bi 805.5(3) keV 13.0(1) ms IT 204Bi 10-
204m2Bi 2833.4(11) keV 1.07(3) ms (17+)
205Bi 83 122 204.977389(8) 15.31(4) d β+ 205Pb 9/2-
206Bi 83 123 205.978499(8) 6.243(3) d β+ 206Pb 6(+)
206m1Bi 59.897(17) keV 7.7(2) µs (4+)
206m2Bi 1044.8(5) keV 890(10) µs (10-)
207Bi 83 124 206.9784707(26) 32.9(14) a β+ 207Pb 9/2-
207mBi 2101.49(16) keV 182(6) µs 21/2+
208Bi 83 125 207.9797422(25) 3.68(4)×105 a β+ 208Pb (5)+
208mBi 1571.1(4) keV 2.58(4) ms IT 208Bi (10)-
209Bi
Bismuth-209
Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest half-life. It has 83 protons and 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 u. All primordial bismuth is of this isotope...

Formerly believed to be final decay product
Decay product
In nuclear physics, a decay product is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps...

 of 4n+1 decay chain
Decay chain
In nuclear science, the decay chain refers to the radioactive decay of different discrete radioactive decay products as a chained series of transformations...

Primordial
Primordial nuclide
In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides or primordial isotopes are nuclides found on the earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Only 288 such nuclides are known...

 radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np
83 126 208.9803987(16) 1.9(2)×1019 aFormerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide α 205Tl 9/2- 1.0000
210Bi Radium E 83 127 209.9841204(16) 5.012(5) d β- 210Po 1- TraceIntermediate decay product of 238U
Uranium-238
Uranium-238 is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature. It is not fissile, but is a fertile material: it can capture a slow neutron and after two beta decays become fissile plutonium-239...

α (1.32×10−4%) 206Tl
210mBi 271.31(11) keV 3.04(6)×106 a α 206Tl 9-
211Bi Actinium C 83 128 210.987269(6) 2.14(2) min α (99.72%) 207Tl 9/2- TraceIntermediate decay product of 235U
Uranium-235
- References :* .* DOE Fundamentals handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor theory , .* A piece of U-235 the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil. -External links:* * * one of the earliest articles on U-235 for the...

β- (.276%) 211Po
211mBi 1257(10) keV 1.4(3) µs (25/2-)
212Bi Thorium C 83 129 211.9912857(21) 60.55(6) min β- (64.05%) 212Po 1(-) TraceIntermediate decay product of 232Th
α (35.94%) 208Tl
β-, α (.014%) 208Pb
212m1Bi 250(30) keV 25.0(2) min α (67%) 208Tl (9-)
β- (33%) 212mPo
β-, α (.3%) 208Pb
212m2Bi 2200(200)# keV 7.0(3) min >15
213BiUsed in medicine
Nuclear medicine
In nuclear medicine procedures, elemental radionuclides are combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existing pharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals. These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs...

83 130 212.994385(5) 45.59(6) min β- (97.91%) 213Po 9/2-
α (2.09%) 209Tl
214Bi Radium C 83 131 213.998712(12) 19.9(4) min β- (99.97%) 214Po 1- Trace
α (.021%) 210Tl
β-, α (.003%) 210Pb
215Bi 83 132 215.001770(16) 7.6(2) min β- 215Po (9/2-) Trace
215mBi 1347.5(25) keV 36.4(25) min (25/2-)
216Bi 83 133 216.006306(12) 2.17(5) min β- 216Po 1-#
217Bi 83 134 217.00947(21)# 98.5(8) s 9/2-#
218Bi 83 135 218.01432(39)# 33(1) s 1-#

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