Intal language
Encyclopedia
Intal is an international auxiliary language
, published in 1956 by the German
linguist Erich Weferling. The name of the language is the acronym for INTernational Auxiliary Language. Intal had the intention to unite the most important existing systems of an international auxiliary language like Esperanto
, Ido
, Occidental-Interlingue, Neo
, Novial
and Interlingua
into a compromise system.
Weferling saw his Intal as a compromise solution for the most important constructed language, so he deliberately abstained from creating a complete dictionary of Intal. He regarded the existing different constructed languages as dialects of one common international language. He recommended to use the vocabulary of the major international auxialary languages which should be adapted to the orthography and phonology of Intal.
Weferling wrote most of his material on Intal in the language himself. In the year 1976 Weferling even published his autobiography "Ek le vive de un oldi interlinguistiker" (From the life of an old Interlinguist) in Intal.
After the death of Weferling in the year 1982 his efforts were nearly forgotten and the authorities of the still active organizations of constructed language showed no readiness to change their system according to Intal or to unify.
without special signs. The Intal alpabet has 23 letters, 5 vowel
s (a, e, i, o, u) and 19 consonant
s (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, y, z). The consonants q, w and x are only used in proper names and foreign words.
c is pronounced like sh in English, g like in the German languages, j like in French and y and z like in English.
The stress of a word is always on the vowel before the last consonant. If this rule does not apply, the stress is marked by an accent like in idé and tabú.
in Intal is le. It is used the same for singular and plural and for all genders.
The indefinite article in Intal is un. It is used for all genders, but only in singular
.
Natural gender
of living entities can be expressed by -o for male gender and -a for female gender: like kavale horse, kavalo stallion, kavala mare.
The plural
is marked by s like table's tables.
The genitive case is expressed by the preposition de and with the definite article it becomes del, like del patro of the father.
The dative case which indicates the indirect object is formed by the prepostion a or with the definite article al, like al patro to the father.
The accusative case which indicates the direct object is identical with the nominative. Only when the word order is changed one can use the particle
-em, like Vu-em me danka It is you that I thank.
.
The past tense is formed by either by placing the particle did before the infinitive/present tense form or the verb or with the ending –ed. So one can say me did vida or me vided I saw.
The future tense is formed with the particle ve in front of the infinitive/present form of the verb: me ve vida I will see.
The conditional is formed by placing the particle vud before the infinitive/present form of the verb: me vud vida I would see.
The imperative ending is –u: Venu! Come!
The active participle is formed by -ant at the stem of the verb, like amant loving, soluant solving.
The passive particible is formed by -at at the stem of the verb, like amat loved, soluat solved.
The passive voice which means action is formed with the help of the particle fi and the passive participle of the verb. Me fi konvinked I become convinced. If the passive voice is describing a state then it is expressed by the auxiliary verb es to be. Le porte es klozat dum le toti nokte The door is closed during the whole night.
Plural pronouns: nos, vus, les
Possessive adjectives are formed by adding the ending -i to the personal pronouns: mei my, tui your, sui his or her, ilsui his, elsui her, nosi our, vusi your (Plural) lesi their.
Reflexive pronoun is se, but it is only used for the third person singular or plural: Il lava se He washes himself, but Me lava me I wash myself.
The impersonal pronoun is on one.
Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the ending –ti to the cardinal numbers: prim/unti first, duti second, triti third.
International auxiliary language
An international auxiliary language or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language...
, published in 1956 by the German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
linguist Erich Weferling. The name of the language is the acronym for INTernational Auxiliary Language. Intal had the intention to unite the most important existing systems of an international auxiliary language like Esperanto
Esperanto
is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto , the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887...
, Ido
Ido
Ido is a constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier to learn than ethnic languages...
, Occidental-Interlingue, Neo
Neo (constructed language)
Neo is an international auxiliary language created by a Belgian diplomat of Italian descent Arturo Alfandari.-History:The first draft was published in 1937 by Arturo Alfandari but attracted wider attention in 1961 when Alfandari published his books Cours Practique de Neo and The Rapid Method of Neo...
, Novial
Novial
Novial [nov- + IAL, International Auxiliary Language] is a constructed international auxiliary language intended to facilitate international communication and friendship, without displacing anyone's native language...
and Interlingua
Interlingua
Interlingua is an international auxiliary language , developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association...
into a compromise system.
History
In the year 1956 Erich Weferling published the first version of his system Intal. The final version of Intal was published by Weferling in the year 1978.Weferling saw his Intal as a compromise solution for the most important constructed language, so he deliberately abstained from creating a complete dictionary of Intal. He regarded the existing different constructed languages as dialects of one common international language. He recommended to use the vocabulary of the major international auxialary languages which should be adapted to the orthography and phonology of Intal.
Weferling wrote most of his material on Intal in the language himself. In the year 1976 Weferling even published his autobiography "Ek le vive de un oldi interlinguistiker" (From the life of an old Interlinguist) in Intal.
After the death of Weferling in the year 1982 his efforts were nearly forgotten and the authorities of the still active organizations of constructed language showed no readiness to change their system according to Intal or to unify.
Alphabet and pronunciation
Intal uses the latin alphabetLatin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
without special signs. The Intal alpabet has 23 letters, 5 vowel
Vowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s (a, e, i, o, u) and 19 consonant
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced in the throat; and ,...
s (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, y, z). The consonants q, w and x are only used in proper names and foreign words.
c is pronounced like sh in English, g like in the German languages, j like in French and y and z like in English.
The stress of a word is always on the vowel before the last consonant. If this rule does not apply, the stress is marked by an accent like in idé and tabú.
Articles
The definite articleDefinite Article
Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzard's 1996 performance released on VHS. It was recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre...
in Intal is le. It is used the same for singular and plural and for all genders.
The indefinite article in Intal is un. It is used for all genders, but only in singular
Singular
A grammatical number denoting a unit quantity Singular may also refer to:* Gravitational singularity, a location where the quantities that are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite...
.
Nouns
Nouns have no specific ending. The usual euphonic ending is -e like: libre book, table table, but also manu hand and hotel hotel.Natural gender
Gender
Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
of living entities can be expressed by -o for male gender and -a for female gender: like kavale horse, kavalo stallion, kavala mare.
The plural
Plural
In linguistics, plurality or [a] plural is a concept of quantity representing a value of more-than-one. Typically applied to nouns, a plural word or marker is used to distinguish a value other than the default quantity of a noun, which is typically one...
is marked by s like table's tables.
The genitive case is expressed by the preposition de and with the definite article it becomes del, like del patro of the father.
The dative case which indicates the indirect object is formed by the prepostion a or with the definite article al, like al patro to the father.
The accusative case which indicates the direct object is identical with the nominative. Only when the word order is changed one can use the particle
Particle
A particle is, generally, a small localized object to which can be ascribed physical properties. It may also refer to:In chemistry:* Colloidal particle, part of a one-phase system of two or more components where the particles aren't individually visible.In physics:* Subatomic particle, which may be...
-em, like Vu-em me danka It is you that I thank.
Adjective
Adjectives end usually in –i: boni good, beli beautiful. The ending -i can be omitted for euphonic reasons. The adjective is not changed according to case, gender or singular/plural. It is placed before the subjectSubject (grammar)
The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...
.
Adverbs
Adverbs are mostly derived from adjectives by changing the ending to –im. Examples: bonim well, verim truly.Verbs
- Intal has no distinct infinitive ending, the infinitiveInfinitiveIn grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
is identical with the present tensePresent tenseThe present tense is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb...
, which ends always in
Pronouns
- Singular pronouns:
Numerals
- Cardinal numbers:
Samples
Ode to Joy by Friedrich SchillerFriedrich Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life , Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe...
- Ode al joye
- Joye, bel deal sintile,
- Filia ek Elizium,
- Nos vol entra fairo-ebri,
- Tui santuarium.
- Tui sorsies liga ri,
- Ko da mode seperat.
- Omni hom's devena frate's,
- Ku tu joy' fi kultivat.
- Esu embrasat milione's!
- E ti kiss al toti mond'!
- Frate's, super stele's-rond'
- Es un Deo in äone's.
- Ode to joy
- Joy, beautiful sparkle of the gods,
- Daughter of Elysium,
- We enter, fire-drunk,
- Your shrine.
- Your magic binds again
- What custom has parted.
- All men become brothers
- Where you Joy becomes cultivated.
- Be embraced, millions!
- And this kiss to the entire world!
- Brothers, above the starry circle
- There is a God in heaven.