Hakone Ekiden
Encyclopedia
, which is officially called , is one of the prominent university ekiden
Ekiden
is a term referring to a long-distance relay running race, typically on roads. The Japanese term originally referred to a post-horse or stagecoach which transmitted communication by stages.-History:...

 (relay marathon) races of the year held between Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...

 and Hakone in Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

 on 2 and 3 January. The race is telecast on Nippon Television
Nippon Television
is a television network based in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan and is controlled by the Yomiuri Shimbun publishing company. Broadcasting terrestrially across Japan, the network is commonly known as , contracted to , and abbreviated as "NTV" or "AX".-Offices:*The Headquarters : 6-1,...

.

This two-day race from Ōtemachi
Otemachi
is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is located north of Tokyo Station and Marunouchi, east of the Imperial Palace, west of Nihonbashi and south of Kanda. It is the location of the former site of the village of Shibazaki, the most ancient part of Tokyo....

 to Hakone and back is separated into five sections on each day. Due to slight variations in the courses, the first day distance is 108.0km while the distance on the second day is 109.9km. Only male runners are allowed to run.

Rules

Five sections are provided between Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...

 and Hakone each way. Each runner runs one section, alternates with the next runner at a station. Each team has ten runners, running with their teams' sashes which are handed over to the next runner on the team at each station.

If a runner cannot get to a station within twenty minutes after the top runner reached it, the next runner starts with a substitute sash. The time difference is added to the goal time.

Participation

Twenty universities, which belong to , can participate in this Ekiden. Ten of them have seed rights which they got the previous year, nine are the best nine universities in a preliminary contest, and the tenth is a group of runners made up of those who do not belong to any of the 19 universities but achieved a good record in a preliminary contest.

Seed rights

Teams above 10th place get seeded and can participate in the Hakone Ekiden the next year.

Dropping out

If a runner retires en route to a station because of an accident, his team is treated as retired. Although runners for following sections may run, their times are not officially recorded.

The first half, January 2

The first section (21.4km) From Ōtemachi
Otemachi
is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is located north of Tokyo Station and Marunouchi, east of the Imperial Palace, west of Nihonbashi and south of Kanda. It is the location of the former site of the village of Shibazaki, the most ancient part of Tokyo....

, Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...

 to Tsurumi
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama
is one of the 18 wards of the city of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2010, the ward had an estimated population of 270,433 and a density of 8,140 persons per km²...

, Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...



This is one of the most important sections because the first runner’s rank affects how the team performs in this marathon relay. So every team makes strong runner run in this section.
The whole course is flat, but there are some ups and downs at and .

The second section (23.2km) From Tsurumi to Totsuka
Totsuka-ku, Yokohama
is one of the 18 wards of the city of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2010, the ward had an estimated population of 273,418 and a density of 7,640 persons per km². The total area was 35.70  km².-Geography:...



Traditionally, the fastest runner in each team usually runs on this course. This course is very severe because there are two long and steep slopes.
Every year, some runners overtake others in this section, so we can expect exciting race.

The third section (21.5km) From Totsuka to Hiratsuka

In this section, strong sea wind troubles runners, but they can enjoy beautiful scenery such as Mt. Fuji and Sagami Bay
Sagami Bay
Sagami Bay , also known as the Sagami Gulf or Sagami Sea, lies south of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū, central Japan, contained within the scope of the Miura Peninsula, in Kanagawa, to the east, the Izu Peninsula, in Shizuoka Prefecture, to the west, and the Shōnan coastline to the north, while the...

.
A lot of spectators come to this section to cheer runners. The number of them is the largest of all sections.

The fourth section (18.5km) From Hiratsuka to Odawara

This section is the shortest of all sections. There are many ups and downs, so it is difficult for runners to keep their pace.

The fifth section (23.4km) From Odawara to Lake Ashi
Lake Ashi
, or Hakone Lake, Ashinoko Lake, is a scenic lake in the Hakone area of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū, Japan. It is a crater lake that lies along the southwest wall of the caldera of Mount Hakone, a complex volcano. The lake is known for its views of Mt. Fuji and its numerous hot springs...

, Hakone


This section is the longest one. Runners must run up steep slopes, which is about 800m high. And after climbing, they have to go down. So this is the most severe section.

The second half, January 3

The sixth section (20.8km) From Lake Ashi, Hakone to Odawara

At first runners run up a little, then they run down steep slopes. These slopes are very hard on runners' legs, so a lot of them slow down just before goal.
They start running at about 8 o’clock. To protect themselves against the cold, many of them wear uniforms with long sleeves.

The seventh section (21.3km) From Odawara to Hiratsuka

The difference of temperature between the start and the goal is larger than any other section. This course is almost flat until 9km, but after that there are some ups and downs.
The record of this section is the oldest of all section.

The eighth section (21.5km) From Hiratsuka to Totsuka

The first half of this section is almost flat, but second one has a slope so-called which causes runners severe difficulties.
Some teams which run around the 10th place start to worry whether they are seeded or not.

The ninth section (23.2km) From Totsuka to Tsurumi

This section is the longest in the second day’s sections. There are many downs, so runners must control their speed.
At this section, many teams reverse their places.

The tenth section (23.1km) From Tsurumi to Otemachi, Tokyo

This is the last section of Hakone marathon race (Ekiden). This course is almost flat, but sometimes a strong wind blows among the very tall building.
There are many fans who cheer runners, so runners feel a strong pressure not to disappoint the fans.

Origin

Hakone Ekiden was started in 1920. Shizo Kanaguri, who is known as the father of the Japanese marathon, conceived the idea. His enthusiastic idea of bringing up a runner who could compete in the world became the driving force of establishing Hakone Ekiden. When Kanaguri was a Tokyo Koto Shihan school (Koshi) student, he participated in Olympic Games in Stockholm
1956 Summer Olympics
The 1956 Melbourne Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations...

 in 1912 as one of the representative Japanese marathon runners. He had to give up his race on the way, however.

In the meantime, the first ekiden, was held in 1917 between Sanjō Ōhashi
Sanjo Ohashi
is a bridge in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It spans the Kamo River as part of Sanjō-dōri . It is well-known because it served as the ending location for both the Nakasendō and the Tōkaidō.-History:...

, Kyoto
Kyoto
is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto metropolitan area.-History:...

 and Tokyo, celebrating 50 years after Tokyo became the capital. This race was a big relay race between Kyoto and Tokyo (516km) held by Yomiuri Shimbun
Yomiuri Shimbun
The is a Japanese newspaper published in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, and other major Japanese cities. It is one of the five national newspapers in Japan; the other four are the Asahi Shimbun, the Mainichi Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, and the Sankei Shimbun...

 for three days. It succeeded and became the original form of Hakone Ekiden. Kanaguri was influenced by the success of the race and persuaded many universities that they should race in the Hakone Ekiden. As a result, Waseda Univ.
Waseda University
, abbreviated as , is one of the most prestigious private universities in Japan and Asia. Its main campuses are located in the northern part of Shinjuku, Tokyo. Founded in 1882 as Tokyo Senmon Gakko, the institution was renamed "Waseda University" in 1902. It is known for its liberal climate...

, Keio Univ.
Keio University
,abbreviated as Keio or Keidai , is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is known as the oldest institute of higher education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo . It has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa...

, Meiji Univ.
Meiji University
is a private university in Tokyo and Kawasaki, founded in 1881 by three lawyers of the Meiji era, Kishimoto Tatsuo, Miyagi Kōzō, and Yashiro Misao. It is one of the largest and most prestigious Japanese universities in Tokyo, Japan....

 and Tokyo Kōshi replied to his offer and Hakone Ekiden started. Hakone Ekiden was started with great energy of the pioneers in Japanese sports society. It started during World War I, so industrial areas gradually expanded to the west and the Tokaido road was widen. Reflecting this active atmosphere, the Japanese sports society, including ekiden one, were developing great challenging spirits at that time.

Level of Competition in 2010

To give a taste of the quality of competition in the Hakone Ekiden, consider the profile of the athletes in the 2010 (86th) race. Of the 380 athletes (190 runners and 190 alternates) that represent the 19 universities, 328 have run under 14:40 for 5,000 meters; 150 at 14:20 and 33 under 14:00.  This figure compares very strongly with USA collegiate men from all schools: athletic.net's list of collegiate men 5000 meters in 2009, which lists approximately 400 athletes at 14:40, 200 at 14:20 and 60 under 14:00 in 2009. Stepping up to the 10,000 meter distance, the same sources show that these 19 Tokyo universities list over 190 runners with personal bests under 30:00 (14 more sub 30 minute runners make up an all-star team of runners from other Tokyo universities); about 90 USA collegians ran under 30:00 in 2009.

Anecdotes

At first, Hakone Ekiden was held irregularly, and runners usually started in the afternoon so that runners could study in the morning. Thus runners, especially in fifth section, had to run at night. Moreover, the start and goal point was provided but the course was not, so runners could choose the way their own way.

Soon after the war, many students in high school were not willing to go to university or college because they were poor, and ekiden-skilled students also were not. So each team had to participate in the ekiden with those who had not experienced ekiden: rugby players, skiers or other sports players. However, going to higher school gradually become general and each university could organize a stronger team.

Today Hakone Ekiden has become one of the most famous sports events in Japan. The whole race has been broadcast live on Nippon Television
Nippon Television
is a television network based in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan and is controlled by the Yomiuri Shimbun publishing company. Broadcasting terrestrially across Japan, the network is commonly known as , contracted to , and abbreviated as "NTV" or "AX".-Offices:*The Headquarters : 6-1,...

 since 1987. More than one million people cheer runners along the course. Its level is becoming higher and higher. Today this ekiden is the dream of a lot of runners in high school. And there is the Hakone Ekiden Museum in Hakone which was built in 2005.

International Students

In 1989, an international student ran for the first time as a team member of Yamanashi Gakuin University and he gave Hakone Ekiden a lot of impact with his great skills. Since 2005 the sponsor has limited the number of registered international students to 2 per team and the number of participating international students to 1. However, there are many arguments about international students. Supporters of international students insist that it is discrimination that runners should be chosen not for their capability but for their race. However, Japanese students complain about the gap between Japanese and foreign students.

Withdrawals for the Race

Recently many withdrawals have happened. More qualified runners are entering as the Hakone Ekiden becomes more popular. In addition, managers do not want them to stop from the perspective of team, and they cannot stop them because all runners have trained for many years to reach the goal. However, unprepared participants risk the prospect of a career-ending injury.

Criticism

The Hakone Ekiden has become popular sports events in Japan, so universities have good staff and runners to increase their chances. Non-university teams, such as company teams, do not have such staff. Moreover, to run such a long way as the Hakone Ekiden may shorten young runners' running lives. According to many critics, this has caused a decline in Japanese male marathoners, such as in participation in the Olympic games
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...

 marathon. On the other hand, female Japanese runners, who are not allowed to participate in the Hakone Ekiden, have done well in marathons. For example, Naoko Takahashi
Naoko Takahashi
is a Japanese long-distance runner competing mainly in the marathon. She is widely known for her victory in the women's marathon at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, a performance that stands as the current Olympic record. At the 2001 Berlin Marathon, Takahashi became the first woman to break the 2...

 won the gold medal at the Olympic games in Sydney
2000 Summer Olympics
The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia...

 and Mizuki Noguchi
Mizuki Noguchi
is a Japanese professional long-distance runner who specialises in the marathon event. She is an Olympic champion over the distance and set two world records in 2005....

 won one in Athens
2004 Summer Olympics
The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece from August 13 to August 29, 2004 with the motto Welcome Home. 10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team...

.

Winners

Year th Univ
1920 1 Tokyo University of Education
University of Tsukuba
is located in the city of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan. The University has 28 college clusters and schools with a total of around 15,000 students...

1921 2 Meiji Univ
Meiji University
is a private university in Tokyo and Kawasaki, founded in 1881 by three lawyers of the Meiji era, Kishimoto Tatsuo, Miyagi Kōzō, and Yashiro Misao. It is one of the largest and most prestigious Japanese universities in Tokyo, Japan....

1922 3 Waseda Univ
Waseda University
, abbreviated as , is one of the most prestigious private universities in Japan and Asia. Its main campuses are located in the northern part of Shinjuku, Tokyo. Founded in 1882 as Tokyo Senmon Gakko, the institution was renamed "Waseda University" in 1902. It is known for its liberal climate...

1923 4 Waseda
1924 5 Meiji
1925 6 Muiji
1926 7 Chuo Univ
Chuo University
Chuo University is a one of the Japanese leading universities. Thus it is competitive in several rankings such as shown below.-General Rankings:The university has been ranked 27th, 25th, 34th during 2008-2010 respectively in the ranking "Truly Strong Universities" by Toyo Keizai.-Research...

1927 8 Waseda
1928 9 Meiji
1929 10 Meiji
1930 11 Waseda
1931 12 Waseda
1932 13 Keio Univ
Keio University
,abbreviated as Keio or Keidai , is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is known as the oldest institute of higher education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo . It has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa...

1933 14 Waseda
1934 15 Waseda
1935 16 NIhon Univ
Nihon University
Nihon University is the largest university in Japan. Akiyoshi Yamada, the minister of justice, founded Nihon Law School in October 1889....

1936 17 Nihon
1937 18 Nihon
1938 19 Nihon
1939 20 Senshu Univ
Senshu University
is a private university in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Former "Senshu College" was founded in 1880, the first school in Japan comprising Economics and Law Departments to systematically offer a specialized educational curriculum in the Japanese language....

1940 21 Nihon
1943 22 Nihon
1947 23 Meiji
1948 24 Chuo
1949 25 Meiji
1950 26 Chuo
1951 27 Chuo
1952 28 Waseda
1953 29 Chuo
1954 30 Waseda
1955 31 Chuo
1956 32 Chuo
1957 33 Nihon
1958 34 Nihon
1959 35 Chuo
1960 36 Chuo
1961 37 Chuo
1962 38 Chuo
1963 39 Chuo
1964 40 Chuo
1965 41 Nihon
1966 42 Juntendo Univ
Juntendo University
is a private university in Japan. Its headquarters are on its campus in Bunkyo, Tokyo for School of Medicine and in Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba for School of Health and Sports Science...

1967 43 Nihon
1968 44 Nihon
1969 45 Nippon Sport Science Univ
Nippon Sport Science University
is a private university with campuses in Setagaya, Tokyo and Aoba-ku, Yokohama. The precursor of the school was founded 1893, and it was chartered as a university in 1949...

1970 46 Nippon Sport Science
1971 47 Nippon Sport Science
1972 48 Nippon Sport Science
1973 49 Nippon Sport Science
1974 50 Nihon
1975 51 Daito Bunka Univ
Daito Bunka University
is a medium-sized four-year university with two campuses: one at Itabashi in Tokyo, and the other at Higashi Matsuyama in Saitama, Japan. The sports program is strong in rugby and marathon running, with the Ekiden team coming 4th in the prestigious January 2009 New Year Hakone Ekiden.Daito Bunka...

1976 52 Daito Bunka
1977 53 Nippon Sport Science
1978 54 Nippon Sport Science
1979 55 Juntendo
1980 56 Nippon Sport Science
1981 57 Juntendo
1982 58 Juntendo
1983 59 Nippon Sport Science
1984 60 Waseda
1985 61 Waseda
1986 61 Juntendo
1987 63 Juntendo
1988 64 Juntendo
1989 65 Juntendo
1990 66 Daito Bunka
1991 67 Daito Bunka
1992 68 Yamanashi Gakuin Univ
Yamanashi Gakuin University
Yamanashi Gakuin University is a university in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.- Departments and courses :* Law Department: Law course and course in Politics & Administration...

1993 69 Waseda
1994 70 Yamanashi Gakuin
1995 71 Yamanashi Gakuin
1996 72 Chuo
1997 73 Kanagawa Univ
Kanagawa University
, abbreviated to is a private university in Japan. The main campus is located in Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture.- History :The university was founded in 1928 by as . It was an evening school for the working youth...

1998 74 Kanagawa
1999 75 Juntendo
2000 76 Komazawa Univ
Komazawa University
Komazawa University is one of the oldest universities in Japan. Its history starts in 1592, when a seminary was established to be a center of learning for the young monks of the Sōtō sect, one of the two main Zen Buddhist traditions in Japan.The university in Tokyo campus comprises eight faculties...

2001 77 Juntendo
2002 78 Komazawa
2003 79 Komazawa
2004 80 Komazawa
2005 81 Komazawa
2006 82 Asia Univ
Asia University
Asia University may refer to:*Asia University *Asia University *Asia University...

2007 83 Juntendo
2008 84 Komazawa
2009 85  Toyo Univ
Toyo University
Toyo University is a university with several branches in Japan, including .- Overview :...

2010 86 Toyo
2011 87 Waseda

Shizo Kanaguri Trophy

This prize is awarded to the most valuable runner. This was founded in 2004(80th) to admire Shizo Kanaguri's accomplishment.
Year th Name Univ
2004 80 Yukiharu Kanegae IUAU Team (Tsukuba Univ
University of Tsukuba
is located in the city of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan. The University has 28 college clusters and schools with a total of around 15,000 students...

))
2005 81 Masato Imai Juntendo Univ
Juntendo University
is a private university in Japan. Its headquarters are on its campus in Bunkyo, Tokyo for School of Medicine and in Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba for School of Health and Sports Science...

2006 82 Masato Imai Juntendo Univ
2007 83 Yuki Sato Tokai Univ
Tokai University
is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1943 by Shigeyoshi Matsumae, who had formerly been the engineering president of the Ministry of Communications...

Masato Imai Juntendo Univ
2008 84 Jun Shinotou Chuo Gakuin Univ
Chuo Gakuin University
is a private university in Abiko, Chiba, Japan, established in 1966. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1904.-External links:*...

2009 85 Ryuji Kashiwabara Toyo Univ
Toyo University
Toyo University is a university with several branches in Japan, including .- Overview :...

2010 86 Ryuji Kashiwabara Toyo Univ
2011 87 Akinobu Murasawa Tokai University

Records

They overtook the highest number of runners in one section.
Place number Name Univ th/Section
1 20 Gitau Daniel Nihon Univ
Nihon University
Nihon University is the largest university in Japan. Akiyoshi Yamada, the minister of justice, founded Nihon Law School in October 1889....

 
85/2
2 17 Akinobu Murasawa Tokai Univ
Tokai University
is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1943 by Shigeyoshi Matsumae, who had formerly been the engineering president of the Ministry of Communications...

 
87/2
3 15 Takuro Nakagawa Juntendo Univ
Juntendo University
is a private university in Japan. Its headquarters are on its campus in Bunkyo, Tokyo for School of Medicine and in Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba for School of Health and Sports Science...

79/2
Gitau Daniel Nihon Univ 84/2
5 13 Hideaki Date Tokai Univ
Tokai University
is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1943 by Shigeyoshi Matsumae, who had formerly been the engineering president of the Ministry of Communications...

 
84/2
Yuki Sato Tokai Univ 85/3
7 12 Makoto Hattori Tokyo Nogyo Univ
Tokyo University of Agriculture
The , abbreviated as Nodai or Tokyo nodai , is a private university which treats agriculture in Japan.The campus is in three places, Setagaya, Atsugi, and Okhotsk .- Outline :...

50/2
Kensuke Oda Kanto Gakuin Univ
Kanto Gakuin University
is a private university located in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan. The school's official English name is Mabie Memorial School.-History:It traces its roots to The Baptist Theological Seminary of Yokohama established by Albert Arnold Bennett, a missionary of the American Baptist Missionary Union, in...

79/2
Ombeche Mokanba Yamanashi Gakuin Univ
Yamanashi Gakuin University
Yamanashi Gakuin University is a university in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.- Departments and courses :* Law Department: Law course and course in Politics & Administration...

81/2
Mekubo Mogusu Yamanashi Gakuin Univ 82/2
11 11 Masato Imai Juntendo Univ
Juntendo University
is a private university in Japan. Its headquarters are on its campus in Bunkyo, Tokyo for School of Medicine and in Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba for School of Health and Sports Science...

 
81/5
Kōsaku Hoshina Nippon Sport Science Univ
Nippon Sport Science University
is a private university with campuses in Setagaya, Tokyo and Aoba-ku, Yokohama. The precursor of the school was founded 1893, and it was chartered as a university in 1949...

82/2
Gitau Daniel Nihon Univ 86/2

See also

  • Izumo Ekiden
  • All Japan University Ekiden

External links

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