HSOPA
Encyclopedia
e-UTRAN or eUTRAN is the air interface
of 3GPP
's Long Term Evolution
(LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks. It is the abbreviation for evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, also referred to as the 3GPP
work item on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) also known as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) in early drafts of the 3GPP LTE specification.
It is a radio access network
standard meant to be a replacement of the UMTS, HSDPA
and HSUPA
technologies specified in 3GPP releases 5 and beyond. Unlike HSPA, LTE's E-UTRA is an entirely new air interface system, unrelated to and incompatible with W-CDMA
.
It provides higher data rates, lower latency and is optimized for packet data. It uses OFDMA radio-access for the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink.
Trials started in 2008.
, deliver high data transfer rates, wireless data usage is expected to continue increasing significantly over the next years due to the increase offering and demand of services and content on the move and the continued reduction of costs for the final user. This increase is expected to require not only faster networks and radio interfaces but also more cost efficient than what is possible by the evolution of the current standards. Thus the 3GPP consortium set the requirements for a new radio interface (EUTRAN) and core network evolution (System Architecture Evolution SAE
) that would fulfill this need.
This improvements in performance allow wireless
operators to offer quadruple play
services - voice, high-speed interactive applications including large data transfer and feature-rich IPTV
with full mobility.
Starting with the 3GPP Release 8, e-UTRA is designed to provide a single evolution path for the GSM/EDGE
, UMTS/HSPA
, CDMA2000
/EV-DO and TD-SCDMA radio interfaces, providing increases in data speeds, and spectral efficiency, and allowing the provision of more functionality.
together in UTRAN. The aim of this simplification is to reduce the latency of all radio interface operations. eNodeBs are connected to each other via the X2 interface, and they connect to the packet switched (PS)
core network via the S1 interface.
consist of :
Interfacing layers to the EUTRAN protocol stack:
(OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) antenna technology depending on the terminal category and can use as well beamforming
for the downlink to support more users, higher data rates and lower processing power required on each handset. For the UL it uses both OFDM and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) depending on the physical channel.
In the uplink LTE uses both OFDMA and a precoded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) depending on the channel. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
. High PAPR requires more expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.
For the uplink, in release 8 and 9 multi user MIMO / Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is supported; release 10 introduces also SU-MIMO.
In both OFDM and SCFDMA transmission modes a cyclic prefix
is appended to the transmitted symbols. Two different lengths of the cyclic prefix are available to support different channel spreads
due to the cell size and propagation environment. These are a normal cyclic prefix of 4.7µs, and a extended cyclic prefix of 16.6µs.
LTE supports both Frequency-division duplex (FDD) and Time-division duplex (TDD) modes. While FDD makes use of paired spectra for UL and DL transmission separated by a duplex frequency gap, TDD uses the same frequency carrier to, alternatively in time, transmit data from the base station to the terminal and viceversa. Both modes have its own frame structure within LTE and these are aligned with each other meaning that similar hardware can be used in the base stations and terminals to allow for economy of scale. The TDD mode in LTE is aligned with TD-SCDMA as well allowing for coexistence.
The LTE transmission is structured in the time domain in radio frames. Each of these radio frames is 10 ms long and consists of 10 sub frames of 1 ms each. For non-MBMS
subframes the OFDM subcarrier spacing in the frequency domain is 15 kHz. Twelve of these subcarriers together are called a resource block. A LTE terminal can be allocated in the downlink or uplink a minimum of 1 resource block during 1 subframe.
All L1 transport data is encoded using turbo coding and a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial
(QPP) turbo code internal interleaver
. L1 HARQ with 8 (FDD) or up to 15 (TDD) processes is used for the downlink and up to 8 processes for the UL
And the following signals:
And the following signals:
Note: These are L1 transport data data rates not including the different protocol layers overhead.
Note: The 3.0 Gbps / 1.5 Gbps data rate specified as Category 8 is near the peak aggregate data rate for a base station sector. A more realistic maximum data rate for a single user is 1.2 Gbps (downlink) and 600 Mbps (uplink).
standard parts E-UTRA is structured in releases.
All LTE releases have been designed so far keeping backward compatibility in mind. That is, a release 8 compliant terminal will work in a release 10 network, while release 10 terminals would be able to use its extra functionality.
Air interface
In mobile or wireless communication, the air interface is the radio-based communication link between the mobile station and the active base station...
of 3GPP
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners...
's Long Term Evolution
3GPP Long Term Evolution
3GPP Long Term Evolution, usually referred to as LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques...
(LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks. It is the abbreviation for evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, also referred to as the 3GPP
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners...
work item on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) also known as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) in early drafts of the 3GPP LTE specification.
It is a radio access network
Radio access network
A radio access network is part of a mobile Telecommunication system. It implements a radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between a device such as a Mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its core network...
standard meant to be a replacement of the UMTS, HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access is an enhanced 3G mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity...
and HSUPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access is a 3G mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 Mbit/s. The name HSUPA was created by Nokia...
technologies specified in 3GPP releases 5 and beyond. Unlike HSPA, LTE's E-UTRA is an entirely new air interface system, unrelated to and incompatible with W-CDMA
W-CDMA
W-CDMA , UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. It is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS...
.
It provides higher data rates, lower latency and is optimized for packet data. It uses OFDMA radio-access for the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink.
Trials started in 2008.
Features
EUTRAN has the following features:- Peak download rates of 299.6 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennas, 150.8 Mbit/s for 2x2 antennas with 20 MHz of spectrum.
- Peak upload rates of 75.4 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum.
- Low data transfer latencies (sub-5ms latency for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for handoverHandoverIn cellular telecommunications, the term handover or handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another...
and connection setup time. - Support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h or 500 km/h depending on the frequency band.
- Support for both FDD and TDD duplexes as well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access technology
- Support for all frequency bands currently used by IMT systems by ITU-RITU-RThe ITU Radiocommunication Sector is one of the three sectors of the International Telecommunication Union and is responsible for radio communication....
. - Flexible bandwidth: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz are standardized. By comparison, W-CDMA uses fixed size 5 MHz chunks of spectrum.
- Increased spectral efficiencySpectral efficiencySpectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system...
at 2-5 times more than in 3GPP (HSPAHigh Speed Packet AccessHigh Speed Packet Access is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access and High Speed Uplink Packet Access , that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols...
) release 6 - Support of cell sizes from tens of meters of radius (femtoFemtocellIn telecommunications, a femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband ; current designs typically support 2 to 4 active mobile phones in a residential setting, and 8 to 16 active...
and picocellPicocellA picocell is a small cellular basestation typically covering a small area, such as in-building , or more recently in-aircraft...
s) up to over 100 km radius macrocellMacrocellA macrocell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a high power cellular base station . Generally, macrocells provide coverage larger than microcell. The antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other existing structures, at a...
s - Simplified architecture: The network side of EUTRAN is composed only by the enodeBs
- Support for inter-operation with other systems (e.g. GSM/EDGEEnhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEnhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM...
, UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed by the 3GPP , UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for...
, CDMA2000CDMA2000CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes: CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. 0, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A, and CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B...
, WiMAXWiMAXWiMAX is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas. The 2005 WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations...
...) - Packet switchedPacket switchingPacket switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams over a shared network...
radio interface.
Rationale for E-UTRA
Although UMTS, with HSDPA and HSUPA and their evolutionEvolved HSPA
HSPA+, or Evolved High-Speed Packet Access, is a technical standard for wireless, broadband telecommunication. HSPA+ was first defined in the technical standard 3GPP release 7....
, deliver high data transfer rates, wireless data usage is expected to continue increasing significantly over the next years due to the increase offering and demand of services and content on the move and the continued reduction of costs for the final user. This increase is expected to require not only faster networks and radio interfaces but also more cost efficient than what is possible by the evolution of the current standards. Thus the 3GPP consortium set the requirements for a new radio interface (EUTRAN) and core network evolution (System Architecture Evolution SAE
System Architecture Evolution
System Architecture Evolution is the core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard.SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences:* simplified architecture* all-IP Network...
) that would fulfill this need.
This improvements in performance allow wireless
Wireless
Wireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications...
operators to offer quadruple play
Quadruple play
In telecommunications, quadruple play is a marketing term combining the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television and telephone with wireless service provisions...
services - voice, high-speed interactive applications including large data transfer and feature-rich IPTV
IPTV
Internet Protocol television is a system through which television services are delivered using the Internet protocol suite over a packet-switched network such as the Internet, instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats.IPTV services...
with full mobility.
Starting with the 3GPP Release 8, e-UTRA is designed to provide a single evolution path for the GSM/EDGE
Edge
- Aviation :* Leading edge, a line connecting the forward-most points of a wing's profile* Trailing edge, the rear edge of the wing* Zivko Edge 540, an aerobatic aircraft- Mathematics, science and technology :...
, UMTS/HSPA
High Speed Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access and High Speed Uplink Packet Access , that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols...
, CDMA2000
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes: CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. 0, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A, and CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B...
/EV-DO and TD-SCDMA radio interfaces, providing increases in data speeds, and spectral efficiency, and allowing the provision of more functionality.
Architecture
EUTRAN consists only of enodeBs on the network side. The enodeB performs tasks similar to those performed by the nodeBs and RNC (radio network controller)Radio Network Controller
The Radio Network Controller is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource management, some of the mobility management functions and is the point where encryption is done before...
together in UTRAN. The aim of this simplification is to reduce the latency of all radio interface operations. eNodeBs are connected to each other via the X2 interface, and they connect to the packet switched (PS)
Packet switching
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams over a shared network...
core network via the S1 interface.
EUTRAN protocol stack
The EUTRAN protocol stackProtocol stack
The protocol stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite. The terms are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the protocols, and the stack is the software implementation of them....
consist of :
- Physical layer : Carries all information from the MAC transport channels over the air interface. Takes care of the link adaptation (AMC), power controlPower controlPower control, broadly speaking, is the intelligent selection of transmit power in a communication system to achieve good performance within the system. The notion of "good performance" can depend on context and may include optimizing metrics such as link data rate, network capacity, geographic...
, cell search (for initial synchronization and handover purposes) and other measurements (inside the LTE system and between systems) for the RRC layer. - MAC : The MAC sublayer offers a set of logical channels to the RLC sublayer that it multiplexesMultiplexingThe multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, which may be a physical transmission medium. The multiplexing divides the capacity of the low-level communication channel into several higher-level logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred...
into the physical layer transport channels. It also manages the HARQ error correction, handles the prioritization of the logical channels for the same UE and the dynamic scheduling between UEs, etc.. - RLC : It transports the PDCP's PDUsProtocol data unitIn telecommunications, the term protocol data unit has the following meanings:#Information that is delivered as a unit among peer entities of a network and that may contain control information, address information, or data....
. It can work in 3 different modes depending on the reliability provided. Depending on this mode it can provide: ARQ error correction, segmentation/concatenation of PDUs, reordering for in-sequence delivery, duplicate detection, etc... - PDCP: For the RRC layer it provides transport of its data with ciphering and integrity protection. And for the IP layer transport of the IP packets, with ROHC header compression, ciphering, and depending on the RLC mode in-sequence delivery, duplicate detection and retransmission of its own SDUs during handover.
- RRC: Between others it takes care of: the broadcasted system information related to the access stratumAccess StratumThe access stratum is a functional layer in the UMTS wireless telecom protocol stack between radio network and user equipment.The radio network is also called access network. +- - - - - -+ +- - - - - - -+ | HTTP | | Application |...
and transport of the non-access stratumNon Access StratumNon-access stratum is a functional layer in the UMTS wireless telecom protocol stack between a core network and user equipment.The layer supports signalling and traffic between those two elements. +- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+...
(NAS) messages, paging, establishment and release of the RRC connection, security key management, handover, UE measurements related to inter-system (inter-RAT) mobibility, QoS, etc..
Interfacing layers to the EUTRAN protocol stack:
- NAS: Protocol between the UE and the MME on the network side (outside of EUTRAN). Between others performs authentication of the UE, security control and generates part of the paging messages.
- IPInternet ProtocolThe Internet Protocol is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite...
Physical layer (L1) design
E-UTRA uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexingOrthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television and audio...
(OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output
MIMO
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO , is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology...
(MIMO) antenna technology depending on the terminal category and can use as well beamforming
Beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in the array in a way where signals at particular angles experience constructive interference and while others experience destructive...
for the downlink to support more users, higher data rates and lower processing power required on each handset. For the UL it uses both OFDM and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) depending on the physical channel.
In the uplink LTE uses both OFDMA and a precoded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) depending on the channel. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
Crest factor
The crest factor or peak-to-average ratio or peak-to-average power ratio is a measurement of a waveform, calculated from the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the RMS value of the waveform.C =...
. High PAPR requires more expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.
For the uplink, in release 8 and 9 multi user MIMO / Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is supported; release 10 introduces also SU-MIMO.
In both OFDM and SCFDMA transmission modes a cyclic prefix
Cyclic prefix
In telecommunications, the term cyclic prefix refers to the prefixing of a symbol with a repetition of the end. Although the receiver is typically configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples, the cyclic prefix serves two purposes....
is appended to the transmitted symbols. Two different lengths of the cyclic prefix are available to support different channel spreads
Delay spread
In telecommunications, the delay spread is a measure of the multipath richness of a communications channel.In general, it can be interpreted as the difference between the time of arrival of the earliest significant multipath component and the time of arrival of the latest multipath component.The...
due to the cell size and propagation environment. These are a normal cyclic prefix of 4.7µs, and a extended cyclic prefix of 16.6µs.
LTE supports both Frequency-division duplex (FDD) and Time-division duplex (TDD) modes. While FDD makes use of paired spectra for UL and DL transmission separated by a duplex frequency gap, TDD uses the same frequency carrier to, alternatively in time, transmit data from the base station to the terminal and viceversa. Both modes have its own frame structure within LTE and these are aligned with each other meaning that similar hardware can be used in the base stations and terminals to allow for economy of scale. The TDD mode in LTE is aligned with TD-SCDMA as well allowing for coexistence.
The LTE transmission is structured in the time domain in radio frames. Each of these radio frames is 10 ms long and consists of 10 sub frames of 1 ms each. For non-MBMS
MBMS
MBMS may refer to:* Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service* Margaret Brent Middle School...
subframes the OFDM subcarrier spacing in the frequency domain is 15 kHz. Twelve of these subcarriers together are called a resource block. A LTE terminal can be allocated in the downlink or uplink a minimum of 1 resource block during 1 subframe.
All L1 transport data is encoded using turbo coding and a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial
Permutation polynomial
In mathematics, a permutation polynomial is a polynomial that acts as a permutation of the elements of the ring, i.e. the map x \mapsto g is one-to-one...
(QPP) turbo code internal interleaver
Interleaving
In computer science and telecommunication, interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way to increase performance.It is typically used:* In error-correction coding, particularly within data transmission, disk storage, and computer memory....
. L1 HARQ with 8 (FDD) or up to 15 (TDD) processes is used for the downlink and up to 8 processes for the UL
Downlink (DL)
In the downlink there are several physical channels:- The Physical Control Channel (PDCCH) carries between others the downlink allocation information, uplink allocation grants for the terminal.
- The Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) used to signal the length of the PDCCH.
- The Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) used to carry the acknowledges from the uplink transmissions.
- The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) is used for L1 transport data transmission. Supported modulation formats on the PDSCH are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
- The Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) is used for broadcast transmission using a Single Frequency Network
- The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) is used to broadcast the basic system information within the cell
And the following signals:
- The synchronization (PSS and SSS) are meant for the UE to discover the LTE cell and do the initial synchronization.
- The reference signals (cell specific, MBSFN, and UE specific) are used by the UE to estimate the channel for the different channels.
- Positioning reference signals (PRS), added in release 9, meant to be used by the UE for OTDOA positioning (a type of multilaterationMultilaterationMultilateration is a navigation technique based on the measurement of the difference in distance to two or more stations at known locations that broadcast signals at known times. Unlike measurements of absolute distance or angle, measuring the difference in distance results in an infinite number of...
)
Uplink (UL)
In the uplink there are three physical channels:- Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used for initial access and when the UE losses its uplink synchronization,
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) carries the L1 UL transport data together with control information. Supported modulation formats on the PDSCH are QPSK, 16QAM and depending on the user equipment category 64QAM. PUSCH is the only channel, which because of its greater BW, uses SC-FDMA
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) carries control information. Note that the Uplink control information consists only on DL acknowledges as well as CQI related reports as all the UL coding and allocation parameters are known by the network side and signaled to the UE in the PDCCH.
And the following signals:
- Reference signals (RS) used by the enodeB to estimate the uplink channel to decode the terminal uplink transmission.
- Sounding reference signals (SRS) used by the enodeB to estimate the uplink channel conditions for each user to decide the best uplink scheduling.
User Equipment (UE) categories
With 3GPP Release 10, eight LTE user equipment categories are defined depending on the maximum peak data rate and MIMO capabilities support.| 3GPP Release | User Equipment Category | Maximum L1 datarate Downlink | Maximum number of DL MIMO MIMO In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO , is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology... layers | Maximum L1 datarate Uplink Uplink A telecommunications link is generally one of several types of information transmission paths such as those provided by communication satellites to connect two points on earth.-Uplink:... |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Release 8 | Category 1 | 10.3 Mbits/s | 1 | 5.2 Mbit/s |
| Release 8 | Category 2 | 51.0 Mbits/s | 2 | 25.5 Mbit/s |
| Release 8 | Category 3 | 102.0 Mbits/s | 2 | 51.0 Mbit/s |
| Release 8 | Category 4 | 150.8 Mbits/s | 2 | 51.0 Mbit/s |
| Release 8 | Category 5 | 299.6 Mbits/s | 4 | 75.4 Mbit/s |
| Release 10 | Category 6 | 301.5 Mbits/s | 2 or 4 | 51.0 Mbit/s |
| Release 10 | Category 7 | 301.5 Mbits/s | 2 or 4 | 102.0 Mbit/s |
| Release 10 | Category 8 | 2998.6 Mbits/s | 8 | 1497.8 Mbit/s |
Note: These are L1 transport data data rates not including the different protocol layers overhead.
Note: The 3.0 Gbps / 1.5 Gbps data rate specified as Category 8 is near the peak aggregate data rate for a base station sector. A more realistic maximum data rate for a single user is 1.2 Gbps (downlink) and 600 Mbps (uplink).
EUTRAN releases
As the rest of the 3GPP3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners...
standard parts E-UTRA is structured in releases.
- Release 8, frozen in 2008, specified the first LTE standard
- Release 9, frozen in 2009, included some additions to the physical layer like dual layer (MIMO) beamforming transmission or positioning support
- Release 10, frozen in 2011, introduces to the standard several LTE AdvancedLTE AdvancedLTE Advanced is a preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009, was approved into ITU, International Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced and expected to be finalized by 3GPP in early 2011...
features like carrier aggregation, uplink SU-MIMO or relays, aiming to a considerable L1 peak data rate increase.
All LTE releases have been designed so far keeping backward compatibility in mind. That is, a release 8 compliant terminal will work in a release 10 network, while release 10 terminals would be able to use its extra functionality.
Frequency bands and channel bandwidths
From Tables 5.5-1 "E-UTRA Operating Bands" and 5.6.1-1 "E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth" of 3GPP TS 36.101, the following table lists the specified frequency bands of LTE and the channel bandwidths each listed band supports:| EUTRAN Operating Band |
Uplink (UL) Operating Band BS Receive UE Transmit |
Downlink (DL) Operating Band BS Transmit UE Receive |
Duplex Mode | Channel Bandwidths (MHz) |
Alias | Region(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I (1) | 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz | 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | UMTS IMT, "2100" | Japan, Europe, Asia |
| II (2) | 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz | 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | PCS Personal Communications Service At the most basic level Personal Communications Service or PCS describes a set of wireless communications capabilities that allows some combination of terminal mobility, personal mobility, and service profile management... , "1900" |
Canada, US, Latin America |
| III (3) | 1710 MHz to 1785 MHz | 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | DCS 1800, "1800" | Finland, Hong Kong, Germany |
| IV (4) | 1710 MHz to 1755 MHz | 2110 MHz to 2155 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | AWS Advanced Wireless Services AWS-1 or UMTS band IV, is a wireless telecommunications spectrum band used for mobile voice and data services, video, and messaging. AWS-1 is used in the United States and Canada... , "1.7/2.1 GHz" |
Canada, US, Latin America |
| V (5) | 824 MHz to 849 MHz | 869 MHz to 894 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10 | Cellular 850, UMTS850 | Canada, US, Australia, Latin America |
| 007 830 MHz to 840 MHz | 875 MHz to 885 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | UMTS800 | Japan | |
| VII (7) | 2500 MHz to 2570 MHz | 2620 MHz to 2690 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | IMT-E, "2.6 GHz" | EU, Latin America |
| VIII (8) | 880 MHz to 915 MHz | 925 MHz to 960 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10 | GSM, UMTS900, EGSM900 | EU, Latin America |
| IX (9) | 1749.9 MHz to 1784.9 MHz | 1844.9 MHz to 1879.9 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | UMTS1700 | Japan |
| X (10) | 1710 MHz to 1770 MHz | 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | UMTS, IMT 2000 | Uruguay, Ecuador, Peru |
| XI (11) | 1427.9 MHz to 1447.9 MHz | 1475.9 MHz to 1495.9 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | PDC Personal Digital Cellular Personal Digital Cellular is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard developed and used exclusively in Japan.After a peak of nearly 80 million subscribers to PDC, it had 46 million subscribers in December 2005, and is slowly being phased out in favor of 3G technologies like W-CDMA and CDMA2000... |
Japan (Softbank, KDDI, DoCoMo) |
| XII (12) | 698 MHz to 716 MHz | 728 MHz to 746 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10 | lower SMH blocks A/B/C | US |
| XIII (13) | 776 MHz to 787 MHz | 746 MHz to 757 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | upper SMH block C | US |
| XIV (14) | 788 MHz to 798 MHz | 758 MHz to 768 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | upper SMH block D | US |
| XVII (17) | 704 MHz to 716 MHz | 734 MHz to 746 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | US | |
| XVIII (18) | 815 MHz to 830 MHz | 860 MHz to 875 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15 | ||
| XIX (19) | 830 MHz to 845 MHz | 875 MHz to 890 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15 | ||
| XX (20) | 832 MHz to 862 MHz | 791 MHz to 821 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | EU's Digital Dividend 800 MHz | EU |
| XXI (21) | 1447.9 MHz to 1462.9 MHz | 1495.9 MHz to 1510.9 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15 | ||
| XXII (22) | 3410 MHz to 3490 MHz | 3510 MHz to 3590 MHz | FDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | ||
| XXIII (23) | 2000 MHz to 2020 MHz | 2180 MHz to 2200 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10 | ||
| XXIV (24) | 1626.5 MHz to 1660.5 MHz | 1525 MHz to 1559 MHz | FDD | 5, 10 | ||
| XXV (25) | 1850 MHz to 1915 MHz | 1930 MHz to 1995 MHz | FDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | ||
| XXXIII (33) | 1900 MHz to 1920 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XXXIV (34) | 2010 MHz to 2025 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15 | |||
| XXXV (35) | 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz | TDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XXXVI (36) | 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz | TDD | 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XXXVII (37) | 1910 MHz to 1930 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XXXVIII (38) | 2570 MHz to 2620 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | EU | ||
| XXXIX (39) | 1880 MHz to 1920 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XL (40) | 2300 MHz to 2400 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | IMT-2000 | China, India, Australia | |
| XLI (41) | 2496 MHz to 2690 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | BRS/EBS | US (Clearwire) | |
| XLII (42) | 3400 MHz to 3600 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
| XLIII (43) | 3600 MHz to 3800 MHz | TDD | 5, 10, 15, 20 | |||
Technology demos
- In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.
- In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.
- February 15, 2008 - Skyworks Solutions has released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.
See also
- 3GPP Long Term Evolution3GPP Long Term Evolution3GPP Long Term Evolution, usually referred to as LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques...
(LTE) - System Architecture EvolutionSystem Architecture EvolutionSystem Architecture Evolution is the core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard.SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences:* simplified architecture* all-IP Network...
(SAE) - Fourth Generation Networks4GIn telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s...
(IMT-Advanced) - LTE AdvancedLTE AdvancedLTE Advanced is a preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009, was approved into ITU, International Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced and expected to be finalized by 3GPP in early 2011...
(4G version of LTE) - UMTS, UMTS-TDDUMTS-TDDUMTS-TDD, an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - time-division duplexing , is a 3GPP standardized version of UMTS networks that use UTRA-TDD. UTRA-TDD is a UTRA that uses time-division duplexing for duplexing. While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide...
, WiMAXWiMAXWiMAX is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas. The 2005 WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations... - List of device bandwidths