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Gourami
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The gourami or gouramies are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native to Asia, from Pakistan and India to the Malay Archipelago and north-easterly towards Korea. "Gouramies" is an example of a redundant plural. Gourami is already plural, in its original language.
The most famous species of gourami is the "kissing gourami", who do literally lock their exaggerated lips to each other in social displays relating to mating, as a habit of aggression toward other fish of any species, and for seeking food.
Many gouramies have an elongated ray at the front of their pelvic fins.
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Encyclopedia
The gourami or gouramies are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native to Asia, from Pakistan and India to the Malay Archipelago and north-easterly towards Korea. "Gouramies" is an example of a redundant plural. Gourami is already plural, in its original language.
The most famous species of gourami is the "kissing gourami", who do literally lock their exaggerated lips to each other in social displays relating to mating, as a habit of aggression toward other fish of any species, and for seeking food.
Many gouramies have an elongated ray at the front of their pelvic fins. Many species show parental care: some are mouthbrooders, and others, like the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), build bubble nests. Currently, about 90 species are recognised, placed in 4 subfamilies and about 15 genera.
The name Polyacanthidae has also been used for this family. Some fish now classified as gouramies were previously placed in family Anabantidae. The subfamily Belontiinae was recently demoted from the family Belontiidae. As labyrinth fishes, gouramis have a lung-like labyrinth organ that allows them to gulp air and use atmospheric oxygen. This organ is a vital innovation for fishes that often inhabit warm, shallow, oxygen-poor water.
As Food
Canned, fried Gouramis are available in China, and throughout the world in Chinese supermarkets, such as "Thong Heng" in Oxford. Which species the can contains is uncertain, however, the illustration on the lid of the can depicts the moonlight gourami, trichogaster microlepis.
In the Aquarium
Gouramis, particularly tri-spot and dwarf, are often kept in the home aquarium. Though often considered peaceful, they can kill most other smaller or long finned fish. This usually does not apply to the common types as mentioned above. They shred other fishes' fins to the point that the victim can't swim and dies. The males of many members of this family like to spar, thus caution must be taken when keeping males together.Agression happens when`only a small space remains as shelter from an aggressive species,and when refuge is wanted
Compatibility
Depending on species, male gourami may be fin nippers and will bother other fish in the tank.
In some species in particular, such as the Siamese fighting fish, when two male gourami are put in a tank together they will fight constantly. Other more peaceful gourami such as the tri-spot may show mild-moderate signs of aggression, but are usually able to live in fair peace together.
Female gourami don't bother other fish and usually sit alone in the corner.
Male gourami will ignore many species, such as danios, mollies,
silver dollars, and Plecostomus catfish, but will often show agression toward species with long, flowing fins like male guppies and bettas.
Species
There are about 96 species in 15 genera.
- Subfamily Belontiinae (combtail gouramis)
- Genus Belontia
- Malay combtail, Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831).
- Ceylonese combtail, Belontia signata (Günther, 1861).
- Subfamily Macropodinae (paradise fish)(pink and blue)
- Genus Betta
- Akar betta, Betta akarensis Regan, 1910.
- Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng, 1994.
- Giant betta, Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851.
- Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Betta balunga Herre, 1940.
- Slim betta, Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884.
- Betta breviobesus Tan & Kottelat, 1998.
- Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992.
- Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng, 1994.
- Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng, 1994.
- Betta chini Ng, 1993.
- Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng, 1994.
- Betta coccina Vierke, 1979.
- Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989.
- Betta edithae Vierke, 1984.
- Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995.
- Betta falx Tan & Kottelat, 1998.
- Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979.
- Dusky betta, Betta fusca Regan, 1910.
- Betta hipposideros Ng & Kottelat, 1994.
- Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng, 2004.
- Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Crescent betta, Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975.
- Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Betta livida Ng & Kottelat, 1992.
- Spotfin betta, Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910.
- Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Betta miniopinna Tan & Tan, 1994.
- Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort, 1922.
- Betta persephone Schaller, 1986.
- Elephant betta, Betta pi Tan, 1998.
- Spotted betta, Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846).
- Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat, 1998.
- Big head betta, Betta prima Kottelat, 1994.
- Forest betta, Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849).
- Betta pulchra Tan & Tan, 1996.
- Betta renata Tan, 1998.
- Toba betta, Betta rubra Perugia, 1893.
- Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat, 1991.
- Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng, 1994.
- Krabi betta, Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994.
- Blue betta, Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972.
- Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat, 1994.
- Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens Regan, 1910.
- Betta strohi Schaller & Kottelat, 1989.
- Borneo betta, Betta taeniata Regan, 1910.
- Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat, 1994.
- Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985.
- Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006.
- Howong betta, Betta unimaculata (Popta, 1905).
- Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986.
- Genus Macropodus
- Macropodus erythropterus Freyhof & Herder, 2002.
- Macropodus hongkongensis Freyhof & Herder, 2002.
- Roundtail paradisefish, Macropodus ocellatus (de Beaufort, 1933).
- Paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758).
- Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller, 1936.
- Genus Malpulutta
- Spotted gourami, Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937.
- Genus Parosphromenus
- Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987.
- Parosphromenus anjunganensis Kottelat, 1991.
- Parosphromenus bintan Kottelat & Ng, 1998.
- Licorice gourami, Parosphromenus deissneri (Bleeker, 1859).
- Spiketail gourami, Parosphromenus filamentosus (Oshima, 1919).
- Parosphromenus linkei Kottelat, 1991.
- Parosphromenus nagyi Schaller, 1985.
- Parosphromenus ornaticauda Kottelat, 1991.
- Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie, 1952.
- Parosphromenus parvulus Vierke, 1979.
- Genus Pseudosphromenus
- Spiketail paradisefish, Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831).
- Pseudosphromenus dayi (Engmann, 1909).
- Genus Trichopsis
- Subfamily Luciocephalinae (Trichogastrinae)
- Genus Colisa
- Dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia (Hamilton, 1822).
- Thick-Lipped Gourami, Colisa labiosa Day, 1877
- Indian Gourami, Colisa fasciata
- Genus Ctenops
- Frail gourami, Ctenops nobilis McClelland, 1845.
- Genus Luciocephalus
- Gold Spotted Pikehead, Luciocephalus aura (Tan & Ng, 2005)
- Pikehead, Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830).
- Genus Parasphaerichthys
- Parasphaerichthys lineatus Britz & Kottelat, 2002.
- Eyespot gourami, Parasphaerichthys ocellatus (de Beaufort, 1933).
- Genus Sphaerichthys
- Sphaerichthys acrostoma Vierke, 1979.
- Chocolate gourami, Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860.
- Sphaerichthys selatanensis Vierke, 1979.
- Sphaerichthys vaillanti Pellegrin, 1930.
- Genus Trichogaster
- Honey gourami, Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822).
- Pearl gourami, Trichogaster leerii (Bleeker, 1852).
- Moonlight gourami, Trichogaster microlepis (Günther, 1861).
- Snakeskin gourami, Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910).
- Three spot gourami (aka blue gourami, opaline gourami, and gold gourami), Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770).
- Subfamily Osphroneminae (giant gouramis)
- Genus Osphronemus
- Elephant ear gourami, Osphronemus exodon Roberts, 1994.
- Giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy Lacépède, 1801.
- Giant red tail gourami, Osphronemus laticlavius Roberts, 1992.
- Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992.
See also
The name "gourami" is used of several other related fish that are now placed in different families:
Gallery
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