Glossary of bagpipe terms
Encyclopedia
This article defines a number of terms that are exclusive, or whose meaning is exclusive, to piping and pipers.
Argyllshire Gathering: An annual highland games, held at Oban, Scotland every August which attracts the highest level of competition from around the world. Competitions are held for (i) the Open Piobaireachd, also known as the Clasp; (ii) The Highland Society of London
's Gold Medal for Piobaireachd
; (iii) The Silver Medal for Piobaireachd; (iv) Former Winners March, Strathspey and Reel Competition, or the Silver Star; (iv) individual event competitions for Grade A & B March, Strathspey, and Reel; and Hornpipe & Jig. Winners of the Gold Medal compete in subsequent years in the Clasp competition. A similar event is held at Inverness, Scotland, (the Northern Meeting
) which is held usually two weeks later, in September of each year.
Attack : In pipe band
terms, attack describes the process of getting the band from a non-playing state to a playing state. In competition, the attack is often believed to set the scene for the performance that follows and therefore great emphasis is placed on it. The commonest method is for the drummers to place two roll
s, each lasting for three paces. On the beginning of the second roll, the band strikes in their drone
s and at the end of the roll, play a two beat introductory note, usually E. The attack is generally considered to have finished when the band has settled into their introductory tune, typically a few bars in.
Backstitching: An ornament in Uilleann piping. The stitch is two staccato gracenotes played above the main note pitch; backstitching is the process of playing several of these stitches on a series of melody notes.
Bag Seasoning: Seasoning a bag keeps the leather supple, while allowing it to absorb moisture and keep the bag airtight.
Bag Cover: The pipe bag is often covered with a cover, mainly for decoration but possibly also to help the player keep a grip on the bag while playing. Materials can include corduroy, velvet, or wool.
Popping: On the Uilleann chanter, the effect created by playing a staccato note while simultaneously lifting and replacing the chanter on the leg. Also known as barking, as this is the sound created.
Tuning Bead: Northumbrian pipe drones incorporate a tuning bead and/or slide which allows the player to raise the pitch of the drone by a whole tone to play in other keys.
Birl: Onomatopoeic name for a Highland bagpipe embellishment on low A, consisting of two very fast taps or strikes to low G.
Blade: The vibrating element of a bagpipe reed. Reeds can be single or double; generally speaking, chanter reeds are double and drone reeds single. The blade is also known sometimes as a tongue.
Blowpipe: The pipe through which the bag is inflated.
Bombarde: A shawm-like instrument traditionally played in duet with the bagpipe in Brittany.
Biniou
: Biniou means bagpipe in the Breton language.
Bottom D: The lowest note available on an uilleann chanter. Called Bottom D to avoid confusion with the two higher Ds available. It is obtained by lifting the chanter off the leg.
Bridle: (On a double reed for a chanter) A strip of copper about 1/8" to 3/16" wide and 2" long with slanted edges used to control the aperture of the two blades of a reed. (On a reed single reed for a drone) A few winds of hemp or else some sort of elastic band to control the length and position of the vibrating tongue.
Brien Boru Pipes: A 20th century attempt to create an instrument similar to the Highland bagpipe, but with an extended range that could handle popular Irish melodies. Several bands were formed, one or two of which still exist.
: A system of non-lexical vocables, whose purpose is to encapsulate piobaireachd in a form which can be written or spoken while maintaining the precision normally offered only by written music. One of the most important sources in piobaireachd, the Nether Lorn manuscript, is exclusively written in canntaireachd.
Ceòl Beag: Literally meaning little music, a Highland bagpiping term referring to, essentially, anything that is not piobaireachd. The term is of relatively recent origin.
Chanter:
Cimpoi: aka Çimpoi: a Romanian chanter with cylindrical bore and single beating reed. Also has a lower joint usually carved from horn that extends at approximately 45 degrees from the bottom of the chanter.
Closed Bore: A chanter with a closed end at the bottom of the chanter. When all the finger holes are closed, the chanter cannot sound, allowing the player to play staccato. The Uilleann pipe achieves the same end by having the player rest the chanter on the leg, with the advantage that the lowest note remains available.
Closed Fingering: A fingering system that generally involves only one or two fingers being lifted for any particular note.
College of Piping: Founded in 1957 by Seumas MacNeill and Thomas Pearston. Located in Glasgow, Scotland, it publishes the monthly Piping Times, hosts a small museum, and runs an active teaching program.
Combing and Beading: Decorative turnings consisting of more or less tightly spaced narrow circular grooves found on drones, mostly on Great Highland pipes.
Cords: Decorative cords with tassels are used to link or tie the three drones of the Highland bagpipe together.
Cran: An Uilleann piping ornament, consisting of a series of gracenotes of varying pitch over a low note, most commonly bottom D.
Crow: A distinctive sound made when a chanter reed is blown in the mouth. The crow can often give clues as to the potential performance of the reed.
Crunluath: The crunluath variation in piobaireachd consists of a series of crunluath movements played on the theme notes of the melody. The movement itself is a dramatic set of seven gracenotes which bring the tune to a climax.
Crunluath a Mach: An occasional extension of the crunluath variation, with rhythmical and melodic changes, and a slight increase in tempo, creating a spectacular finish to a piobaireachd.
Cut: (i) An old term for a single gracenote; (ii) to reduce the length of a note in a way not easily described by conventional music notation - for example, the cut note in a strathspey, normally rendered as a semiquaver, is described as cut and the resulting note is much shorter.
: A dagger, approximately 12 inches (304.8 mm) long, normally only worn by Highland bagpipers in full dress.
Dithis: Piobaireachd variation. Pronounced: "jee-es", though this depends on the speaker's accent. Literally meaning two, or a pair, it is a variation of the Urlar or theme of the Piobaireachd. Sometimes used interchangeably with the variation referred to as Siubhal, though the terms do have distinct meanings. The Dithis generally consists of a series of longer theme notes, separated by short lower notes. It is generally followed by a doubling where the long theme note is repeated, but with the same rhythmic pattern as before.
Double Chanter: A chanter with two bores and two sets of finger holes. On some, both bores have the same finger hole spacing and sound in unison. On others, one bore may have only a single finger hole and is used as a sort of alternating-tone drone.
Double Gold Medal: Winning the two premier Highland bagpipe competitions (Oban and Inverness) in the same year. A feat only rarely achieved.
Double Tone: When starting the bagpipes, as the pressure is increased, the drones initially sound at a higher pitch, perhaps a semitone or tone higher than normal. As the pressure continues to increase, the drones fully strike in at a normal and smoother pitch. This is deemed to be indicative of a higher quality reed.
Doubling: (i) Two gracenotes preceding a melody note, bracketing a short gracenote at the same pitch as the melody note (thereby doubling the melody note). (ii) A restatement of a variation in piobaireachd. Usually slightly uptempo and simpler in form.
Drone:
Drone Switch: A drone switch, set in a common stock, allows the player to start and stop the drones at will.
Drum Major
: Traditionally, a Drum Major was the senior drummer in a pipe band and commanded the band on parade, rather paradoxically without a drum. Their role was to control the band when on parade. Nowadays Drum Majors continue to fill these roles, but are not necessarily trained musicians.
False Fingering: A Highland bagpipe term describing an error of fingering, typically where the player has not realised they have not lifted or replaced fingers after a particular note.
Ferrule: A band made of ivory, imitation ivory, or metal, such as brass, copper or silver, mounted around the ends of stocks, drone joints and blowpipes to be both decorative and to protect the wood from damage.
Flap Valve: A device that keeps air from backing out of a blowpipe when the piper takes a breath. The valve is nothing more than a flap of leather that is mounted so as to block the airway when air pressure becomes greater on the inside than on the outside. Bellows-operated pipes usually have two flap valves, one in the air-inlet (in one of the bellows-cheeks) and the other in the connecting pipe between the bellows and the bag.
Flea Hole: A very small chanter finger hole most commonly found on Eastern European and Balkan pipes that, when uncovered, raises the pitch being played by the other fingers by approximately a semitone, allowing chromatic possibilities.
Fontennelle: A rigid tubular cover that fits over the lowest key on some bagpipe chanters (notably Italian Zampognas), covering all of the keys except the very end of the actuating lever. Usually made of the same material as the chanter or the chanter's trim work.
Free Hand Chords: A technique on the Uilleann pipes, where the player removes their lower hand from the chanter in order to play more elaborate accompaniments than normally possible on the regulators.
Grace note
: Whereas in classical music a gracenote would be taken to mean a note that has melodic significance, in piping, it means a very short note, perhaps not dissimilar to the acciaccatura.
Grades: For competition purposes, pipe bands are usually organised into grades, usually from 1 to 4, with grade 1 being the highest level.
Grip: A percussive Highland bagpipe embellishment, called leamluath in Gaelic, and sometimes called a throw if used to go to a higher note, e.g. B to C or A to E.
Ground: The melody on which the variations of a piobaireachd are based. Also known as the Urlar.
Goose: A set of highland bagpipes without the drones. Used to help learners get used to the bag once they have some experience on the chanter.
Gooseneck bag: A bag with a long neck or "gooseneck" to the chanter stock. It is more comfortale for pipers with long arms.
High Hand: The hand playing the top of the chanter. The term is often used in the context of part of a melody which lies mostly on a single hand.
Hornpipe: Historically, the hornpipe style was developed from the dance done by sailors, played on the hornpipe instrument. In the Highland bagpiping world, the hornpipe has become a favourite style of tune for opening a competition selection and the style has evolved to become similar to a reel; portmanteaus like 'reelpipe' or 'hornreel' are sometimes used to describe these tunes.
Leumluath: (i) A (relatively unusual) piobaireachd variation. (ii) Another name for a grip movement (which is played in the leamluath variation).
Low Hand: See High Hand.
Lowland Bagpipe: Another name for the Border pipes. This term is generally not used nowadays due to the possibility of confusion with the Scottish Smallpipes.
: The MacCrimmon family are the traditional source of piobaireachd teaching and all players today can trace their teaching lineage back to this family. Their origin is obscure and shrouded in legend, but they were hereditary pipers to the MacLeods of Dunvegan by 1700, and were pre-eminent composers and players during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of their tunes survive and are played today.
Mace: The Drum Major carries a mace to give visual signals to the band when marching.
March: A tune especially suitable for marching to. Usually an uptempo melody in 2/4, 4/4, 6/8,9/8 or 12/8.
Massed Bands: A number of pipe bands performing together, commonly after a competition or as part of a military tattoo.
Military Tattoo
: A signal sounded (as on a bugle or drum) shortly before Taps. Also evening entertainment given by troops usually in the form of outdoor military exercises with bagpipe music and massed bands. The annual Edinburgh Festival
Tattoo is famous for its exhibition of pipe band marching and playing, including the Massed Bands finale.
Mounts: Decorative trim on the wooden parts of a bagpipe. Its function is partly protective but its main purpose is decoration.
MSR: A common abbreviation for March, Strathspey
& Reel
. The MSR combination has been a common one since the Victorian era and is a common competition requirement.
Nicol Brown Competition: An annual piping competition in the USA founded by Pipe Major Donald Lindsay, in honour of R.U. Brown and R.B. Nicol, the two principal pupils of John MacDonald of Inverness, one of the main figures in piobaireachd tuition of the 20th century.
Northern Meeting
: An annual piping competition held at Inverness, Scotland, attracting the world's top pipers. The competitive events are similar to the events held at the Argyllshire Gathering at Oban, Scotland. About 30 applicants are carefully selected to compete for the Silver Medal. Winners of the Silver can compete for the Gold. Only winners of the Gold can compete for the Clasp or Seniors medal. The Northern Meeting is traditionally considered the most senior piping competition.
On the knee: Playing the Uilleann chanter resting on the leg, generally producing a choppier, more staccato style.
Open Fingering: A fingering style in Uilleann piping suited to legato playing.
Overblow: Generally, to cause a reed to jump an octave by increasing the pressure on it. Some types of bagpipe, particularly the Uilleann pipe, require this technique to achieve the full range of the chanter.
Piob: Simply means "a pipe" in Gaelic.
Piobaire: Gaelic for piper.
Piobaireachd
: The most literal translation of piobaireachd is "pipering", or perhaps "what pipers do". Nowadays, it is normally taken to refer to the classical form of bagpipe music, developed by the McCrimmons in the 17th century.
Piobaireachd G: A slightly flat high G, played using a different fingering to normal, with a distinctive tone.
Piper's Apron: See Popping Strap.
Piping Times: A Scottish publication dedicated to piping.
Popping: Lifting the uilleann pipe quickly off the knee for E, F# or G in the high octave.
Popping Strap: A piece of leather, held on the Uillean piper's leg, used to achieve a good seal with the base of the chanter.
Projecting Mounts: the wide mounts, usually found the lower drone pieces, that have a decorative and also protective purpose.
Reel Pipes: A miniature set of Highland bagpipes, produced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Regulators: A regulator is a simple chanter which is played with the heel of the hand, allowing the Uilleann piper to play a limited chordal accompaniment to the chanter melody.
Retreat: A relaxed, melodic tune in 3/4 or 9/8 time, played by highland pipers at the close of day in military barracks. It has no connection to military manoeuvering.
Roll: An embellishment used in uilleann piping, consisting of two gracenotes on the melody note. The name derives from an analogous fiddle decoration.
Rush: A wire that is inserted into the chanter. The rush effectively reduces the volume of the conical chanter below the desired hole. This causes the chanter to dampen or flatten the notes as far as the rush is inserted. Originally an actual rush was used for this purpose.
Seasoning: Another name more commonly used nowadays for "dressing".
Second Octave: The upper octave on the Uilleann chanter.
Seconds: A Highland bagpipe term for harmonies, usually based around parallel thirds. The effect is often intended to be textural rather than to have genuine musical merit.
Shooting Board: A wood block about 6" by 2" x 1" with a grove running through the long end. Used to make reeds.
Single Reed: A reed with one blade, which sounds continuously through passage of air. Usually the shape of a cylinder with a tongue or flap and a bridle.
Sliding: Rolling a finger off a hole to create a sliding pitch change.
Staple: A small cylindrical piece of metal (usually copper) tubing used to support the blades of a reed.
Stop Key: See Chanter Stop Key.
Strike: A gracenote played by tapping one or more fingers on the chanter.
Striking in: The process of bringing in the drones and placing the bag under the arm in a comfortable position.
Siubhal: A type of Piobaireachd variation, similar to the Dithis.
Taorluath: A fundamental embellishment in Highland bagpipe playing, a more complex version of the GDE pattern.
Tenon: Connects the pipes to the stocks of a pipe. Tenons are typically wrapped with waxed thread. Cork, o-rings, and other materials are also sometimes employed for this purpose. Italian pipes use bare tapered tenons mating into tapered sockets, and screw threads carved into wood or ivory are also seen.
Tempradura: A prelude played by Spanish bagpipers as a warm-up exercise; perhaps a prelude appropriate to set the mood for the concert piece.
Throat: In a conical chanter, the narrowest part of the bore, roughly between the reed seat and the top hole. The shape of this is critical to the timber, intonation, and performance of the chanter.
Throw on D: An embellishment on the D of the Highland bagpipe chanter not dissimilar to the grip.
Tight Fingering: See closed fingering.
Tipping: A series of short staccato notes played on the Uilleann pipes.
Tongue: The vibrating element of a drone reed which has a single vibrating element. Chanter reeds have two vibrating elements or blades.
Tuning Pins: Also known as tuning slides, the sections of the drone that when mated together allow the overall length to be adjusted in order to bring the drone into tune.
Union: An early name for Uilleann Pipes
.
Unison: In pipe bands, the term unison normally refers to how closely melody players are playing together.
Urlar: Gaelic word for Ground. See Piobaireachd
above.
Vent Holes: On the Highland bagpipe chanter, the vent holes are two holes with produce low G; the reason for the term vent holes is unclear.
(The) Voice: The quarterly publication of the Eastern United States Pipe band Association.
A
Arm Strap : When playing a bellowspipe, this attaches the player's arm to the bellows allowing him to control them.Argyllshire Gathering: An annual highland games, held at Oban, Scotland every August which attracts the highest level of competition from around the world. Competitions are held for (i) the Open Piobaireachd, also known as the Clasp; (ii) The Highland Society of London
Highland Society of London
The Highland Society of London is a charity registered in England, with "the view of establishing and supporting schools in the Highlands and in the Northern parts of Great Britain, for relieving distressed Highlanders at a distance from their native homes, for preserving the antiquities and...
's Gold Medal for Piobaireachd
Piobaireachd
Pibroch, Piobaireachd or Ceòl Mór is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations...
; (iii) The Silver Medal for Piobaireachd; (iv) Former Winners March, Strathspey and Reel Competition, or the Silver Star; (iv) individual event competitions for Grade A & B March, Strathspey, and Reel; and Hornpipe & Jig. Winners of the Gold Medal compete in subsequent years in the Clasp competition. A similar event is held at Inverness, Scotland, (the Northern Meeting
Northern Meeting
The Northern Meeting, established in 1788 in Inverness, Scotland, is best known for its bagpiping competition in September. These competitions are among the most prestigious solo events in the piping world. The most famous competition is the pìobaireachd competition, which is organized in three...
) which is held usually two weeks later, in September of each year.
Attack : In pipe band
Pipe band
A pipe band is a musical ensemble consisting of pipers and drummers. The term used by military pipe bands, pipes and drums, is also common....
terms, attack describes the process of getting the band from a non-playing state to a playing state. In competition, the attack is often believed to set the scene for the performance that follows and therefore great emphasis is placed on it. The commonest method is for the drummers to place two roll
Drum roll
A drum roll is a technique the percussionist employs to produce a sustained sound on a percussion instrument. Rolls are used by composers to sustain the sound and create other effects, the most common of which is using a roll to build anticipation.- Snare drum roll :The most common snare drum roll...
s, each lasting for three paces. On the beginning of the second roll, the band strikes in their drone
Drone (music)
In music, a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout most or all of a piece. The word drone is also used to refer to any part of a musical instrument that is just used to produce such an effect.-A musical effect:A drone...
s and at the end of the roll, play a two beat introductory note, usually E. The attack is generally considered to have finished when the band has settled into their introductory tune, typically a few bars in.
B
Back D: The note played by the thumb hole of the Uilleann pipe chanter. It has a distinctive haunting quality, subtly different from the rest of the scale.Backstitching: An ornament in Uilleann piping. The stitch is two staccato gracenotes played above the main note pitch; backstitching is the process of playing several of these stitches on a series of melody notes.
Bag Seasoning: Seasoning a bag keeps the leather supple, while allowing it to absorb moisture and keep the bag airtight.
Bag Cover: The pipe bag is often covered with a cover, mainly for decoration but possibly also to help the player keep a grip on the bag while playing. Materials can include corduroy, velvet, or wool.
Popping: On the Uilleann chanter, the effect created by playing a staccato note while simultaneously lifting and replacing the chanter on the leg. Also known as barking, as this is the sound created.
Tuning Bead: Northumbrian pipe drones incorporate a tuning bead and/or slide which allows the player to raise the pitch of the drone by a whole tone to play in other keys.
Birl: Onomatopoeic name for a Highland bagpipe embellishment on low A, consisting of two very fast taps or strikes to low G.
Blade: The vibrating element of a bagpipe reed. Reeds can be single or double; generally speaking, chanter reeds are double and drone reeds single. The blade is also known sometimes as a tongue.
Blowpipe: The pipe through which the bag is inflated.
Bombarde: A shawm-like instrument traditionally played in duet with the bagpipe in Brittany.
Biniou
Biniou
Binioù means bagpipe in the Breton language.There are two bagpipes called binioù in Brittany: the traditional binioù kozh and the binioù bras , which was brought into Brittany from Scotland in the late 19th century...
: Biniou means bagpipe in the Breton language.
Bottom D: The lowest note available on an uilleann chanter. Called Bottom D to avoid confusion with the two higher Ds available. It is obtained by lifting the chanter off the leg.
Bridle: (On a double reed for a chanter) A strip of copper about 1/8" to 3/16" wide and 2" long with slanted edges used to control the aperture of the two blades of a reed. (On a reed single reed for a drone) A few winds of hemp or else some sort of elastic band to control the length and position of the vibrating tongue.
Brien Boru Pipes: A 20th century attempt to create an instrument similar to the Highland bagpipe, but with an extended range that could handle popular Irish melodies. Several bands were formed, one or two of which still exist.
C
CanntaireachdCanntaireachd
Canntaireachd is the ancient Scottish Highland method of noting classical pipe music or Ceòl Mòr by a combination of definite syllables, by which means the various tunes could be more easily recollected by the learner, and could be more easily transmitted orally...
: A system of non-lexical vocables, whose purpose is to encapsulate piobaireachd in a form which can be written or spoken while maintaining the precision normally offered only by written music. One of the most important sources in piobaireachd, the Nether Lorn manuscript, is exclusively written in canntaireachd.
Ceòl Beag: Literally meaning little music, a Highland bagpiping term referring to, essentially, anything that is not piobaireachd. The term is of relatively recent origin.
Chanter:
Cimpoi: aka Çimpoi: a Romanian chanter with cylindrical bore and single beating reed. Also has a lower joint usually carved from horn that extends at approximately 45 degrees from the bottom of the chanter.
Closed Bore: A chanter with a closed end at the bottom of the chanter. When all the finger holes are closed, the chanter cannot sound, allowing the player to play staccato. The Uilleann pipe achieves the same end by having the player rest the chanter on the leg, with the advantage that the lowest note remains available.
Closed Fingering: A fingering system that generally involves only one or two fingers being lifted for any particular note.
College of Piping: Founded in 1957 by Seumas MacNeill and Thomas Pearston. Located in Glasgow, Scotland, it publishes the monthly Piping Times, hosts a small museum, and runs an active teaching program.
Combing and Beading: Decorative turnings consisting of more or less tightly spaced narrow circular grooves found on drones, mostly on Great Highland pipes.
Cords: Decorative cords with tassels are used to link or tie the three drones of the Highland bagpipe together.
Cran: An Uilleann piping ornament, consisting of a series of gracenotes of varying pitch over a low note, most commonly bottom D.
Crow: A distinctive sound made when a chanter reed is blown in the mouth. The crow can often give clues as to the potential performance of the reed.
Crunluath: The crunluath variation in piobaireachd consists of a series of crunluath movements played on the theme notes of the melody. The movement itself is a dramatic set of seven gracenotes which bring the tune to a climax.
Crunluath a Mach: An occasional extension of the crunluath variation, with rhythmical and melodic changes, and a slight increase in tempo, creating a spectacular finish to a piobaireachd.
Cut: (i) An old term for a single gracenote; (ii) to reduce the length of a note in a way not easily described by conventional music notation - for example, the cut note in a strathspey, normally rendered as a semiquaver, is described as cut and the resulting note is much shorter.
D
DirkDirk
A dirk is a short thrusting dagger, sometimes a cut-down sword blade mounted on a dagger hilt rather than a knife blade. It was historically used as a personal weapon for officers engaged in naval hand-to-hand combat during the Age of Sail.-Etymology:...
: A dagger, approximately 12 inches (304.8 mm) long, normally only worn by Highland bagpipers in full dress.
Dithis: Piobaireachd variation. Pronounced: "jee-es", though this depends on the speaker's accent. Literally meaning two, or a pair, it is a variation of the Urlar or theme of the Piobaireachd. Sometimes used interchangeably with the variation referred to as Siubhal, though the terms do have distinct meanings. The Dithis generally consists of a series of longer theme notes, separated by short lower notes. It is generally followed by a doubling where the long theme note is repeated, but with the same rhythmic pattern as before.
Double Chanter: A chanter with two bores and two sets of finger holes. On some, both bores have the same finger hole spacing and sound in unison. On others, one bore may have only a single finger hole and is used as a sort of alternating-tone drone.
Double Gold Medal: Winning the two premier Highland bagpipe competitions (Oban and Inverness) in the same year. A feat only rarely achieved.
Double Tone: When starting the bagpipes, as the pressure is increased, the drones initially sound at a higher pitch, perhaps a semitone or tone higher than normal. As the pressure continues to increase, the drones fully strike in at a normal and smoother pitch. This is deemed to be indicative of a higher quality reed.
Doubling: (i) Two gracenotes preceding a melody note, bracketing a short gracenote at the same pitch as the melody note (thereby doubling the melody note). (ii) A restatement of a variation in piobaireachd. Usually slightly uptempo and simpler in form.
Drone:
Drone Switch: A drone switch, set in a common stock, allows the player to start and stop the drones at will.
Drum Major
Drum Major
A drum major is the leader of a marching band, drum and bugle corps, or pipe band, usually positioned at the head of the band or corps. The drum major, who is often dressed in more ornate clothing than the rest of the band or corps, is responsible for providing commands to the ensemble regarding...
: Traditionally, a Drum Major was the senior drummer in a pipe band and commanded the band on parade, rather paradoxically without a drum. Their role was to control the band when on parade. Nowadays Drum Majors continue to fill these roles, but are not necessarily trained musicians.
E
Embellishments: A common term for clusters of gracenotes which produce particular rhythmic effects.F
False Notes: A recent term describing cross fingerings on the Highland bagpipe, used to create notes such as C natural that were not traditionally extant on the instrument.False Fingering: A Highland bagpipe term describing an error of fingering, typically where the player has not realised they have not lifted or replaced fingers after a particular note.
Ferrule: A band made of ivory, imitation ivory, or metal, such as brass, copper or silver, mounted around the ends of stocks, drone joints and blowpipes to be both decorative and to protect the wood from damage.
Flap Valve: A device that keeps air from backing out of a blowpipe when the piper takes a breath. The valve is nothing more than a flap of leather that is mounted so as to block the airway when air pressure becomes greater on the inside than on the outside. Bellows-operated pipes usually have two flap valves, one in the air-inlet (in one of the bellows-cheeks) and the other in the connecting pipe between the bellows and the bag.
Flea Hole: A very small chanter finger hole most commonly found on Eastern European and Balkan pipes that, when uncovered, raises the pitch being played by the other fingers by approximately a semitone, allowing chromatic possibilities.
Fontennelle: A rigid tubular cover that fits over the lowest key on some bagpipe chanters (notably Italian Zampognas), covering all of the keys except the very end of the actuating lever. Usually made of the same material as the chanter or the chanter's trim work.
Free Hand Chords: A technique on the Uilleann pipes, where the player removes their lower hand from the chanter in order to play more elaborate accompaniments than normally possible on the regulators.
G
GDE Gracenotes: On the Highland bagpipe, a frequently used gracenote sequence, appearing in every type of music. It consists of a G, D, and E gracenote on any lower note.Grace note
Grace note
A grace note is a kind of music notation used to denote several kinds of musical ornaments. When occurring by itself, a single grace note normally indicates the intention of either an appoggiatura or an acciaccatura...
: Whereas in classical music a gracenote would be taken to mean a note that has melodic significance, in piping, it means a very short note, perhaps not dissimilar to the acciaccatura.
Grades: For competition purposes, pipe bands are usually organised into grades, usually from 1 to 4, with grade 1 being the highest level.
Grip: A percussive Highland bagpipe embellishment, called leamluath in Gaelic, and sometimes called a throw if used to go to a higher note, e.g. B to C or A to E.
Ground: The melody on which the variations of a piobaireachd are based. Also known as the Urlar.
Goose: A set of highland bagpipes without the drones. Used to help learners get used to the bag once they have some experience on the chanter.
Gooseneck bag: A bag with a long neck or "gooseneck" to the chanter stock. It is more comfortale for pipers with long arms.
H
Half Sized Pipes: A size of Highland bagpipe offered by 19th and early 20th century pipe makers. Now uncommon.High Hand: The hand playing the top of the chanter. The term is often used in the context of part of a melody which lies mostly on a single hand.
Hornpipe: Historically, the hornpipe style was developed from the dance done by sailors, played on the hornpipe instrument. In the Highland bagpiping world, the hornpipe has become a favourite style of tune for opening a competition selection and the style has evolved to become similar to a reel; portmanteaus like 'reelpipe' or 'hornreel' are sometimes used to describe these tunes.
I
Imitation Ivory: A synthetic replacement for elephant ivory, which has been commonly used to mount and decorate many kinds of bagpipe.J
Joints: Generally, the word joint refers to a complete section of a drone, rather than the actual point of connection.L
Lapping: The process of winding hemp (a stout thread) onto a tenon or tuning slide in order to create a good seal between the two parts.Leumluath: (i) A (relatively unusual) piobaireachd variation. (ii) Another name for a grip movement (which is played in the leamluath variation).
Low Hand: See High Hand.
Lowland Bagpipe: Another name for the Border pipes. This term is generally not used nowadays due to the possibility of confusion with the Scottish Smallpipes.
M
MacCrimmonsMacCrimmon (piping family)
The MacCrimmons were a Scottish family, pipers to the chiefs of Clan MacLeod for an unknown number of generations. The MacCrimmon kindred was centred at Borreraig near the Clan MacLeod seat at Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye...
: The MacCrimmon family are the traditional source of piobaireachd teaching and all players today can trace their teaching lineage back to this family. Their origin is obscure and shrouded in legend, but they were hereditary pipers to the MacLeods of Dunvegan by 1700, and were pre-eminent composers and players during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of their tunes survive and are played today.
Mace: The Drum Major carries a mace to give visual signals to the band when marching.
March: A tune especially suitable for marching to. Usually an uptempo melody in 2/4, 4/4, 6/8,9/8 or 12/8.
Massed Bands: A number of pipe bands performing together, commonly after a competition or as part of a military tattoo.
Military Tattoo
Military tattoo
The original meaning of military tattoo is a military drum performance, but nowadays it sometimes means army displays more generally.It dates from the 17th century when the British Army was fighting in the Low Countries...
: A signal sounded (as on a bugle or drum) shortly before Taps. Also evening entertainment given by troops usually in the form of outdoor military exercises with bagpipe music and massed bands. The annual Edinburgh Festival
Edinburgh Festival
The Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for many arts and cultural festivals that take place in Edinburgh, Scotland each summer, mostly in August...
Tattoo is famous for its exhibition of pipe band marching and playing, including the Massed Bands finale.
Mounts: Decorative trim on the wooden parts of a bagpipe. Its function is partly protective but its main purpose is decoration.
MSR: A common abbreviation for March, Strathspey
Strathspey (dance)
A strathspey is a type of dance tune in 4/4 time. It is similar to a hornpipe but slower and more stately, and contains many dot-cut 'snaps'. A so-called Scotch snap is a short note before a dotted note, which in traditional playing is generally exaggerated rhythmically for musical expression...
& Reel
Reel (dance)
The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure ....
. The MSR combination has been a common one since the Victorian era and is a common competition requirement.
N
Neck: The narrowest part of the chanter, just below the bole or knob.Nicol Brown Competition: An annual piping competition in the USA founded by Pipe Major Donald Lindsay, in honour of R.U. Brown and R.B. Nicol, the two principal pupils of John MacDonald of Inverness, one of the main figures in piobaireachd tuition of the 20th century.
Northern Meeting
Northern Meeting
The Northern Meeting, established in 1788 in Inverness, Scotland, is best known for its bagpiping competition in September. These competitions are among the most prestigious solo events in the piping world. The most famous competition is the pìobaireachd competition, which is organized in three...
: An annual piping competition held at Inverness, Scotland, attracting the world's top pipers. The competitive events are similar to the events held at the Argyllshire Gathering at Oban, Scotland. About 30 applicants are carefully selected to compete for the Silver Medal. Winners of the Silver can compete for the Gold. Only winners of the Gold can compete for the Clasp or Seniors medal. The Northern Meeting is traditionally considered the most senior piping competition.
O
Off the knee: Playing with the Uilleann chanter removed from the leg, generally in a legato style.On the knee: Playing the Uilleann chanter resting on the leg, generally producing a choppier, more staccato style.
Open Fingering: A fingering style in Uilleann piping suited to legato playing.
Overblow: Generally, to cause a reed to jump an octave by increasing the pressure on it. Some types of bagpipe, particularly the Uilleann pipe, require this technique to achieve the full range of the chanter.
P
Pibroch: An anglicisation, now generally deprecated, of piobaireachd.Piob: Simply means "a pipe" in Gaelic.
Piobaire: Gaelic for piper.
Piobaireachd
Piobaireachd
Pibroch, Piobaireachd or Ceòl Mór is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations...
: The most literal translation of piobaireachd is "pipering", or perhaps "what pipers do". Nowadays, it is normally taken to refer to the classical form of bagpipe music, developed by the McCrimmons in the 17th century.
Piobaireachd G: A slightly flat high G, played using a different fingering to normal, with a distinctive tone.
Piper's Apron: See Popping Strap.
Piping Times: A Scottish publication dedicated to piping.
Popping: Lifting the uilleann pipe quickly off the knee for E, F# or G in the high octave.
Popping Strap: A piece of leather, held on the Uillean piper's leg, used to achieve a good seal with the base of the chanter.
Projecting Mounts: the wide mounts, usually found the lower drone pieces, that have a decorative and also protective purpose.
Q
Quick Step: A tune superficially similar to, and potentially interchangeable with, a 2/4 , suitable for a quickstep dance.R
Redundant A: Older notation for Piobaireachd includes an extra low A note in taorluaths and crunluaths. Whether or not it was played is unclear, although there are certainly players today who still play it.Reel Pipes: A miniature set of Highland bagpipes, produced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Regulators: A regulator is a simple chanter which is played with the heel of the hand, allowing the Uilleann piper to play a limited chordal accompaniment to the chanter melody.
Retreat: A relaxed, melodic tune in 3/4 or 9/8 time, played by highland pipers at the close of day in military barracks. It has no connection to military manoeuvering.
Roll: An embellishment used in uilleann piping, consisting of two gracenotes on the melody note. The name derives from an analogous fiddle decoration.
Rush: A wire that is inserted into the chanter. The rush effectively reduces the volume of the conical chanter below the desired hole. This causes the chanter to dampen or flatten the notes as far as the rush is inserted. Originally an actual rush was used for this purpose.
S
Scraper: A tool (knife) used to scrape reeds; the shape of the tool is critical.Seasoning: Another name more commonly used nowadays for "dressing".
Second Octave: The upper octave on the Uilleann chanter.
Seconds: A Highland bagpipe term for harmonies, usually based around parallel thirds. The effect is often intended to be textural rather than to have genuine musical merit.
Shooting Board: A wood block about 6" by 2" x 1" with a grove running through the long end. Used to make reeds.
Single Reed: A reed with one blade, which sounds continuously through passage of air. Usually the shape of a cylinder with a tongue or flap and a bridle.
Sliding: Rolling a finger off a hole to create a sliding pitch change.
Staple: A small cylindrical piece of metal (usually copper) tubing used to support the blades of a reed.
Stop Key: See Chanter Stop Key.
Strike: A gracenote played by tapping one or more fingers on the chanter.
Striking in: The process of bringing in the drones and placing the bag under the arm in a comfortable position.
Siubhal: A type of Piobaireachd variation, similar to the Dithis.
T
Tachum: The canntaireachd description of a two note figure in Highland bagpipe music. The 2 notes can be from C to G on the bottom hand, the second lower than the first, and with a G gracenote before the first, and a D gracenote before the second.Taorluath: A fundamental embellishment in Highland bagpipe playing, a more complex version of the GDE pattern.
Tenon: Connects the pipes to the stocks of a pipe. Tenons are typically wrapped with waxed thread. Cork, o-rings, and other materials are also sometimes employed for this purpose. Italian pipes use bare tapered tenons mating into tapered sockets, and screw threads carved into wood or ivory are also seen.
Tempradura: A prelude played by Spanish bagpipers as a warm-up exercise; perhaps a prelude appropriate to set the mood for the concert piece.
Throat: In a conical chanter, the narrowest part of the bore, roughly between the reed seat and the top hole. The shape of this is critical to the timber, intonation, and performance of the chanter.
Throw on D: An embellishment on the D of the Highland bagpipe chanter not dissimilar to the grip.
Tight Fingering: See closed fingering.
Tipping: A series of short staccato notes played on the Uilleann pipes.
Tongue: The vibrating element of a drone reed which has a single vibrating element. Chanter reeds have two vibrating elements or blades.
Tuning Pins: Also known as tuning slides, the sections of the drone that when mated together allow the overall length to be adjusted in order to bring the drone into tune.
U
Undercut: Removing material from the underneath of a finger hole to sharpen the note on the chanter without changing the shape of the hole.Union: An early name for Uilleann Pipes
Uilleann pipes
The uilleann pipes or //; ) are the characteristic national bagpipe of Ireland, their current name, earlier known in English as "union pipes", is a part translation of the Irish-language term píobaí uilleann , from their method of inflation.The bag of the uilleann pipes is inflated by means of a...
.
Unison: In pipe bands, the term unison normally refers to how closely melody players are playing together.
Urlar: Gaelic word for Ground. See Piobaireachd
Piobaireachd
Pibroch, Piobaireachd or Ceòl Mór is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations...
above.
V
Valves: Valves are used in most types of bagpipes to close off the air entry point (the blowpipe), although some pipers simply closed the end of their blowpipe when they took a breath.Vent Holes: On the Highland bagpipe chanter, the vent holes are two holes with produce low G; the reason for the term vent holes is unclear.
(The) Voice: The quarterly publication of the Eastern United States Pipe band Association.
W
Water Trap: A device attached to the blowpipe stock designed to catch water from the player's breath, in order to prevent the reeds from getting wet.Z
Zampogna: The bagpipe of southern Italy and Sicily, with two chanters and usually two drones in a common stock, all with conical bores with double or single reeds.See also
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