Geography of Bankura district
Encyclopedia
Geography of Bankura district refers to the geography of the present Bankura district
Bankura District
Bankura district is one of the seven districts of Burdwan Division in the Indian state of West Bengal. The district has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.” The areas to the east and north-east are low lying alluvial...

 in the India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

n state
States and territories of India
India is a federal union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. The states and territories are further subdivided into districts and so on.-List of states and territories:...

 of West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...

.

Bankura is one of the districts of Burdwan division
Burdwan Division
Burdwan Division is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It consists of 7 districts:* Bankura district* Bardhaman district* Birbhum district* East Midnapore * Hooghly district* Purulia district...

. It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of 6788 square kilometres (2,620.9 sq mi) On the north and north-east the district is bounded by Bardhaman district
Bardhaman District
'Bardhaman district is a district in West Bengal. The headquarter of the district is Bardhaman, though it houses other important industrial towns like Durgapur and Asansol...

, from which it is separated by the Damodar River
Damodar River
Damodar River originates near Chandwa village, Palamau district, on the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Jharkhand state in eastern India, and flows eastward for about 592 km through the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the estaury of the River Hooghly...

. On the south-east it is bounded by Hooghly district
Hooghly District
Hooghly district is one of the districts of the state of West Bengal in India. It can alternatively be spelt Hoogli or Hugli. The district is named after the Hooghly River.The headquarters of the district are at Chinsura...

, on the south by Paschim Medinipur district and on the west by Purulia district
Purulia District
Purulia district is one of the nineteen districts of West Bengal state in eastern India. The town of Purulia is the administrative headquarters of the district.-History:...

.

Configuration

Bankura district has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal
Ganges Delta
The Ganges Delta is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal...

 on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau
Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the south...

 on the west.” The areas to the east and north-east are low lying alluvial
Alluvium
Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated soil or sediments, eroded, deposited, and reshaped by water in some form in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel...

 plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles.

The area consists of two different tracts. The western portion marks the gradual descent from the table land of Chota Nagpur to the delta of lower Bengal, consisting largely of spurs
Spur (mountain)
A spur is a subsidiary summit of a hill or mountain. By definition, spurs have low topographic prominence, as they are lower than their parent summit and are closely connected to them on the same ridgeline...

 projecting from the western tableland and of low swelling ridges. However, there is no marked ridge of hills. In the central portion of the district there are rolling downs eventually merging with the alluvial plains.

The western part of the district has poor, ferruginous
Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. All together, there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides.Iron oxides and oxide-hydroxides are widespread in nature, play an important role in many geological and biological processes, and are widely utilized by humans, e.g.,...

 soil and hard beds of laterite
Laterite
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock...

 with scrub jungles and sal (Shorea robusta) woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During the long dry season large extents of red soil
Ultisols
Ultisols, commonly known as red clay soils, are one of twelve soil orders in the United States Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy. They are defined as mineral soils which contain no calcareous material anywhere within the soil, have less than 10% weatherable minerals in the extreme top layer...

 with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.

Hills

The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – Biharinath
Biharinath
Biharinath is the tallest hill of Bankura District, in the Indian state of West Bengal., and one of the dense forest areas of the district. It is high...

 and Susunia
Susunia
Susunia is a hill of southern West Bengal, India. It is known for its holy spring, its natural beauty, its rich flora and the rock faces on which many of the famous mountaineers of this region started their journey. It is one of the rich reserves of medicinal plants...

. While the former rises to a height of 448 metres (1,469.8 ft), the latter attains a height of 440 metres (1,443.6 ft). There are a number of low hills in the Saltora
Saltora
Saltora is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Saltora police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Saltora.Government of West Bengal has planned a Special Economic Zone in Saltora.-Geography:Saltora...

 area. There are small hills, e.g. the Mejia hill rising to a mere 60 metres (196.9 ft) from the base or the Karo hill, halfway between Mejia
Mejia
Mejia is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Mejia police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Mejia.Government of West Bengal has planned a Special Economic Zone in Saltora. It is on NH 60...

 and Bankura
Bankura
Bankura is a city and a municipality in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Bankura District.-Etymology:...

, rising a little higher to about 120 metres (393.7 ft). To the south, in the police station areas of Khatra
Khatra
Khatra is headquarters of a sub-division of Bankura District, in the state of West Bengal, India.-Geography:Khatra is in the south-west of Bankura District, which is itself to the west of the southern part of West Bengal...

 and Raipur
Raipur, Bankura
Raipur is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Raipur police station serves this block...

 there are picturesque low hills, locally called Masaker Pahar.

Rivers

The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in the hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry.

Damodar River
Damodar River
Damodar River originates near Chandwa village, Palamau district, on the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Jharkhand state in eastern India, and flows eastward for about 592 km through the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the estaury of the River Hooghly...

 forms the northern boundary of the district with Bardhaman district for about 72 kilometres (44.7 mi) and then flows into Bardhaman district. Floods in the Damodar rarely do much damage to the district. Sali River which drains the northern part of the district is an important tributary of the Damodar.

Amongst the other rivers flowing through the district, the most important is Dwarakeswar River
Dwarakeswar River
Dwarakeswar River is a major river in the western part of West Bengal.-Course:It originates from Tilboni hill in Purulia district and enters Bankura district near Chhatna. It cuts across the district flowing past the district head quarters and enters the south-eastern tip of Bardhaman District...

. It has many branches or old beds in Onda
Onda
Onda S.p.A. is an Italian cellular phone manufacturer. The company′s headquarter is in Roveredo in Piano with a subsidiary in Rome and in Nanjing .Telecom Italia is a major distributor of Onda handsets.- Mobile Phones :* N1000iB...

 and Bishnupur police station areas. The main tributaries of Dwarakeswar River are the Gandheswari
Gandheswari River
Gandheswari River is a tributary of Dwarakeswar River and flows in Bankura district in the state of West Bengal. Flowing south-west of Susunia Hill and north of Bankura it joins the Dwarakeswar near Bhutsahar. It is subject to sudden flooding during rains....

, the Kukhra, and the Birai. Other major rivers are Shilabati River
Shilabati River
The Shilabati River originates in the terrain of the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in the Purulia district of the state of West Bengal in eastern India. It flows in an almost southeasterly direction through the districts of Bankura and West Midnapore. The Shilabati joins the Dwarakeswar near Ghatal and...

 and Kangsabati River
Kangsabati River
Kangsabati River rises from the Chota Nagpur plateau in the state of Jharkhand, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before draining in the Hooghly River.-Course:After rising near Jhalda in the Chota Nagpur plateau in Purulia district,...

, both of which enter the district from Purulia district, run along a short course in the territory and then enter Paschim Medinipur district. There are some small but picturesque water falls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of the Kangsabati in the Raipur area. Amongst the minor rivers in the district are Jaypanda, a tributary of Shilabati, and Bhairabbanki.

Mejia Beel is a large swamp formed by the overflow of the Damodar. There are several small tanks or artificial lakes developed by the former rajas, in and around Bishnupur.

River projects

Kangsabati Project
Kangsabati Project
The Kangsabati Project , also often referred to as the Kangsabati Irrigation Project and The Kangsabati Reservoir Project, is a project started in the Indian state of West Bengal in 1956 as part of the Indian Second Five-year Plan to provide water to 3,484.77 km² of land in the districts of Paschim...

 was started during the second five year plan period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of 10098 metres (33,129.9 ft) and a height of 38 metres (124.7 ft). Apart from this dam there are two pick up barrages in the Shilabati and the Bhairabbanki.

There is a proposal for the construction of a dam across the Dwarakeswar. The preliminary project report on Dwarakeswar Gandheswari Reservoir was received in Central Water Commission in January, 2004 for which ‘in- principle’ consent of Central Water Commission for preparation of detailed Project Report has been conveyed to the State Government in March, 2004.

Geology

The greater portion of the district consists of a rolling country covered by laterite and alluvium. While metamorphic
Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rock is the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure causing profound physical and/or chemical change...

 or gneiss
Gneiss
Gneiss is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks.-Etymology:...

ose rocks are found to the extreme west, to the east there is a wide plain of recent alluvium. Strong massive runs of hornblendic
Hornblende
Hornblende is a complex inosilicate series of minerals .It is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole....

 varieties stretch across the region in tolerably continuous lines, the general strike being nearly east and west.

The most characteristic geological feature of the district is the area of laterite and associated rocks of sand and gravel. At some places one finds hard beds of laterite. At other places it is decomposed and reorganised. Locally, the ferruginous rock is called kankar. The calcareous concretions, commonly used as the sources of lime, are known as ghutin.

The Gondwana
Gondwana
In paleogeography, Gondwana , originally Gondwanaland, was the southernmost of two supercontinents that later became parts of the Pangaea supercontinent. It existed from approximately 510 to 180 million years ago . Gondwana is believed to have sutured between ca. 570 and 510 Mya,...

 system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to the Raniganj system.

Climate

The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, when the monsoon
Monsoon
Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea...

 sets in, hot westerly winds prevail, the thermometer in the shade rising to around 45 °C (113 °F). The westerly winds die down around sunset and allow cool winds to blow from the south. Nor'wester
Nor'wester
Nor'wester has been used to describe sumeet several different types of wind.*A New Zealand wind pattern resulting in the Nor'west arch and leading to hot, dry weather on the east coast of the South Island....

s are frequent during this period and help to mitigate the excessive heat.

The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant, as the weather is not as sultry as in other parts of Bengal. The total average rainfall is 1400 millimetres (55.1 in), the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September.

Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below 27 °C (80.6 °F) in December.

Subdivisions

The district comprises three subdivisions: Bankura Sadar
Bankura Sadar subdivision
Bankura Sadar subdivision is a subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India. It consists of the Bankura municipality and eight community development blocs: Bankura — I, Bankura — II, Barjora, Chhatna, Gangajalghati, Mejia, Onda and Shaltora. The eight blocks...

, Khatra
Khatra subdivision
Khatra subdivision is a subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India. It consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur, Khatra, Hirbandh, Raipur, Sarenga, Ranibandh, Simlapal and Taldangra. The eight blocks contain 59 gram panchayats...

 and Bishnupur
Bishnupur subdivision
Bishnupur subdivision is a subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India. It consists of Bishnupur municipality, Sonamukhi municipality and six community development blocks: Indas, Joypur, Patrasayar, Kotulpur, Sonamukhi and Bishnupur. The six blocks contain 56 gram...

. Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of Bankura
Bankura
Bankura is a city and a municipality in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Bankura District.-Etymology:...

 municipality and eight community development blocs: Bankura — I, Bankura — II, Barjora, Chhatna, Gangajalghati, Mejia, Onda and Shaltora. Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur, Khatra, Hirbandh, Raipur, Sarenga, Ranibandh, Simlapal and Taldangra. Bishnupur subdivision consists of Bishnupur and Sonamukhi
Sonamukhi
Sonamukhi is a town and a municipality in Bankura District in the Indian state of West Bengal.-Geography:Sonamukhi is located at . It has an average elevation of 66 metres .-Demographics:...

 municipalities and six community development blocks: Indas, Joypur, Patrasayar, Kotulpur, Sonamukhi and Bishnupur.

Bankura is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 gram panchayat
Gram panchayat
Gram panchayats are local self-governments at the village or small town level in India. As of 2002 there were about 265,000 gram panchayats in India. The gram panchayat is the foundation of the Panchayat System. A gram panchayat can be set up in villages with minimum population of 300...

s and 5187 villages in this district.

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 census town
Census town
In India, a census town is one which has:# A minimum population of 5,000# At least 75% of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits# A density of population of at least 400 persons per km2.In Ireland, a census town is;...

s.

Bankura Sadar subdivision

  • One municipality: Bankura
  • Bankura — I community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
  • Bankura — II community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
  • Barjora community development bloc consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and two census towns: Barjora
    Barjora
    Barjora is a census town in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India.-Geography:Barjora is located at . It has an average elevation of 75 metres .-Demographics:...

     and Beliatore
    Beliatore
    Beliatore is a census town in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India.Beliatore was the birth place of the artist Jamini Roy who was born here on 11 April 1887.-Geography:...

    .
  • Chhatna
    Chhatna
    Chhatna is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Chhatna police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Chhatna.-Geography:...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats.
  • Gangajalghati
    Gangajalghati
    Gangajalghati is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Gangajalghati police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Amarkanan....

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
  • Mejia
    Mejia
    Mejia is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Mejia police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Mejia.Government of West Bengal has planned a Special Economic Zone in Saltora. It is on NH 60...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
  • Onda
    Onda, Bankura
    Onda is an administrative division in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Onda police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 15 gram panchayats.
  • Shaltora community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.

Khatra subdivision

  • Indpur
    Indpur
    Indpur is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Indpur police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Indpur.-Geography:Indpur is located at...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
  • Khatra
    Khatra
    Khatra is headquarters of a sub-division of Bankura District, in the state of West Bengal, India.-Geography:Khatra is in the south-west of Bankura District, which is itself to the west of the southern part of West Bengal...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
  • Hirbandh
    Hirbandh
    Hirbandh is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Khatra police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
  • Raipur community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
  • Sarenga
    Sarenga, Bankura
    Sarenga is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sarenga police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
  • Ranibandh community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
  • Simlapal
    Simlapal
    Simlapal is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Simlapal police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
  • Taldangra
    Taldangra
    Taldangra is an administrative division in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Taldangra police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

Bishnupur subdivision

  • Two municipalities: Bishnupur and Sonamukhi
    Sonamukhi
    Sonamukhi is a town and a municipality in Bankura District in the Indian state of West Bengal.-Geography:Sonamukhi is located at . It has an average elevation of 66 metres .-Demographics:...

    .
  • Indas
    Indas
    Indas is an administrative division in Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Indas police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
  • Joypur
    Joypur
    Joypur is an administrative division in Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Joypur police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
  • Patrasayar
    Patrasayar
    Patrasayer is an administrative division in Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Patrasayer police station serves this block...

     community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
  • Kotulpur
    Kotulpur
    Kotulpur is an administrative division in Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Kotulpur police station serves this block...

    community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
  • Sonamukhi community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
  • Bishnupur community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
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