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Forced migration (also called deracination) refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home
Home

A home is a place of residence or refuge. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest and be able to store personal property....
 or home region
Region

Region is a geographical term that is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water, smaller than the whole areas of interest , and larger than a specific site A region may be seen as a collection of smaller units or as one part of a larger whole ....
. It often connotes violent coercion, and is used interchangeably with the terms "displacement" or forced displacement. A specific form of forced migration is population transfer
Population transfer

Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority, most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion....
, which is a coherent policy to move unwanted persons, perhaps as an attempt at "ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment, expulsion, or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity in majority-controlled territory....
". Someone who has experienced forced migration is a "forced migrant" or "displaced person
Displaced person

A displaced person is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place, a phenomenon known as forced migration....
".

Forced migration has accompanied religious and political persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has only become a topic of serious study and discussion relatively recently.






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Forced migration (also called deracination) refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home
Home

A home is a place of residence or refuge. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest and be able to store personal property....
 or home region
Region

Region is a geographical term that is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water, smaller than the whole areas of interest , and larger than a specific site A region may be seen as a collection of smaller units or as one part of a larger whole ....
. It often connotes violent coercion, and is used interchangeably with the terms "displacement" or forced displacement. A specific form of forced migration is population transfer
Population transfer

Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority, most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion....
, which is a coherent policy to move unwanted persons, perhaps as an attempt at "ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment, expulsion, or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity in majority-controlled territory....
". Someone who has experienced forced migration is a "forced migrant" or "displaced person
Displaced person

A displaced person is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place, a phenomenon known as forced migration....
".

Forced migration has accompanied religious and political persecution, as well as war, throughout human history but has only become a topic of serious study and discussion relatively recently. This increased attention is the result of greater ease of travel, allowing displaced person
Displaced person

A displaced person is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place, a phenomenon known as forced migration....
s to flee to nations far removed from their homes, the creation of an international legal structure of human rights, and the realizations that the destabilizing effects of forced migration, especially in parts of Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
, the Middle East
Middle East

File:GreaterMiddleEast1.pngThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East....
, south and central Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
, ripple out well beyond the immediate region.

Development-induced displacement
Development-induced displacement

Development-induced displacement is the forcing of communities and individuals out of their homes, often also their homelands, for the purposes of economic development....
 is a subset of forced migration. Such displacement is the forcing of communities and individuals out of their homes, often also their homelands, for the purposes of economic development
Economic development

Economic development is the development of wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. It is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well being of its people....
. It has been historically associated with the construction of dams for hydroelectric power and irrigation
Irrigation

Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect plants against frost....
 purposes but also appears due to many other activities, such as mining
Mining

Mining is the extraction of value minerals or other geology materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or seam. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, Sodium chloride and potash....
. The most well-known examples of development-induced displacement is a result of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectricity river dam that spans the Yangtze River in Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei, China. It is the List of the largest hydroelectric power stations in the world....
 in China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, and also the previous German expulsions.

See also

  • Arab slave trade
    Arab slave trade

    The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in Southwest Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe during their period of domination by Arab leaders....
  • Atlantic slave trade
    Atlantic slave trade

    The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of primarily African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean....
  • Highland Clearances
    Highland Clearances

    The Highland Clearances were forced displacements of the population of the Scottish Highlands between the 18th. and 19th centuries. They led to mass emigration to the coast, the Scottish Lowlands and abroad....
  • Human trafficking
    Human trafficking

    Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, harbouring, or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor , and servitude....
  • Internally displaced person
    Internally displaced person

    Internally displaced persons are people forced to flee their homes but who, unlike refugees, remain within their country's borders. At the end of 2006 estimates of the world IDP population rose to 24.5 million in some 52 countries....
  • Migrant literature
    Migrant literature

    Migrant literature, that is, writings by and to a lesser extent about migrants, is a topic which has commanded growing interest within literary studies since the 1980s....
  • Refugee
    Refugee

    Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecutionOwing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality,...


Further reading

Articles
  • by Christian Davenport, Will Moore and Steven Poe.


External links

  • - Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer
  • Forced Migration Review
    Forced Migration Review

    Forced Migration Review is acknowledged by the humanitarian community as the world's most widely read publication on refugee, internal displacement and statelessness issues....
     World's most widely read publication on refugee
    Refugee

    Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecutionOwing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality,...
     and internal displacement
    Internal Displacement

    "Internal Displacement" is episode 143 of The West Wing .C.J. Cregg realizes that she barely has any time left in office and decides to try and solve the Darfur conflict, Sudan, along with the crisis between Russia and China over Kazakhstan....
     issues
  • (Disasters, Forced Migration Review, International Journal of Refugee Law, International Migration Review and Journal of Refugee Studies)
  • Many relevant documents on asylum and refugee policy, immigration and human trafficking/smuggling internationally
  • provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forced migration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents.
  • Forced migrants tell their life stories
  • The leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.
  • brings together academics, practitioners and decision-makers working on forced migration issues.
  • is a non-governmental organization
    Non-governmental organization

    Non-governmental organization is a term that has become widely accepted for referring to a legally constituted, non-business organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government....
     with a major role mediating modern migration.
  • from Oxford University provides a forum for exploration of the complex problems of forced migration and national, regional and international responses.
  • , University of Oxford: a leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration.
  • , an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.


  • , Africa's leading centre for teaching and research on displacement, migration, and social transformation.