Dar al-Manasir is the region of the Fourth Cataract, the most impassable of all rapids of the
NileThe Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world....
. It is the homeland of the
Afro-ArabAfro-Arab can refer to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage and/or linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans...
tribe of the
ManasirThe Manasir people constitute one of many Sunni Afro-Arab riverine tribes of Northern Sudan. They inhabit the region of the Fourth Cataract of the Nile and call their homeland Dar al-Manasir. Similar to their neighbouring tribes, the upstream Rubatab and the downstream Shaiqiyah , the Manasir are...
and from them gets its name. Still today the water rapids cannot be crossed by any large boats making the region accessible only via a sandy and rocky desert track.
At the height of the Island of Muqrat (N 19°30') the
NileThe Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world....
river is blocked from its northward course taking a sharp turn SSW for 280 kilometres before continuing to flow north.
Dar al-Manasir is the region of the Fourth Cataract, the most impassable of all rapids of the
NileThe Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world....
. It is the homeland of the
Afro-ArabAfro-Arab can refer to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage and/or linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans...
tribe of the
ManasirThe Manasir people constitute one of many Sunni Afro-Arab riverine tribes of Northern Sudan. They inhabit the region of the Fourth Cataract of the Nile and call their homeland Dar al-Manasir. Similar to their neighbouring tribes, the upstream Rubatab and the downstream Shaiqiyah , the Manasir are...
and from them gets its name. Still today the water rapids cannot be crossed by any large boats making the region accessible only via a sandy and rocky desert track.
At the height of the Island of Muqrat (N 19°30') the
NileThe Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world....
river is blocked from its northward course taking a sharp turn SSW for 280 kilometres before continuing to flow north. In the middle of this S-shape between the Bayudah Desert to the south and the
Nubian DesertThe Nubian Desert is in the eastern region of the Sahara Desert, spanning 50,000 km² of northeastern Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea at .. The arid region, a largely sandstone plateau, has lots of wadis flowing towards the Nile. There is virtually no rainfall in the Nubian, and there are no...
to the north, the Nile is forced by the
topographyTopography is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those ofplanets, moons, and asteroids...
to split up into a multitude of tributaries forming a fertile river oasis of small rocky islands described by the traveller GRAY (1949:120) with the following words: "
Whereas usually [agriculture] in the Nile Valley […] is confined to the belt on two banks on which the river has deposited siltSilt is soil or rock derived granular material of a grain size between sand and clay. Silt may occur as a soil or as suspended sediment in a surface water body...
, in this cataractA cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light...
area, where islands are scattered like a flock of goats, the number of silt-covered river banks in any given 10 kilometres may be up to a dozen".
Dar al-Manasir will be successively flooded by the
Merowe DamThe Merowe High Dam, also known as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large construction project in Merowe Town in northern Sudan, about 350 km north of the capital Khartoum. It is situated on the river Nile, close to the 4th Cataract where the river divides into multiple...
project.
Extent
Dar al-Manasir is confined by the upstream living
RubatabThe Rubatab are one of the many tribes of Sudan. They are located in Northern Sudan along the Nile River.There are great many things to add to this article and research is on going with a Rubatab representative. Over time, there will be greater development of this article.-Communication:Robatab...
tribe (الرباطاب) in the area of
Abu Hamed (أبو حمد) (E 33.18°) and the downstream Shaiqiyah tribe (الشايقية) past the village of
Birti (E 32.15°), (cf. LAGNAH 2005:2). Dar al-Manasir is covering a distance of approximately 130 km along the Nile with most villages lined up along the left river bank called "western side" (…). But the heart of Dar al-Manasir consists of 14 islands, twelve of them permanently inhabited;
al-Qanaweit (القناويت),
Shiri (شري),
Kidir (كدر),
Sherari (شرري),
Sur (سور),
Us (اوز),
Tibit (…),
Dumag (دماج),
Buni (بوني),
Arag (ارج),
Dirbi (دربي) and
Birti (برتي), (cf. SALIH 1999:8, LAGNAH 2005:2).
Climate
The climate is arid with an annual rainfall of about 50 mm in good years. The exact amount and spatial distribution of the precipitation during the rainy season in the months of August until October is highly variable and therefore unpredictable. The rainy season coincides with the flood season of the Nile (cf. SALIH 1999:9).
Economy
The Manasir pursue small scale agriculture in the immediate vicinity of the Nile. Tiny pockets of alluvial sediments and the seasonally inundated riverside land are intensively irrigated and cultivated. The most important cash crops of the region are
datePhoenix dactylifera , commonly known as the Date Palm, is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible sweet fruit...
s (cf.
Date cultivation in Dar al-ManasirDate palms are cultivated in Sudan from the Egyptian border in the North all the way along the Nile south of Khartoum until Sennar. In addition to the banks of the Nile, isolated occurrences of cultivated date trees occur in the Red Sea Hills in the vicinity of Port Sudan, in Kassala, along the...
). During good rainy seasons, in which grazing grounds are abundant, many male Manasir join members of their tribe in the adjacent Bayudah Desert.
Administration
Politically Dar al-Manasir belongs to the
Wilaiah Nahr al-Nil (ولاية نهر النيل, River Nile Province). The administrative centre with the only local run police station, branch of the Agricultural Bank and Secondary Schools for both sexes is
Shiri (شري) on Shiri Island.
Dar al-Manasir is among the most neglected areas in Northern
SudanSudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab World, and tenth largest in the world by area...
. Apart from basic educational institutions virtually no public infrastructure such as tarred roads, bridges or ferry boats and hospitals exist. But the Manasir are also aware of advantages of this situation and describe them in terms of exceptional safety and honesty (في أمان), tranquillity (الجوّ هادئ و نظيف), untainted beauty of their country (البلد سمح) and cleanness of the water which they drink straight out of the Nile. The landscape, described by INNES (1931:184) as
"most barren and the most beautiful" along the Nile, is rocky, picturesque and referred by the inhabitants happily as
"our rocks" (حجرنا).
Dar al-Manasir with all its villages and agricultural land will be successively flooded in the coming months by the
Merowe DamThe Merowe High Dam, also known as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large construction project in Merowe Town in northern Sudan, about 350 km north of the capital Khartoum. It is situated on the river Nile, close to the 4th Cataract where the river divides into multiple...
project. Its residents are going to be moved, but the exact relocation area is still not clear and a matter of ongoing discussion.
See also
- Al-Hakem, A.M.A. (1993): "Merowe (Hamdab) High Dam and its Impacts". In: Kush XVI, 25 p.
- Beck. K. (1997): "Wer kennt schon Hamdab? Ein Staudammvorhaben im Sudan". In: Pörtge, K.-H. (ed.): Forschungen im Sudan. Erfurter Geographische Studien, Bd.5, pp.79–88.
- Beck, K. (1999): "Escaping from the Narrow Confines – Returning to Tight Communities. Manasir Labour Migration from the Area of the Fourth Nile Cataract". In: Hahn, H.P. & G. Spittler (ed.): Afrika und die Globalisierung, pp. 201–211.
- Beck, K. (2001): "Die Aneignung der Maschine". In: Kohl, K.-H. & N. Schafhausen (ed.): New Heimat. Katalog zur Ausstellung im Frankfurter Kunstverein, pp. 66–77.
- Cavendish, M. W. (1966): "The Custom of Placing Pebbles on Nubian Graves". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.47. pp. 151–156.
- Corkill N.L. (1948): "Weight Equivalent of Sudan Foods sold by Measures of Capacity". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.29, pp. 126–127.
- Crowfoot, J. W. (1918): "Customs of the Rubatab". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.1. pp. 119–134.
- Gray, T. (1949): "The Fourth Cataract". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.30, p.120-121.
- Innes, N. McL. (1930): "The Monasir Country". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.14, pp. 185–191.
- Jackson, H.C. (1926): "A Trek in Abu Hamed District". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.9 No.2, pp. 1–35.
- Lagnah aL-Tanfidhiyah lil-Muta'thirin (2005): Khasan al-Hamdab wa Qissah Tahgir Ahali al-Manasir. pp. 20 (اللجنة التنفيذية للمتأثرين (2005): خزان الحامداب و قصة تهجير أهالي المناصير)
- Leach, T.A. (1919): "Date-Trees in Halfa Province". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.2, pp. 98–104.
- Nicholls, W. (1918): "The Sakia in Dongola Province". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.1. pp.21–24.
Related books
- Bashir, al-N. T. al-S. (ed.), (1997): Diwan 'Abqariah al-Manasir. Li-Ustadh Ibrahim 'Ali al-Sha'ir. 189 p. (النذير تاج السر البشير(جمع وإعداد), (1997): ديوان عبقرية المناصير. للأستاذ إبراهيم علي الشاعر)
- Qasim, 'A. al-Sh
Awn Al-Sharif Qasim - * - was a prolific Sudanese writer, encyclopedist, a prominent scholar, a powerful community leader, a man of charity and one of the Sudan's leading experts on Arabic language and literature....
. (2002): Qamus al-Lahgah al-'Amiya fi al-Sudan, 3rd ed. 1076 p. (عون الشريف قاسم (2002): قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان. الطبعة الثالثة. الدار السودانية للكتب)
- Salih, A. M. (1999): The Manasir of the Northern Sudan: Land and People. A Riverain Society and Resource Scarcity. 282 p.
- Taiyeb, M. Al-T. et al. (1969): Al-Turath al-Sha'ibi li-Qabilah al-Manasir. Salsalah Dirasat fi al-Turath al-Sudani. Khartoum University Faculty of Adab. 155 p. (الطيب محمد الطيب و عبد السلام سليمان و علي سعد (1969): التراث الشعبي لقبيلة المناصير. سلسلة دراسات في التراث السوداني ,جامعة الخرطوم, كلية الآداب)
- Yusif, A.A. (1995): Al-Nakhil (First Part), Khartoum. 349 p. (عبدلله أحمد يوسف (1995): النخيل – الجزء الأولى الخرطوم)
External links