Collybia
Encyclopedia
Collybia is a genus
of mushroom
s in the Tricholomataceae
family. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in north temperate
areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms.
Until recently a large number of other white-spored species, some very common, were assigned to this genus, but now the majority have been separated into other genera: Gymnopus
, Rhodocollybia
and Dendrocollybia
.
order that has created taxonomic
differences of opinion in the scientific community. The generic name Collybia is due to Elias Magnus Fries
and first appeared in 1821. Collybia was a originally a tribe
from an Agaricus
classification. In 1857, Friedrich Staude recognized Collybia as a genus. The name Collybia means "small coin". Later in his systematic work of 1838, Fries characterized Collybia as those species with
The last criterion divided these mushrooms from those of Marasmius
, which had the property of being able to revive after having dried out (called "marcescent"). Although Fries considered this an important characteristic, some later authors like Charles Horton Peck
(1897) and Calvin Henry Kauffman (1918) did not agree with Fries's criteria for the classification, and Gilliam (1976) discarded marcescence as a characteristic for the identification and differentiation of these genera.
At that point the very varied genus encompassed the modern genera Oudemansiella
(including Xerula
), Crinipellis
, Flammulina
, Calocybe
, Lyophyllum
, Tephrocybe
, Strobilurus
, and others.
In 1993, Antonín and Noordeloos published the first part of a monograph
of the genera Marasmius and Collybia after conducting a survey of these genera in Europe. In 1997, they published the second part of the monograph that included all Collybia species. In 1997, Antonín and colleagues published a generic concept within these two genera and organized the nomenclature to provide a new combination of genera: Gymnopus, Collybia, Dendrocollybia, Rhodocollybia and Marasmiellus. The nomenclature and reclassification has since been supported by subsequent molecular analysis. Most of these mushrooms belong to the Marasmiaceae
family and have low convex caps and white gills, with adnate attachment to the stem. This general form has given rise to the term collybioid, which is still in use to describe this type of fruit body.
for Collybia is C. tuberosa, a small white parasitic
mushroom (with caps up to 1.5 cm (0.590551181102362 in)) which develops from a black sclerotium
on putrescent fungi (or other decaying vegetation).
The three species remaining in the genus are small (up to 2 cm (0.78740157480315 in)). The caps are whitish and often radially wrinkled. All three species are saprobic, and grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms. When the genus was split up, the much-reduced genus was moved from Marasmiaceae
to Tricholomataceae
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of mushroom
Mushroom
A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi that...
s in the Tricholomataceae
Tricholomataceae
The Tricholomataceae are a large family of mushrooms within the Agaricales. A classic "wastebasket taxon", the Tricholomataceae is inclusive of any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae,...
family. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in north temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms.
Until recently a large number of other white-spored species, some very common, were assigned to this genus, but now the majority have been separated into other genera: Gymnopus
Gymnopus
Gymnopus is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 300 species.-Representative species:*Gymnopus dryophilus*Gymnopus fusipes*Gymnopus peronatus*Gymnopus semihirtipes...
, Rhodocollybia
Rhodocollybia
Rhodocollybia is a genus of Basidiomycete mushroom. Species in this genus, formerly classified as a subgenus in Collybia, have fairly large caps , and have a pinkish-tinted spore print...
and Dendrocollybia
Dendrocollybia
Dendrocollybia is a genus of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family of the Agaricales order. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dendrocollybia racemosa, commonly known as the branched Collybia or the branched shanklet...
.
Collybia sensu lato
Collybia sensu lato is one of the groups of fungi of the AgaricalesAgaricales
The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms , or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13000 described species, along with five extinct genera known only from the fossil record...
order that has created taxonomic
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
differences of opinion in the scientific community. The generic name Collybia is due to Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries
-External links:*, Authors of fungal names, Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming.*...
and first appeared in 1821. Collybia was a originally a tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
from an Agaricus
Agaricus
Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide...
classification. In 1857, Friedrich Staude recognized Collybia as a genus. The name Collybia means "small coin". Later in his systematic work of 1838, Fries characterized Collybia as those species with
- white spores,
- incurved cap margin,
- central cartilaginous stipe, and
- fruit bodies which decay easily ("putrescent").
The last criterion divided these mushrooms from those of Marasmius
Marasmius
Marasmius is a genus of mushrooms, in the family Marasmiaceae. It contains about 500 species of agarics, of which a few, such as Marasmius oreades, are edible. However, most members of this genus are small, unimpressive brown mushrooms...
, which had the property of being able to revive after having dried out (called "marcescent"). Although Fries considered this an important characteristic, some later authors like Charles Horton Peck
Charles Horton Peck
Charles Horton Peck, born March 30, 1833 in Sand Lake, New York, died 1917 in Albany, New York, was an American mycologist of the 19th and early 20th centuries...
(1897) and Calvin Henry Kauffman (1918) did not agree with Fries's criteria for the classification, and Gilliam (1976) discarded marcescence as a characteristic for the identification and differentiation of these genera.
At that point the very varied genus encompassed the modern genera Oudemansiella
Oudemansiella
Oudemansiella is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the genus contains about 15 species that are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Yang and colleagues revised the genus in a 2009 publication, describing several new species...
(including Xerula
Xerula
Xerula is a genus of gilled mushrooms in the Physalacriaceae family.-Species:*Xerula americana*Xerula amygdaliformis*Xerula asprata*Xerula aureocystidiata*Xerula australis*Xerula caussei*Xerula chiangmaiae...
), Crinipellis
Crinipellis
Crinipellis is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 65 species. It was first described scientifically by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1889....
, Flammulina
Flammulina
Flammulina is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family. The genus, widespread in temperate regions, has been estimated to contain 10 species.-List of species:* Flammulina callistosporioides* Flammulina elastica* Flammulina fennae...
, Calocybe
Calocybe
Calocybe is a small genus of about 40 species of mushroom, including St. George's mushroom, which is edible, and milky mushroom, which is edible and is cultivated in India. There are not many species of this genus in Britain. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms kalos "pretty", and...
, Lyophyllum
Lyophyllum
Lyophyllum is a genus of about 40 species of fungi, widespread in north temperate regions.-Species:*Lyophyllum connatum*Lyophyllum decastes*Lyophyllum eustygium*Lyophyllum favrei*Lyophyllum fumosum*Lyophyllum gangraenosum...
, Tephrocybe
Tephrocybe
Tephrocybe is a genus of about 40 species of mushroom, with a widespread distribution in temperate areas. The genus was circumscribed by Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk in 1962.-Species:*Tephrocybe ambusta*Tephrocybe anthracophila...
, Strobilurus
Strobilurus
Strobilurus is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family. The genus has a widespread distribution in temperate regions, and contains 10 species. Species of Strobilurus grow on pine cones.-Species:*S. albipilatus*S. conigenoides...
, and others.
In 1993, Antonín and Noordeloos published the first part of a monograph
Monograph
A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author.It is often a scholarly essay or learned treatise, and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article. It is by definition a single document that forms a complete text in itself...
of the genera Marasmius and Collybia after conducting a survey of these genera in Europe. In 1997, they published the second part of the monograph that included all Collybia species. In 1997, Antonín and colleagues published a generic concept within these two genera and organized the nomenclature to provide a new combination of genera: Gymnopus, Collybia, Dendrocollybia, Rhodocollybia and Marasmiellus. The nomenclature and reclassification has since been supported by subsequent molecular analysis. Most of these mushrooms belong to the Marasmiaceae
Marasmiaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have a tough stem and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus Lentinula edodes, the Shiitake mushroom, is a member of this family...
family and have low convex caps and white gills, with adnate attachment to the stem. This general form has given rise to the term collybioid, which is still in use to describe this type of fruit body.
Collybia sensu stricto
The type speciesType species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
for Collybia is C. tuberosa, a small white parasitic
Parasitism
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite referred to organisms with lifestages that needed more than one host . These are now called macroparasites...
mushroom (with caps up to 1.5 cm (0.590551181102362 in)) which develops from a black sclerotium
Sclerotium
A sclerotium is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until a favorable opportunity for growth. Other fungi that produce...
on putrescent fungi (or other decaying vegetation).
The three species remaining in the genus are small (up to 2 cm (0.78740157480315 in)). The caps are whitish and often radially wrinkled. All three species are saprobic, and grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms. When the genus was split up, the much-reduced genus was moved from Marasmiaceae
Marasmiaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have a tough stem and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus Lentinula edodes, the Shiitake mushroom, is a member of this family...
to Tricholomataceae
Tricholomataceae
The Tricholomataceae are a large family of mushrooms within the Agaricales. A classic "wastebasket taxon", the Tricholomataceae is inclusive of any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae,...
.