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The Codex Zographensis ( and ) is an illuminated manuscript
Illuminated manuscript

An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the Writing is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and Miniature ....
 Gospel Book
Gospel Book

The Gospel Book, or Book of the Gospels is a codex or bound volume containing one or more of the four Gospels of the Christian New Testament....
 that was found in the Bulgarian Zograf Monastery
Zograf Monastery

The Saint George the Zograf or Zograf Monastery is a Bulgarian Orthodox Church monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. It was traditionally founded in the late 9th or early 10th century by three Bulgarians from Ohrid and is regarded as the historical Bulgarian monastery on Mount Athos, and it is traditionally inhabited by Bulgarian Ortho...
 on Mount Athos
Mount Athos

Mount Athos is a mountain on the peninsula of the same name in Macedonia , of northern Greece, called in Greek language Agion Oros , or in English, "Holy Mountain"....
 in 1843 by Croatian writer and diplomat Antun Mihanovic
Antun Mihanovic

Antun Mihanovic was a notable Croatian poet and lyricist, most famous for writing the national anthem of Croatia, which was put to music by Josif Runjanin and adopted in 1891....
, and which dates from the late 10th or early 11th century.

Along with the slightly older Codex Marianus
Codex Marianus

The Codex Marianus is a Glagolitic script fourfold Gospel Book that is , one of the oldest manuscript witnesses to the Old Church Slavonic language, one of the two fourfold gospels being part of the Old_Church_Slavonic#The_canon_of_Old_Church_Slavonic....
 it is an important document for its use of the round Glagolitic script, the oldest recorded Slavic alphabet.






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Zographensiscolour
The Codex Zographensis ( and ) is an illuminated manuscript
Illuminated manuscript

An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the Writing is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and Miniature ....
 Gospel Book
Gospel Book

The Gospel Book, or Book of the Gospels is a codex or bound volume containing one or more of the four Gospels of the Christian New Testament....
 that was found in the Bulgarian Zograf Monastery
Zograf Monastery

The Saint George the Zograf or Zograf Monastery is a Bulgarian Orthodox Church monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. It was traditionally founded in the late 9th or early 10th century by three Bulgarians from Ohrid and is regarded as the historical Bulgarian monastery on Mount Athos, and it is traditionally inhabited by Bulgarian Ortho...
 on Mount Athos
Mount Athos

Mount Athos is a mountain on the peninsula of the same name in Macedonia , of northern Greece, called in Greek language Agion Oros , or in English, "Holy Mountain"....
 in 1843 by Croatian writer and diplomat Antun Mihanovic
Antun Mihanovic

Antun Mihanovic was a notable Croatian poet and lyricist, most famous for writing the national anthem of Croatia, which was put to music by Josif Runjanin and adopted in 1891....
, and which dates from the late 10th or early 11th century.

Along with the slightly older Codex Marianus
Codex Marianus

The Codex Marianus is a Glagolitic script fourfold Gospel Book that is , one of the oldest manuscript witnesses to the Old Church Slavonic language, one of the two fourfold gospels being part of the Old_Church_Slavonic#The_canon_of_Old_Church_Slavonic....
 it is an important document for its use of the round Glagolitic script, the oldest recorded Slavic alphabet. Codex is also a part of the Old Church Slavonic canon
Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Bulgarian, or Old Macedonian, was the first literary Slavic language, based on the old Solun dialect of the Thessaloniki region by the 9th century Byzantine Greeks missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who used it for translation of the Bible and other Ancient Greek language ecclesiastica...
, exhibiting linguistic features of the Western Bulgarian (Macedonian) provenience.

The manuscript contains 304 parchment
Parchment

Parchment is a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or Goatskin . Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is not tanned, but stretched, scraped, and dried under tension, creating a stiff white, yellowish or translucent animal skin....
 folios, of which the foremost have not been preserved, and thus begins with Matthew 3:11. The first 288 folios are written in Glagolitic and contain the Gospel text. In addition, several additional folios from the middle of the manuscript are missing. At the end of the 11th or beginning of the 12th century some missing folios (from 41 to 57) were replaced with 17 new ones, written in square Glagolitic. They were themselves most likely a palimpsest
Palimpsest

A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek language pa??? + ?a? = , and meant "scraped again." Ancient Rome wrote on Wax tablet that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero se...
. The rest of the 16 folios contain 13th-century synaxarium
Synaxarium

Synaxarium, Synaxarion, Synexarium, Synexarion, pl. Synaxaria , the name given in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches to a compilation of hagiography corresponding roughly to the martyrology of the Roman Church....
.

Codex's existence was made public by Izmail Sreznevsky
Izmail Sreznevsky

Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky was a towering figure in the field of 19th-century Slavic studies.His father, Ivan Sreznevsky, was a prolific translator of Latin poetry who taught at the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl before moving to the Kharkov University....
 in 1856. In 1860 Monks from the Zograf monastery gifted the Codex to Russian emperor Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881....
 who donated it to Russian National Library
Russian National Library

The National Library of Russia in St Petersburg, known as the State Public Saltykov-Shchedrin Library in 1932-1992 , is the oldest public library in Russia....
, where the Codex is being kept today. Parts of Codex Zographensis were published by Russian linguist Izmail Sreznevsky
Izmail Sreznevsky

Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky was a towering figure in the field of 19th-century Slavic studies.His father, Ivan Sreznevsky, was a prolific translator of Latin poetry who taught at the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl before moving to the Kharkov University....
 in 1856. The first to describe the codex was Viktor I. Grigorovic in 1877, and two years later the Glagolitic part of the codex was published in edition of Croatian Slavist Vatroslav Jagic
Vatroslav Jagic

Vatroslav Jagic was a Croatian language researcher and a famous expert in the area of Slavic languages in the second half of the 19th century....
 in Berlin as Quattuor evangeliorum codex glagoliticus olim Zographensis nunc Petropolitanus, completely transcribed in Cyrillic, with introduction and extensive philological commentary in Latin. Jagic's edition has been republished in Graz
Graz

Graz , with a population of around 290,000 as of 2008 , is the List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria ....
 in 1954. Other scholars who have extensively studied the language of Codex Zographensis include the Czech Josef Kurz and the Pole Leszek Moszynski.

Analysing the language of the codex it was established that the style and antiquity of the text is nonuniform, second part being more archaic than the first part. Some scholars explain this by gradual adaptation to the language of the source whence manuscript originated. Generally, phonology of the language of Codex Zographensis is very archaic - vocalizations of strong yers
Havlík's law

Havl?k's law is a Slavic rhythmic law dealing with the reduced vowels in Proto-Slavic. It is named for the Czech scholar Anton?n Havl?k , who determined the pattern in 1889....
 are rare, epenthetic l is preserved, though in the most parts of the manuscript yers are being assimilated. It is a bit less archaic with respect to morphology and syntax, though the forms of definite declension of adjectives and older forms of participles are well-preserved (e.g. proš?, noš? and rarely prosiv?, nosiv?).

Gallery



Footnotes


Further reading

  • V. Jagic: Studien über das altslovenische Zographosevangelium. Archiv für slavische Philologie I, II, 1876-1877.
  • N. Grunskij: K Zografskomu evangeliju. In: Sbornik Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti Akademii Nauk LXXXIII, No. 3, 1907.
  • N. van Wijk: Palaeoslovenica. I. O prototypie cerkiewno-sl/owian'skiego "Codex Zographensis". Rocznik Slawistyczny IX, 1921.
  • N. van Wijk: Ešce raz o Zografskom cetveroevangelii. Slavia I, 1922/23.
  • J. Kurz: K Zografskému evangeliu. Slavia IX, 1930/31, XI, 1932.


External links

  • , at the Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense