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CD38
 
 
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CD38 (cluster of differentiation
Cluster of differentiation

The cluster of differentiation is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes. CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptor or ligand important to the cell....
 38) is a glycoprotein
Glycoprotein

Not to be confused with peptidoglycan or proteoglycan.Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to their Peptide side-chains....
 found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cell
White blood cell

White blood cells , or leukocytes , are cell of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials....
s), including CD4
CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984....
+, CD8
CD8

CD8 is a transmembrane protein glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the major histocompatibility complex#class I MHC protein....
+, B and natural killer cell
Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses....
s. CD38 also functions in cell adhesion
Cell adhesion

Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to another cell or to a surface or extracellular matrix. Cellular adhesion is regulated by specific cell adhesion molecules that interact with other molecules....
, signal transduction
Signal transduction

In biology, 'signal transduction' refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemistry chemical reaction inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by Second messenger systems, resulting in a signal tran...
 and calcium signaling
Calcium signaling

Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors....
.

In humans, the CD38 protein is encoded by the CD38 gene
Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 which located on chromosome 4
Chromosome 4 (human)

Chromosome 4 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs and represents between 6 and 6.5 percent of the total DNA in cell ....
.

is a multifunctional ectoenzyme
Ectonucleotidase

Ectonucleotidases consist of families of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes that are expressed on the plasma membrane and have externally orientated active sites....
 that catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose
Cyclic ADP-ribose

Cyclic ADP Ribose, popularly known as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine , further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the same Adenine base ....
 (cADPR) from NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cell s. The compound is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: with one nucleotide containing an adenine base, and the other containing nicotinamide....
 to ADP-ribose
Adenosine diphosphate ribose

Adenosine diphosphate ribose is a molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase....
. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca2+.

Clinical significance
The loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications.

The CD38 protein is a marker of cell activation.






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Encyclopedia


CD38 (cluster of differentiation
Cluster of differentiation

The cluster of differentiation is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes. CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptor or ligand important to the cell....
 38) is a glycoprotein
Glycoprotein

Not to be confused with peptidoglycan or proteoglycan.Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to their Peptide side-chains....
 found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cell
White blood cell

White blood cells , or leukocytes , are cell of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials....
s), including CD4
CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984....
+, CD8
CD8

CD8 is a transmembrane protein glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the major histocompatibility complex#class I MHC protein....
+, B and natural killer cell
Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses....
s. CD38 also functions in cell adhesion
Cell adhesion

Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to another cell or to a surface or extracellular matrix. Cellular adhesion is regulated by specific cell adhesion molecules that interact with other molecules....
, signal transduction
Signal transduction

In biology, 'signal transduction' refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemistry chemical reaction inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by Second messenger systems, resulting in a signal tran...
 and calcium signaling
Calcium signaling

Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors....
.

In humans, the CD38 protein is encoded by the CD38 gene
Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 which located on chromosome 4
Chromosome 4 (human)

Chromosome 4 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs and represents between 6 and 6.5 percent of the total DNA in cell ....
.

Function

CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme
Ectonucleotidase

Ectonucleotidases consist of families of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes that are expressed on the plasma membrane and have externally orientated active sites....
 that catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose
Cyclic ADP-ribose

Cyclic ADP Ribose, popularly known as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine , further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the Nitrogen1 of the same Adenine base ....
 (cADPR) from NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cell s. The compound is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: with one nucleotide containing an adenine base, and the other containing nicotinamide....
 to ADP-ribose
Adenosine diphosphate ribose

Adenosine diphosphate ribose is a molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase....
. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca2+.

Clinical significance


The loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications.

The CD38 protein is a marker of cell activation. It has been connected to HIV
HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that can lead to AIDS , a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections....
 infection, leukemia
Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood Cell , usually white blood cells ....
s, myelomas, solid tumors, type II diabetes mellitus and bone metabolism, as well as some genetically determined conditions.

Application


CD38 has been used as a prognostic marker in leukemia
Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood Cell , usually white blood cells ....
. It can also be used to identify plasma cell
Plasma cell

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or plasmocytes, are White blood cells of the immune system transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system....
s.

Further reading


External links