A
Brodmann area is a region of the
cerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
defined based on its
cytoarchitectonicsThe cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex is the study of neuronal cell bodies cytoarchitecture in the cerebral cortex of the brain.-History:...
, or structure and organization of cells.
History
Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the
GermanThe Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
anatomist
Korbinian BrodmannKorbinian Brodmann was a German neurologist who became famous for his definition of the cerebral cortex into 52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic characteristics.-Life:...
based on the
cytoarchitectural organization of
neuronA neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...
s he observed in the cerebral cortex using the
NisslFranz Nissl was a German medical researcher. He was a noted neuropathologist.-Early life:...
stain. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909, along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and laminar organization of the mammalian cortex. (The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas.) A similar, but more detailed cortical map was published by
Constantin von EconomoConstantin Freiherr von Economo was a Romanian psychiatrist and neurologist of Greek origin. He is mostly known for his discovery of encephalitis lethargica and his atlas of cytoarchitectonics.- Youth and schooling :Constantin Freiherr Economo von San Serff was born in Brăila, Romania, to Greek...
and
Georg N. KoskinasGeorg N. Koskinas was a Greek neurologist-psychiatrist. He was born on December 1, 1885 in Geraki, near Sparta. He studied medicine at the University of Athens, graduating in 1910, and subsequently trained as a resident in the Clinic of Psychiatry and Neurology of Aiginiteion Hospital under Michel...
in 1925.
Present importance
Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century and remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex.
Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary somatosensory cortex; area 4 is the
primary motor cortexThe primary motor cortex is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. Itworks in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells, which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto...
; area 17 is the primary visual cortex; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to
primary auditory cortexThe primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for the processing of auditory information. Corresponding roughly with Brodmann areas 41 and 42, it is located on the temporal lobe, and performs the basics of hearing—pitch and volume...
. Higher order functions of the association cortical areas are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by
neurophysiologicalNeurophysiology is a part of physiology. Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system function...
,
functional imagingFunctional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI is a type of specialized MRI scan used to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most recently developed forms of neuroimaging...
, and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of
Broca'sBroca's area is a region of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.The production of language has been linked to the Broca’s area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal...
speech and language area to the left Brodmann areas 44 and 45). However, functional imaging can only identify the approximate localization of brain activations in terms of Brodmann areas since their actual boundaries in any individual brain requires its histological examination.
Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates
- Areas 3, 1 & 2 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
- Area 4 - Primary Motor Cortex
Brodmann area 4 comprises the primary motor cortex of the human brain. It is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe.Brodmann area 4 is about the same as the precentral gyrus...
- Area 5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association.-Human:Brodmann area 5 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain...
- Area 6
- Human :Brodmann area 6 is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex , it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA...
- Premotor cortexThe premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain. It extends 3 mm anterior to the primary motor cortex, near the Sylvian fissure, before narrowing to approximately 1 mm near the medial longitudinal fissure, which serves as the posterior border for...
and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor areaThe supplementary motor area is a part of the sensorimotor cerebral cortex . It was included, on purely cytoarchitectonic arguments, in area 6 of Brodmann and the Vogts...
)
- Area 7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body....
- Area 8
Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements.-Human:Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
- Includes Frontal eye fieldsThe frontal eye fields is a region located in the premotor cortex, which is part of the frontal cortex of the primate brain.-Function:...
- Area 9
-Human:Brodmann area 9, or BA9, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It contributes to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.-Guenon:The term Brodmann area 9 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon...
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions...
- Area 10
Brodmann area 10, or BA10 is the frontopolar part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 was originally defined in terms of cytoarchitectonic traits in autopsy brains; modern functional imaging research cannot directly identify these boundaries and the terms anterior prefrontal, rostral...
- Anterior prefrontal cortex (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
- Area 11
Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making.-Human:Brodmann area 11, or BA11, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
- Orbitofrontal areaThe orbitofrontal cortex is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making...
(orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
- Area 12
Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human...
- Orbitofrontal areaThe orbitofrontal cortex is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making...
(used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
- Area 13
Brodmann area 13 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex as defined on the guenon monkey and on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann area 13 is found in humans, however it seems to act as a bridge between the lateral and medial layers of the brain...
and Area 14Brodmann Area 14 is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It was defined by Brodmann in the guenon monkey. No equivalent structure exists in humans.-Anatomy:...
* - Insular cortexIn each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum...
- Area 15
Brodmann Area 15 is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain.Area 15 was defined by Brodmann in the guenon monkey, but he found no equivalent structure in humans...
* - Anterior Temporal Lobe
- Area 17 - Primary visual cortex (V1)
- Area 18
-Human:Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe....
- Secondary visual cortex (V2)
- Area 19
-Human:Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18, it comprises the extrastriate cortex...
- Associative visual cortex (V3)
- Area 20
-Human:Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory....
- Inferior temporal gyrusThe inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus...
- Area 21
Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and...
- Middle temporal gyrusMiddle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and...
- Area 22
Brodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in auditory processing.-Human:Brodmann area 22 is a region of the human brain . On the left side of the brain this area helps with generation and understanding of individual words...
- Superior temporal gyrusThe superior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by:* the lateral sulcus above;...
, of which the caudal part is usually considered to contain the Wernicke's areaWernicke's area is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech . It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language...
- Area 23
Brodmann area 23 is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.-Human:This area is also...
- Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex
- Area 24
-Human:In the human this area is known as ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex region of cerebral cortex . It occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of corpus callosum. Its outer...
- Ventral Anterior cingulate cortexThe anterior cingulate cortex is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain...
.
- Area 25
Brodmann area 25 is an area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.It is also called the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulate....
- Subgenual cortex (part of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortexThe ventromedial prefrontal cortex is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. The ventral medial prefrontal is located in the frontal lobe and is implicated in the processing of risk, fear, and in decision making.- Anatomy :...
)
- Area 26
-Human:In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally...
- Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex
- Area 27
Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon . It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum .-External links:...
- Piriform cortexIn anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain.-Anatomy and function:The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon....
- Area 28
-Guenon:Brodmann area 28 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann regarded its location adjacent to the hippocampus as imprecisely represented in the illustration of the cortex of the guenon brain in Brodmann-1909...
- Posterior Entorhinal CortexThe entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe and functions as a hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation. The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex...
- Area 29
Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial...
- Retrosplenial cingulate cortexThe cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus...
- Area 30
Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus...
- Part of cingulate cortexThe cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus...
- Area 31
Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the...
- Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex
- Area 32
The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus...
- Dorsal anterior cingulate cortexThe anterior cingulate cortex is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain...
- Area 33
Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus...
- Part of anterior cingulate cortexThe anterior cingulate cortex is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain...
- Area 34
Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain.It has been described as part of the entorhinal area.It has been described as part of the superior temporal gyrus....
- Anterior Entorhinal CortexThe entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe and functions as a hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation. The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex...
(on the Parahippocampal gyrusThe parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval....
)
- Area 35
Brodmann area 35, together with Brodmann area 36, is most frequently referred to as perirhinal cortex.-Human:This area is known as perirhinal area 35. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located along the rhinal sulcus...
- Perirhinal cortexPerirhinal cortex is a cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that is made up of Brodmann areas 35 and 36. In rats, it is located along and dorsal to the rhinal sulcus. It receives highly-processed sensory information from all sensory regions, and is generally accepted to be an important...
(on the Parahippocampal gyrusThe parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval....
)
- Area 36
Ectorhinal area 36 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. With its medial boundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus it is located primarily in the fusiform gyrus...
- Parahippocampal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrusThe parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval....
)
- Area 37
Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain.This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 . It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex...
- Fusiform gyrusThe fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe in Brodmann Area 37. It is also known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus....
- Area 38
Brodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 , is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole....
- TemporopolarBrodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 , is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole....
area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
- Area 39
Brodmann area 39, or BA39, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. BA39 encompasses the angular gyrus, lying near to the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes....
- Angular gyrusThe angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, mathematics and cognition...
, considered by some to be part of Wernicke's areaWernicke's area is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech . It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language...
- Area 40
Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe....
- Supramarginal gyrusThe supramarginal gyrus is a portion of the parietal lobe. It is probably involved with language perception and processing, and lesions in it may cause Wernicke's aphasia or transcortical sensory aphasia.-External links:...
considered by some to be part of Wernicke's areaWernicke's area is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech . It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language...
- Areas 41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex
- Area 43
Brodmann area 43 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It was described on the map of cortical areas in Brodmann-1909, and it was regarded as cytoarchitecturally homologous to area 30 of Mauss in 1908 in the guenon and subcentral area 43 of...
- Primary gustatory cortex
- Area 44
Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to premotor cortex and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9....
- pars opercularisIn the human brain the Pars opercularis is the part of the inferior frontal gyrus that lies between the inferior precentral sulcus and the ascending ramus of the lateral sulcus. It is called opercularis because it covers part of the insula. The pars opercularis together with the pars triangularis...
, part of Broca's areaBroca's area is a region of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.The production of language has been linked to the Broca’s area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal...
- Area 45
Brodmann area 45 , is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46.This area is also known as pars triangular ...
- pars triangularisPars triangularis is a region of the human cortex, located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the corresponding Brodmann area 45...
Broca's areaBroca's area is a region of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.The production of language has been linked to the Broca’s area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal...
- Area 46
Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45.BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human brain it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus...
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions...
- Area 47
Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11....
- Inferior prefontal gyrusThe inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe . It is labelled gyrus frontalis inferior, its Latin name...
- Area 48
Retrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex.In the human it is located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum...
- Retrosubicular areaRetrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex.In the human it is located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum...
(a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
- Area 49
In the rodent, the parasubiculum is a retrohippocampal isocortical structure, and a major component of the subicular complex. It receives numerous subcortical and cortical inputs, and sends major projections to the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex .The parasubicular area is a...
- ParasubiculumIn the rodent, the parasubiculum is a retrohippocampal isocortical structure, and a major component of the subicular complex. It receives numerous subcortical and cortical inputs, and sends major projections to the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex .The parasubicular area is a...
area in a rodent
- Area 52
Parainsular area 52 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of the cerebral cortex in the brain.It is located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Its medial boundary corresponds approximately to the junction between the temporal...
- Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insulaIn each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum...
)
(*) Area only found in non-human
primateA primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...
s.
Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b".
Clickable map: Lateral Surface
Image:Gray726-Brodman.png|Image mapped Brodmann Areas. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|480px
rect 509 186 596 236 Areas 3, 1 & 2 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex
rect 474 122 524 172 Area 4 - Primary Motor CortexBrodmann area 4 comprises the primary motor cortex of the human brain. It is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe.Brodmann area 4 is about the same as the precentral gyrus...
rect 602 143 652 193 Area 5 - Somatosensory Association CortexBrodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association.-Human:Brodmann area 5 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain...
rect 378 162 428 212 Area 6 - Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area- Human :Brodmann area 6 is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex , it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA...
rect 692 178 742 228 Area 7 - Somatosensory Association CortexBrodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body....
rect 259 107 309 157 Area 8 - Includes Frontal eye fieldsBrodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements.-Human:Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
rect 137 162 188 212 Area 9- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-Human:Brodmann area 9, or BA9, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It contributes to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.-Guenon:The term Brodmann area 9 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon...
rect 31 330 81 380 Area 10 - Anterior prefrontal cortexBrodmann area 10, or BA10 is the frontopolar part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 was originally defined in terms of cytoarchitectonic traits in autopsy brains; modern functional imaging research cannot directly identify these boundaries and the terms anterior prefrontal, rostral...
rect 65 427 116 477 Area 11 - Orbitofrontal areaBrodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making.-Human:Brodmann area 11, or BA11, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
rect 892 459 942 509 Area 17 - Primary visual cortex (V1)
rect 834 427 885 477 Area 18 - Secondary visual cortex (V2)-Human:Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe....
rect 770 385 821 435 Area 19 - Associative visual cortex (V3)-Human:Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18, it comprises the extrastriate cortex...
rect 427 554 477 604 Area 20 - Inferior temporal gyrus-Human:Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory....
rect 474 491 524 541 Area 21 - Middle temporal gyrusBrodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and...
rect 635 417 686 467 Area 22 - Superior temporal gyrusBrodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in auditory processing.-Human:Brodmann area 22 is a region of the human brain . On the left side of the brain this area helps with generation and understanding of individual words...
rect 673 484 723 534 Area 37 - Fusiform gyrusBrodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain.This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 . It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex...
rect 250 505 301 555 Area 38 - Temporopolar areaBrodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 , is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole....
rect 706 307 757 357 Area 39 - Angular gyrusBrodmann area 39, or BA39, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. BA39 encompasses the angular gyrus, lying near to the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes....
rect 571 315 622 365 Area 40 - Supramarginal gyrusBrodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe....
rect 536 394 587 444 Area 41- Primary and Auditory Association Cortex
rect 589 411 634 461 Area 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex
rect 416 368 467 418 Area 43 - Primary gustatory cortexBrodmann area 43 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It was described on the map of cortical areas in Brodmann-1909, and it was regarded as cytoarchitecturally homologous to area 30 of Mauss in 1908 in the guenon and subcentral area 43 of...
rect 282 353 333 403 Area 44 - pars opercularis, part of Broca's areaBrodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to premotor cortex and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9....
rect 219 378 270 428 Area 45 - pars triangularis, Broca's areaBrodmann area 45 , is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46.This area is also known as pars triangular ...
rect 144 257 195 307 Area 46 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexBrodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45.BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human brain it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus...
rect 145 410 196 460 Area 47 - Inferior prefontal gyrusBrodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11....
rect 958 718 960 720 Image Map
desc bottom-left
Clickable map: Medial Surface
Image:Gray727-Brodman.png|Image mapped Brodmann Areas. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|480px
rect 509 186 596 236 Areas 3, 1 & 2 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex
rect 442 99 492 149 area 4 - primary motor cortexBrodmann area 4 comprises the primary motor cortex of the human brain. It is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe.Brodmann area 4 is about the same as the precentral gyrus...
rect 538 162 588 212 Area 5 - Somatosensory Association CortexBrodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association.-Human:Brodmann area 5 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain...
rect 306 122 356 172 Area 6 - Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area- Human :Brodmann area 6 is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex , it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA...
rect 714 155 764 205 Area 7 - Somatosensory Association CortexBrodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body....
rect 193 155 243 205 Area 8 - Includes Frontal eye fieldsBrodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements.-Human:Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
rect 106 211 156 261 Area 9- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-Human:Brodmann area 9, or BA9, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It contributes to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.-Guenon:The term Brodmann area 9 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon...
rect 35 323 85 373 Area 10 - Anterior prefrontal cortexBrodmann area 10, or BA10 is the frontopolar part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 was originally defined in terms of cytoarchitectonic traits in autopsy brains; modern functional imaging research cannot directly identify these boundaries and the terms anterior prefrontal, rostral...
rect 74 441 124 491 Area 11 - Orbitofrontal areaBrodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making.-Human:Brodmann area 11, or BA11, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain...
rect 162 404 212 454 Area 12 -Orbitofrontal areaBrodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human...
rect 819 378 869 428 Area 17 - Primary visual cortex (V1)
rect 761 428 811 478 Area 18 - Secondary visual cortex (V2)-Human:Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe....
rect 697 467 747 517 Area 19 - Associative visual cortex (V3)-Human:Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18, it comprises the extrastriate cortex...
rect 810 233 860 283 Area 19 - Associative visual cortex (V3)-Human:Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18, it comprises the extrastriate cortex...
rect 860 308 910 358 Area 18 - Secondary visual cortex (V2)-Human:Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe....
rect 563 289 613 339 Area 23 - Ventral Posterior cingulate cortexBrodmann area 23 is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.-Human:This area is also...
rect 314 210 364 260 Area 24 - Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex-Human:In the human this area is known as ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex region of cerebral cortex . It occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of corpus callosum. Its outer...
rect 227 434 277 484 Area 25 - Subgenual cortex (part of the Ventromedial prefontal cortex)Brodmann area 25 is an area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.It is also called the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulate....
rect 512 355 562 405 Area 26 - Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex-Human:In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally...
rect 377 448 427 498 Area 27 - Piriform cortexArea 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon . It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum .-External links:...
rect 314 489 364 539 Area 28 - Posterior Entorhinal Cortex-Guenon:Brodmann area 28 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann regarded its location adjacent to the hippocampus as imprecisely represented in the illustration of the cortex of the guenon brain in Brodmann-1909...
rect 571 371 621 421 Area 29 - Retrosplenial cingulate cortexBrodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial...
rect 532 419 582 469 Area 30 - Part of cingulate cortexBrodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus...
rect 632 264 682 314 Area 31 - Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortexBrodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the...
rect 138 330 188 380 Area 32 - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortexThe Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus...
rect 234 290 284 340 Area 33 - Part of anterior cingulate cortexBrodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus...
rect 305 435 355 485 Area 34 - Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain.It has been described as part of the entorhinal area.It has been described as part of the superior temporal gyrus....
rect 448 450 498 500 Area 35 - Perirhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)Brodmann area 35, together with Brodmann area 36, is most frequently referred to as perirhinal cortex.-Human:This area is known as perirhinal area 35. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located along the rhinal sulcus...
rect 448 507 498 557 Area 20 - Inferior temporal gyrus-Human:Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory....
rect 585 482 635 532 Area 37 - Fusiform gyrusBrodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain.This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 . It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex...
rect 559 100 648 150 Areas 3, 1 & 2 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex
rect 265 532 318 582 Area 38 - Temporopolar areaBrodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 , is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole....
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Criticism
When von Bonin and Bailey constructed a brain map for the
macaqueThe macaques constitute a genus of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. - Description :Aside from humans , the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to Afghanistan and, in the case of the barbary macaque, to North Africa...
monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote:
- Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published
They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of
Constantin von EconomoConstantin Freiherr von Economo was a Romanian psychiatrist and neurologist of Greek origin. He is mostly known for his discovery of encephalitis lethargica and his atlas of cytoarchitectonics.- Youth and schooling :Constantin Freiherr Economo von San Serff was born in Brăila, Romania, to Greek...
and
Georg N. KoskinasGeorg N. Koskinas was a Greek neurologist-psychiatrist. He was born on December 1, 1885 in Geraki, near Sparta. He studied medicine at the University of Athens, graduating in 1910, and subsequently trained as a resident in the Clinic of Psychiatry and Neurology of Aiginiteion Hospital under Michel...
published in 1925
which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".
External links