Baker clamp
Encyclopedia
Baker clamp is a generic name for a class of electronic circuits that reduce the storage time of a switching bipolar junction transistor
(BJT) by applying a nonlinear negative feedback
through various kinds of diode
s. The reason for slow turn-off times of saturated BJTs is the stored charge in the base. It must be removed before the transistor will turn off since the storage time is a limiting factor of using bipolar transistors and IGBTs in fast switching applications. The diode-based Baker clamps prevent the transistor from saturating and thereby accumulating a lot of stored charge.
Also in 1956, Baker described the circuit in a patent application; the 1961 issued patent, US 3,010,031,
claims the use of the clamp in symmetrical flip-flop circuits.
Similar clamp circuits are said to have been known before Baker's report. Kyttälä states, "Although invention of the Baker Clamp circuit is credited to Richard H. Baker (US Patent 3,010,031) it was already common knowledge in 1953 and described in transistor introductory papers that were written by Richard F. Shea." However, Shea's 1953 transistor text does not describe a similar clamp circuit. Shea's 1957 text does describe the clamp circuit and references Baker's technical report.
The feedback diode between the collector and the input limits the collector voltage to approximately VBE by diverting the excessive input current through the collector to ground.
An additional silicon diode is connected in series with the base terminal to raise the effective input voltage; the clamp diode in the collector–base feedback is sometimes made from germanium to minimize the voltage drop across it.
The base diode allows a Si diode clamp to be used with a Si transistor and keeps VCE around a diode drop and much greater than VCE(sat). Unfortunately, it turns off and creates a high-impedance return path when trying to turn the transistor off. Although the base charge has been minimized, it is now more difficult to draw charge out of the base.
A second base diode connected antiparallel to the base diode (D2 in Baker's schematic) will provide a low-impedance return path for removing stored base charge in the transistor. This three-diode circuit is still referred to as a Baker clamp by some sources, while others only call the two-diode circuit a Baker clamp.
A simple alternative to the Baker clamp is a single low-voltage diode from the collector to the base. To work well, the forward drop of the diode must be less than the base–emitter drop, so low-voltage-drop germanium and Schottky diode
s can be used with silicon transistors (the forward voltage drop of a Schottky diode is much less than the VBE bias voltage of a silicon transistor and it switches rapidly). An alternative diode clamp circuit connects the diode to a junction of two base-bias resistors.
The contemporary solution is to integrate the combination of a Schottky diode and transistor into one Schottky transistor
. Some sources also refer to this configuration as a Baker clamp.
One drawback of the Baker clamp is its increased low voltage-output level (as in a Darlington transistor
). In logic circuits, it decreases the noise immunity; in power applications, it increases the dissipated power.
Bipolar junction transistor
|- align = "center"| || PNP|- align = "center"| || NPNA bipolar transistor is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons...
(BJT) by applying a nonlinear negative feedback
Negative feedback
Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system, with the result that the changes are attenuated. If the overall feedback of the system is negative, then the system will tend to be stable.- Overview :...
through various kinds of diode
Diode
In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current–voltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals...
s. The reason for slow turn-off times of saturated BJTs is the stored charge in the base. It must be removed before the transistor will turn off since the storage time is a limiting factor of using bipolar transistors and IGBTs in fast switching applications. The diode-based Baker clamps prevent the transistor from saturating and thereby accumulating a lot of stored charge.
Origin
The Baker clamp is named for Richard H. Baker, who described it in his 1956 technical report "Maximum Efficiency Switching Circuits." Baker called the technique "back clamping", but the circuit is now called a Baker clamp. Many sources credit Baker's report for the two-diode clamp circuit.Also in 1956, Baker described the circuit in a patent application; the 1961 issued patent, US 3,010,031,
claims the use of the clamp in symmetrical flip-flop circuits.
Similar clamp circuits are said to have been known before Baker's report. Kyttälä states, "Although invention of the Baker Clamp circuit is credited to Richard H. Baker (US Patent 3,010,031) it was already common knowledge in 1953 and described in transistor introductory papers that were written by Richard F. Shea." However, Shea's 1953 transistor text does not describe a similar clamp circuit. Shea's 1957 text does describe the clamp circuit and references Baker's technical report.
Basic idea
The Baker clamp introduces a nonlinear negative feedback into a common-emitter stage (BJT switch), with the purpose to avoid saturation by decreasing the gain near the saturation point. While the transistor is in active mode and it is far away enough from the saturation point, the negative feedback is turned off and the gain is maximal; when the transistor approaches the saturation point, the negative feedback gradually turns on, and the gain quickly drops. To decrease the gain, the transistor acts as a shunt regulator with regard to its own base–emitter junction: it diverts a part of the base current to ground by connecting a voltage-stable element in parallel to the base–emitter junction.Implementation
The two-diode Baker clamp circuit is shown in the figure from Baker's patent and in many other publications.The feedback diode between the collector and the input limits the collector voltage to approximately VBE by diverting the excessive input current through the collector to ground.
An additional silicon diode is connected in series with the base terminal to raise the effective input voltage; the clamp diode in the collector–base feedback is sometimes made from germanium to minimize the voltage drop across it.
The base diode allows a Si diode clamp to be used with a Si transistor and keeps VCE around a diode drop and much greater than VCE(sat). Unfortunately, it turns off and creates a high-impedance return path when trying to turn the transistor off. Although the base charge has been minimized, it is now more difficult to draw charge out of the base.
A second base diode connected antiparallel to the base diode (D2 in Baker's schematic) will provide a low-impedance return path for removing stored base charge in the transistor. This three-diode circuit is still referred to as a Baker clamp by some sources, while others only call the two-diode circuit a Baker clamp.
A simple alternative to the Baker clamp is a single low-voltage diode from the collector to the base. To work well, the forward drop of the diode must be less than the base–emitter drop, so low-voltage-drop germanium and Schottky diode
Schottky diode
The Schottky diode is a semiconductor diode with a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching action...
s can be used with silicon transistors (the forward voltage drop of a Schottky diode is much less than the VBE bias voltage of a silicon transistor and it switches rapidly). An alternative diode clamp circuit connects the diode to a junction of two base-bias resistors.
The contemporary solution is to integrate the combination of a Schottky diode and transistor into one Schottky transistor
Schottky transistor
A Schottky transistor is a combination of a transistor and a Schottky diode that prevents the transistor from saturating by diverting the excessive input current. It is also called a Schottky-clamped transistor.-Mechanism:...
. Some sources also refer to this configuration as a Baker clamp.
One drawback of the Baker clamp is its increased low voltage-output level (as in a Darlington transistor
Darlington transistor
In electronics, the Darlington transistor is a compound structure consisting of two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one...
). In logic circuits, it decreases the noise immunity; in power applications, it increases the dissipated power.