Apogastropoda
Encyclopedia
Apogastropoda was previously used as a major taxonomic
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...

 grouping of sea snail
Snail
Snail is a common name applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in its most general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. The word snail without any qualifier is however more often...

s, marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...

 gastropod molluscs. This infraclass mostly consisted of marine limpets and operculate snails. At least 20,000 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 were considered to exist within the two clades that were included, Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs or Euthyneura, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks....

 and Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade of a large diverse group of mostly marine gastropods.Caenogastropoda contains a majority of the families of shelled marine molluscs including such families as the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, and cone snails.About 60% of all living gastropods...

.

Description

Gastropods that were placed in this taxon have bifurcate tentacle
Tentacle
A tentacle or bothrium is one of usually two or more elongated flexible organs present in animals, especially invertebrates. The term may also refer to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. Usually, tentacles are used for feeding, feeling and grasping. Anatomically, they work like...

 nerves and two pedal commissures.

Reasons for establishing

Older morphological and molecular studies appeared to show that the Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia should be considered as sister taxa, comprising the Apogastropoda.

This taxon was used in taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs...

.

Reasons for rejection

However this taxonomic grouping is no longer used (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...

). It is out-dated because more recent molecular studies have proved that it contains two separate evolutionary lineages, the two clades mentioned above.

Apogastropoda was also rejected according to the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome in 2008.

Synonymy

Anaclodonta

Archaeobranchia

Architectonicoida

Ctenobranchia

Gymnoglossa

Heterophrosynidae

Oligopteria

Orbacea

Peristomacea

Potamophila

Taenioglossa

Taxonomy

Apogastropoda comprised taxa as follows according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs...

:

Superorder Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade of a large diverse group of mostly marine gastropods.Caenogastropoda contains a majority of the families of shelled marine molluscs including such families as the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, and cone snails.About 60% of all living gastropods...

 Cox, 1960
  • Order Architaenioglossa
    Architaenioglossa
    Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda....

     Haller, 1890
    • Superfamily Ampullarioidea
      Ampullarioidea
      Ampullarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....

       J.E. Gray, 1824
    • Superfamily Cyclophoroidea
      Cyclophoroidea
      Cyclophoroidea is a superfamily of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropods within the informal group Architaenioglossa, that belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....

       J.E. Gray, 1847 (terrestrial)
  • Order Sorbeoconcha
    Sorbeoconcha
    Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.-1997 taxonomy:...

     Ponder
    Winston Ponder
    Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....

     & Lindberg
    David R. Lindberg
    David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...

    , 1997
    • Suborder Cerithiimorpha
      Cerithiimorpha
      The Cerithiimorpha was a suborder of marine gastropods within the Sorbeoconcha. This taxon is no longer valid according to the current taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.The previous classification system was as follows:* subclassis = Orthogastropoda...

       Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
      • Superfamily Spanionematoidea
    • Suborder Hypsogastropoda
      Hypsogastropoda
      According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade of parasitic marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda....

       Ponder
      Winston Ponder
      Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....

       & Lindberg
      David R. Lindberg
      David R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...

      , 1997
      • Infraorder Littorinimorpha
        Littorinimorpha
        Littorinimorpha is a large clade of gastropods within Hypsogastropoda consisting primarily of marine species, but also aquatic and terrestrial species as well....

         Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
        • Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
        • Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
        • Superfamily Carinarioidea Blainville
          Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
          Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

          , 1818
        • Superfamily Cingulopsoidea
          Cingulopsoidea
          The Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:The following three families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :*Family Cingulopsidae Fretter & Patil, 1958...

           Fretter & Patil, 1958
        • Superfamily Cypraeoidea
          Cypraeoidea
          Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies, is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropods included in the clade Littorinimorpha. This superfamily was previously called Cypraeacea and was named by Rafinesque in 1815.-Shell description:...

           Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries)
        • Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
        • Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
        • Superfamily Littorinoidea
          Littorinoidea
          Littorinoidea is a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha....

           (Children), 1834 (periwinkles)
        • Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
        • Superfamily Rissooidea
          Rissooidea
          Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Grey, 1847, is a large taxonomic superfamily of small and minute saltwater, brackish water, freshwater, and semi-terrestrial snails which have gills and an operculum...

           J.E. Gray, 1847 (Risso shells)
        • Superfamily Stromboidea
          Stromboidea
          The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Shell description:...

           Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs)
        • Superfamily Tonnoidea
          Tonnoidea
          Tonnoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Tonnoidea include:*Family Tonnidae*Family Bursidae*Family Laubierinidae*Family Personidae*Family Pisanianuridae...

           Suter
          Henry Suter
          Henry Suter was a New Zealand zoologist, naturalist, palaeontologist, and malacologist.- Biography :...

          , 1913
        • Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
        • Superfamily Vanikoroidea
          Vanikoroidea
          Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include:*Family Vanikoridae Gray, 1840 *Family Haloceratidae Warén & Bouchet, 1991...

           J.E. Gray, 1840
        • Superfamily Velutinoidea
          Velutinoidea
          Velutinoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:*Family Velutinidae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Velutininae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Lamellariinae d'Orbigny, 1841*Family Triviidae Troschel, 1863...

           J.E. Gray, 1840
        • Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
        • Superfamily Xenophoroidea
          Xenophoroidea
          The Xenophoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:The following families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Xenophoridae* family † Lamelliphoridae...

           Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
      • Infraorder Neogastropoda
        Neogastropoda
        Neogastropoda is an unranked taxonomic clade of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. For many years prior to 2005 Neogastropoda was an order.- Description :...

         Thiele
        Johannes Thiele
        Johannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...

        , 1929
        • Superfamily Buccinoidea
          Buccinoidea
          Buccinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of very small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.This superfamily is in the clade Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...

           (whelks, false tritions)
        • Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
        • Superfamily Conoidea
          Conoidea
          Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species...

           Rafinesque, 1815
        • Superfamily Muricoidea
          Muricoidea
          Muricoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.This superfamily includes the murex snails, the chank snails, the true whelks, the dove snails, the crown conchs and busycon whelks, the spindle and tulip snails, the volutes and...

           Rafinesque, 1815
      • Infraorder Ptenoglossa
        Ptenoglossa
        The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails.It was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg in their classification of the molluscs.-Taxonomy:*Superfamily Epitonioidea**Family Epitoniidae**Family Janthinidae...

         J.E. Gray, 1853
        • Superfamily Eulimoidea
          Eulimoidea
          The Eulimoidea is a superfamily of ectoparasitic sea snails, terrestrial and marine gastropod molluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:*Family Eulimidae R.A. Philippi, 1853...

           Philippi
          Rodolfo Amando Philippi
          Rodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....

          , 1853
        • Superfamily Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
        • Superfamily Triphoroidea
          Triphoroidea
          The Triphoroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromollusks within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:...

           J.E. Gray, 1847
    • Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884 - sometimes included in Cerithiimorpha
      • Superfamily Campaniloidea
        Campaniloidea
        The Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha.-Taxonomy:The following four families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :...

         Douvillé, 1904
      • Superfamily Cerithioidea
        Cerithioidea
        The Cerithioidea is a superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithoidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha. The original name of this superfamily was Cerithiacea, in keeping with common superfamily endings at the time.- Ecology...

         Férussac, 1822
    • Suborder Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960
      • Superfamily Loxonematoidea
        Loxonematoidea
        Loxonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.Families:* † Loxonematidae* † Palaeozygopleuridae...

         Koken, 1889

Superorder Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs or Euthyneura, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks....

 J.E. Gray, 1840
  • Order Heterostropha
    Heterostropha
    Heterostropha was a previously used taxonomic category, an order of sea snails, within the superorder Heterobranchia. In the most current gastropod taxonomy, that of Bouchet & Rocroi, this taxon is no longer in use....

     P. Fischer, 1885
    • Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
      • Family Architectonicidae
        Architectonicidae
        Architectonicidae, common name the staircase shells or sundials, are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" of the clade Heterobranchia....

         Gray, 1850
    • Superfamily Omalogyroidea
      Omalogyroidea
      Omalogyroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia....

       G.O. Sars, 1878
    • Superfamily Pyramidelloidea
      Pyramidelloidea
      Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastropod superfamily.Pyramidelloidea has both fossil and...

       J.E. Gray, 1840
    • Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
    • Superfamily Valvatoidea
      Valvatoidea
      Valvatoidea is a superfamily of minute freshwater and marine snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.-Taxonomy:*Family Valvatidae*Family Cornirostridae*Family Hyalogyrinidae* † Family Provalvatidae...

       J.E. Gray, 1840
  • Order Opisthobranchia
    Opisthobranchia
    Opisthobranchs are a large and diverse group of specialized complex marine gastropods previously united under Opisthobranchia within the Heterobranchia, but no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping...

     Milne-Edwards, 1848
    • Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

      , 1814
      (nudibranchs)
      • Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
        • Superfamily Doridoidea
          Doridoidea
          Doridoidea, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic superfamily of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea, included in the clade Nudibranchia....

           Rafinesque, 1815
        • Superfamily Doridoxoidea
          Doridoxoidea
          Doridoxidae, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic family of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia within the clade Dexiarchia....

           Bergh, 1900
        • Superfamily Onchidoridoidea
          Onchidoridoidea
          Onchidoridoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks.-Families:Families within the superfamily Onchidoridoidea are based on the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi as follows:...

           Alder & Hancock, 1845
        • Superfamily Polyceroidea
          Polyceroidea
          Polyceroidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea.-Families:Families within the superfamily Polyceroidea include:*Family Polyceridae...

           Alder & Hancock, 1845
      • Infraorder Cladobranchia
        Cladobranchia
        The Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranch sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia.-Taxonomy:**Family Charcotiidae**Family Dironidae**Family Dotidae**Family Embletoniidae**Family Goniaeolididae**Family Heroidae...

         Willan & Morton, 1984
        • Superfamily Aeolidioidea
          Aeolidioidea
          Aeolidioidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, the aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks.-2005 taxonomy :The superfamily Aeolidioidea consists of the following four families :* Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827* Facelinidae Bergh, 1889* Glaucidae Gray, 1827* Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970Synonyms...

           J.E. Gray, 1827
        • Superfamily Arminoidea
          Arminoidea
          Arminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia.Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida.-Families :A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is paraphyletic....

           Rafinesque, 1814
        • Superfamily Dendronotoidea
          Dendronotoidea
          Dendronotoidea was a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs.This superfamily name is not used in the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda . Instead, most of the families that were in this superfamily are now placed in the superfamily...

           Allman, 1845
        • Superfamily Metarminoidea
          Metarminoidea
          Metarminoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia.-Families:Families within the superfamily Metarminoidea include:* Charcotiidae* Dironidae...

           Odhner
          Nils Hjalmar Odhner
          Nils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...

           in Franc, 1968
    • Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
      • Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
      • Superfamily Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
    • Suborder Cephalaspidea
      Cephalaspidea
      The suborder Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a clade of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia....

       P. Fischer, 1883
      • Superfamily Acteonoidea
        Acteonoidea
        Acteonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi , the superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" , also known as the Allogastropoda.Only one of analyses by Jörger...

         D'Orbigny, 1835
      • Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
      • Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea Thiele
        Johannes Thiele
        Johannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...

        , 1931
      • Superfamily Diaphanoidea
        Diaphanoidea
        Diaphanoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....

         Odhner
        Nils Hjalmar Odhner
        Nils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...

        , 1914
      • Superfamily Haminoeoidea
        Haminoeoidea
        Haminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....

         Pilsbry, 1895
      • Superfamily Philinoidea
        Philinoidea
        Philinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically headshield slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea.-Anatomy:They are generally small animals, and have no shell or gills...

         J.E. Gray, 1850
      • Superfamily Ringiculoidea Philippi
        Rodolfo Amando Philippi
        Rodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....

        , 1853
    • Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

      , 1824
      (sea angels)
    • Suborder Notaspidea
      Notaspidea
      Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was a suborder which included both sea slugs and sea snails or false limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the subclass Orthogastropoda....

       P. Fischer, 1883
      • Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
      • Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
    • Suborder Sacoglossa
      Sacoglossa
      Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "sap-sucking sea slugs", are a clade of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia...

       Von Ihering, 1876
      • Superfamily Oxynooidea
        Oxynooidea
        Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Sacoglossa.Oxynooidea is the only superfamily in the clade Oxynoacea.-Taxonomy:* clade Oxynoacea...

         H. & A. Adams
        Arthur Adams (zoologist)
        Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....

        , 1854
    • Suborder Thecosomata Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
      Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

      , 1824
      (sea butterflies)
      • Infraorder Euthecosomata
        • Superfamily Limacinoidea
        • Superfamily Cavolinioidea
          Cavolinioidea
          The superfamily Cavolinioidea is the most speciose group of sea butterflies. Sea butterflies are pelagic marine gastropods, so called because they swim by flapping their wing-like parapodia.-Distribution:...

      • Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
        • Superfamily Peraclidoidea
        • Superfamily Cymbulioidea
          Cymbulioidea
          Cymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies". These are holoplanktonic opisthobranch molluscs in the clade Thecosomata.-Anatomy:...

  • Order Pulmonata
    Pulmonata
    The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills...

     Cuvier in Blainville
    Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
    Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

    , 1814
    (pulmonates)
    • Subinfraorder Orthurethra
      Orthurethra
      Orthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...

      • Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
      • Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
        Cochlicopoidea
        Cochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....

         Pilsbry, 1900
      • Superfamily Partuloidea
        Partuloidea
        Partuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...

         Pilsbry, 1900
      • Superfamily Pupilloidea
        Pupilloidea
        The Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...

         Turton
        William Turton
        William Turton was a British naturalist.Turton was born at Olveston, Gloucestershire and was educated at Oriel College, Oxford. He commenced in practice at Swansea, but devoted his leisure time to natural history, especially conchology...

        , 1831
    • Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
      Sigmurethra
      Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....

      • Superfamily Acavoidea
        Acavoidea
        The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...

         Pilsbry, 1895
      • Superfamily Achatinoidea
        Achatinoidea
        The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...

         Swainson, 1840
      • Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
      • Superfamily Arionoidea
        Arionoidea
        Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...

         J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
      • Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
      • Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
      • Superfamily Clausilioidea
        Clausilioidea
        The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...

          Mörch
        Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch
        Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...

         , 1864
      • Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
      • Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
        Gastrodontoidea
        Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...

         Tryon, 1866
      • Superfamily Helicoidea
        Helicoidea
        Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...

         Rafinesque, 1815
      • Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
      • Superfamily Limacoidea
        Limacoidea
        Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....

         Rafinesque, 1815
      • Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams
        Arthur Adams (zoologist)
        Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....

        , 1855
      • Superfamily Orthalicoidea
        Orthalicoidea
        The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...

         Albers-Martens, 1860
      • Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
      • Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
      • Superfamily Punctoidea
        Punctoidea
        Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....

         Morse, 1864
      • Superfamily Rhytidoidea
        Rhytidoidea
        The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...

         Pilsbry, 1893
      • Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
      • Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele
        Johannes Thiele
        Johannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...

        , 1931
      • Superfamily Streptaxoidea
        Streptaxoidea
        Streptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...

         J.E. Gray, 1806
      • Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele
        Johannes Thiele
        Johannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...

        , 1926
      • Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea
        Trigonochlamydoidea
        Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...

         Hese, 1882
      • Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch
        Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch
        Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...

        , 1864
    • Infraorder Acteophila Dall
      W. H. Dall
      William Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...

      , 1885
      • Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
    • Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
      • Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
    • Infraorder Stylommatophora
      Stylommatophora
      Stylommatophora is a taxon of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade. It was previously regarded as an infraorder...

       A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails)
    • Suborder Basommatophora
      Basommatophora
      Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails...

       Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates)
      • Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele
        Johannes Thiele
        Johannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...

        , 1931
      • Superfamily Amphiboloidea
        Amphiboloidea
        Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.- 2005 taxonomy :According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , it is a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora, within the Pulmonata....

         J.E. Gray, 1840
      • Superfamily Chilinoidea
        Chilinoidea
        Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila....

         H. & A. Adams
        Arthur Adams (zoologist)
        Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....

        , 1855
      • Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder
        Winston Ponder
        Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....

        , 1986
      • Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
      • Superfamily Planorboidea
        Planorboidea
        Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.The gastropods in this superfamily are all sinistral in shell coiling.The monophyly of Planorboidea has been confirmed by Albrecht et al. ....

         Rafinesque, 1815
      • Superfamily Siphonarioidea
        Siphonarioidea
        Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic group of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets.- 2005 taxonomy :Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata.- 2010 taxonomy :...

         J.E. Gray, 1840
    • Suborder Eupulmonata
      Eupulmonata
      The Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.-Linnean taxonomy:...

       Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
    • Suborder Systellommatophora
      Systellommatophora
      The Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...

       Pilsbry, 1948
      • Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
      • Superfamily Otinoidea
        Otinoidea
        Otinoidea is a superfamily of small, air-breathing sea snail and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusks....

         H. & A. Adams
        Arthur Adams (zoologist)
        Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....

        , 1855
      • Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889

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