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Amram Gaon

 

 
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Amram Gaon
 
 
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Amram Gaon (died 875) was a famous Gaon
Geonim

Geonim were the presidents of the two great Talmudic Academies in Babylonia of Sura and Pumbedita, in Babylonia, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the Jewish community world wide in the early medieval era, in contrast to the Resh Galuta who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands....
 or head of the Jewish Talmud
Talmud

The Talmud is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Halakha, Jewish ethics, customs, and history. It is a central text of mainstream Judaism....
 Academy
Talmudic Academies in Babylonia

The Talmudic Academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonim Academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Mesopotamia from roughly 589 CE to 1038 CE ....
 of Sura
Sura (city)

Sura was a city in the southern part of ancient Babylonia, located west of the Euphrates River. It was well-known for its agriculture produce, which included grapes, wheat, and barley....
 (Persia
Persian Empire

The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
) in the 9th century. He was the author of many Responsa
Responsa

Responsa comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them....
, but his chief work was liturgical
Liturgy

A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to their particular traditions. The word may refer to an elaborate formal ritual such as the Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Mass , or a daily activity such as the Muslim salat and Jewish Jewish services....
.

He was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for the synagogue
Synagogue

A synagogue is a Jewish house of prayer.Synagogues usually have a large hall for prayer , smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall and offices....
. His Prayer-Book
Siddur

A siddur is a Judaism prayer book, containing a set order of List of Jewish prayers and blessings. This article discusses how some of these prayers evolved, and how the siddur, as we know it today has developed....
 (Siddur Rab Amram or Seder Rav Amram), which took the form of a long responsum
Responsa

Responsa comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them....
 to the Jews of Spain, is still extant and was the foundation of most of the current rites in use among the Jew
Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
s.






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Amram Gaon (died 875) was a famous Gaon
Geonim

Geonim were the presidents of the two great Talmudic Academies in Babylonia of Sura and Pumbedita, in Babylonia, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the Jewish community world wide in the early medieval era, in contrast to the Resh Galuta who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands....
 or head of the Jewish Talmud
Talmud

The Talmud is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Halakha, Jewish ethics, customs, and history. It is a central text of mainstream Judaism....
 Academy
Talmudic Academies in Babylonia

The Talmudic Academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonim Academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Mesopotamia from roughly 589 CE to 1038 CE ....
 of Sura
Sura (city)

Sura was a city in the southern part of ancient Babylonia, located west of the Euphrates River. It was well-known for its agriculture produce, which included grapes, wheat, and barley....
 (Persia
Persian Empire

The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
) in the 9th century. He was the author of many Responsa
Responsa

Responsa comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them....
, but his chief work was liturgical
Liturgy

A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to their particular traditions. The word may refer to an elaborate formal ritual such as the Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Mass , or a daily activity such as the Muslim salat and Jewish Jewish services....
.

He was the first to arrange a complete liturgy for the synagogue
Synagogue

A synagogue is a Jewish house of prayer.Synagogues usually have a large hall for prayer , smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall and offices....
. His Prayer-Book
Siddur

A siddur is a Judaism prayer book, containing a set order of List of Jewish prayers and blessings. This article discusses how some of these prayers evolved, and how the siddur, as we know it today has developed....
 (Siddur Rab Amram or Seder Rav Amram), which took the form of a long responsum
Responsa

Responsa comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them....
 to the Jews of Spain, is still extant and was the foundation of most of the current rites in use among the Jew
Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
s. The siddur
Siddur

A siddur is a Judaism prayer book, containing a set order of List of Jewish prayers and blessings. This article discusses how some of these prayers evolved, and how the siddur, as we know it today has developed....
 was published in Warsaw in two parts in 1865.

Later editions are:
  • Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Hedegard: Lund 1951
  • Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Goldschmidt: Jerusalem 1971
  • Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Kronholm: Lund 1974
  • Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ed. Harfenes: Bene Berak 1994


No early manuscripts of this prayer book survive, and later manuscripts appear to be heavily edited to conform with the rites in use at the time: we therefore cannot be certain of the exact wording preferred by Amram Gaon himself.

External links

  • (Warsaw 1865 edition, scanned text, Hebrew only)