The
Abraham Lincoln Brigade refers to volunteers from the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
who served in the
Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War was a major conflict that devastated Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. It began after an attempted coup d'état by a group of Spanish Army generals against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of president Manuel Azaña...
in the
International BrigadesThe International Brigades were Republican military units made up of many non-state-sponsored, anti-fascist, mostly socialist and communist, volunteers from different countries who traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.An estimated 32,000 people...
. They fought for
Spanish RepublicanThe Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14, 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas and April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican ...
forces against
FrancoFrancisco Franco Bahamonde, commonly known as Francisco Franco , or simply Franco, was a military general and dictator of Spain from October 1936, and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975...
and the
Spanish NationalistsFrancisco Franco became the dictator of Spain when he defeated the Republican government in the Spanish Civil War. Franco declared an official end of hostilities on April 1, 1939, and reworked the name of the republic into the “Spanish State,” a new moniker attempting to distinguish the new regime...
.
As time went on, the name Abraham Lincoln Brigade became used loosely, in the United States, as shorthand to describe any unit with an American component. Volunteers from the United States also served with the Canadian
Mackenzie-Papineau BattalionThe Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion or Mac-Paps were a battalion of Canadians who fought as part of the XV International Brigade on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Except for France, no other country gave a greater proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada.The first...
, the Regiment de Tren (transport), and the
John Brown Anti-Aircraft Battery. North Americans also ran a very well-organized and well-equipped field hospital (funded and staffed by the
American Medical Bureau to Save Spanish Democracy).
Creation
The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was made up of volunteers from all walks of American life, and from all classes. Many of the people who volunteered for the Abraham Lincoln Brigade were official members of the
Communist Party USAThe Communist Party of the United States of America is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States.During the first half of the 20th century it was the largest and most widely influential communist party in the country, and played a prominent role in the U.S...
or affiliated with other
socialistSocialism refers to various theories of economic organization advocating public or direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production and allocation of resources, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for all individuals with a method of compensation based on...
or
anarchistAnarchism is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which consider the state, as compulsory government, to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable, and favors the absence of the state ....
organizations, such as the
UruguayUruguay , is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.46 million people, of whom 1.1 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88–94% of the population are of mostly European and/or mixed descent.Uruguay's only land border is...
an
Hugo Fernández ArtucioHugo Fernández Artucio was a Uruguayan teacher of philosophy, historian and politician.-Earlier career:He was an editor of Free World magazine in New York. He fought during two years in the Lincoln Brigade and was made prisoner by Francoists....
. Members of the
Industrial Workers of the WorldThe Industrial Workers of the World is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Its membership declined dramatically after a...
("Wobblies") were also represented. It is sometimes thought to be the first American military unit to be commanded by a black officer,
Oliver LawOliver Law was an African American communist, labor organizer, and social activist, who commanded the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War.-Background:...
.
American volunteers began organizing and arriving in Spain in 1936. Centered in the town of
FigueresFigueres is the capital of the comarca of Alt Empordà, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.The town is the birthplace of artist Salvador Dalí, and houses the Teatre-Museu Gala Salvador Dalí, a large museum designed by Dalí himself which attracts many visitors...
, near the border with
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
, the brigade was organized in 1937 and trained by
Robert Hale MerrimanRobert Hale Merriman was an American professor of economics at the University of California. He joined the Republican forces in Spain during the Spanish Civil War and commanded the Abraham Lincoln Battalion of the International Brigades....
. The Lincolns suffered from poor training and inept leaders, including both Merriman and Law, who were selected for command primarily for political reasons. The battalion only had one capable commander,
Steve NelsonSteve Nelson who was born with the name of Stephen Mesarosh or Stjepan Mesaros who was born in Čaglić, Croatia in 1903 - a Croat of Hungarian extraction...
, who took command too late to turn it into a truly effective combat unit.
By early 1937, its numbers had swelled from an initial 96 volunteers to around 450 members. In February 1937, the European powers comprising the
League of NationsThe League of Nations was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members...
Non-Intervention CommitteeThe purpose of Non-Intervention Committee was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties of the Spanish Civil War. It was set up as a result of the Non-Intervention Agreement. This had been proposed in early August 1936 in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of...
banned foreign national volunteers.
In 1939, under the administration of
United States Attorney GeneralThe United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. The Attorney General is considered to be the chief lawyer of the U.S. government...
Frank MurphyWilliam Francis Murphy was a politician and jurist from Michigan. He served as First Assistant U.S. District Attorney, Eastern Michigan District , Recorder's Court Judge, Detroit . Mayor of Detroit , the last Governor-General of the Philippines , U.S...
, who was appointed by President
Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt , the only U.S. President elected to more than two terms, was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...
, the
United States Department of JusticeThe United States Department of Justice is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans...
in Detroit indicted 16 alleged Communists and fellow travelers for having recruited volunteers for the Abraham Lincoln Brigade supporting
Spanish RepublicanThe Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14, 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas and April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican ...
forces against
FrancoFrancisco Franco Bahamonde, commonly known as Francisco Franco , or simply Franco, was a military general and dictator of Spain from October 1936, and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975...
and the
NationalistsFrancisco Franco became the dictator of Spain when he defeated the Republican government in the Spanish Civil War. Franco declared an official end of hostilities on April 1, 1939, and reworked the name of the republic into the “Spanish State,” a new moniker attempting to distinguish the new regime...
. This earned Murphy censure from liberals.
Service
The International Brigade took part in several battles in Spain. They unsuccessfully defended the
supply roadMilitary supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services. The broad management scope includes sub-suppliers, suppliers, internal information and funds flow.-Supply:...
between Valencia and
MadridMadrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous city by urban area in the European Union after Paris and London.The city is located on the river...
in the
Jarama ValleyThe Battle of Jarama was an attempt by General Franco's Nationalists to dislodge the Republican lines along the river Jarama, just east of Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War...
from February 1937 until June 1937. They were also present at the battles of
BruneteThe Battle of Brunete , fought 15 miles west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War...
,
ZaragozaThe Battle of Saragossa took place on 20 August 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession.- Prelude :On July 27, 1710 the Spanish troops suffered a defeat in the Battle of Almenara...
,
BelchiteBattle of Belchite was a group of military operations that took place in the Spanish Civil War between August 24 and September 7, 1937 nearby the town of Belchite, in the Aragon.-Prelude:...
,
TeruelThe Battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel during the Spanish Civil War in December 1937-February 1938. The combatants fought the battle during the worst Spanish winter in twenty years. It was one of the bloodier actions of the war. The city changed hands several times, first...
, and
Ebro RiverThe Battle of the Ebro was the last great Republican offensive in the Spanish Civil War.-Background:By 1938, the Second Spanish Republic was in dire straits...
.
The Brigade was a
cause célèbreA cause célèbre is an issue or incident arousing widespread controversy, outside campaigning and heated public debate. The term is particularly used in connection with celebrated legal cases. It is a French phrase in common usage in English...
in some liberal and socialist circles in the United States. Some groups organized fundraising activities and supply drives to keep the brigade afloat. News of the brigade's high casualty rate and bravery in battle made them heroic figures to Americans opposing the rise of fascism.
Paul RobesonPaul LeRoy Bustill Robeson was an internationally renowned American basso profundo concert singer, scholar, actor of film and stage, All-American and professional athlete, writer, multi-lingual orator and lawyer who was also noted for his wide-ranging social justice activism...
was one high profile supporter, even going so far as to visit the Lincolns in the field in Spain and appearing in publicity photographs (the
XV International Brigade*Brigade name/s: XVth Brigade*Brigade songs: "Jarama Valley", "Viva la Quinta Brigada"*Battles: Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, El Ebro...
had its own photographic unit).
The war dragged on and the Nationalist forces, supported by
Nazi GermanyNazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany between 1933 and 1945, while it was led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Worker's Party . The name Third Reich refers to the state as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the Middle Ages and the German...
under
HitlerAdolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , popularly known as the Nazi Party...
and
Fascist ItalyThe Kingdom of Italy was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia which is its legal predecessor State, and with the decisive help of France and Great Britain...
under
MussoliniBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini,
KSMOM GCTE was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by...
, gained victory after victory over the
Spanish RepublicThe Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14, 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas and April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican ...
, which was increasingly dominated by the
Spanish Communist PartySpanish Communist Party , was the first communist party in Spain, formed out of the Federación de Juventudes Socialistas . The founders of the party, that had belonged to leftwing within FJS, included Ramón Merino Gracia, Manuel Ugarte, Pedro Illescasm Luis Portela, Tiburicio Pico and Rito Estaban...
(PCE). The International Brigade was withdrawn from battle by the
Spanish prime ministerThe President of the Government of Spain , usually known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the Spanish head of government...
Juan NegrínJuan Negrín y López was a Spanish politician and physician.Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, he became a university professor of physiology....
in the spring 1938. Most of the surviving Lincolns were
repatriatedRepatriation The process of returning a person back to one's place of origin or citizenship. This includes the process of returning refugees or soldiers to their place of origin following a war...
promptly afterwards.
Of the more than 3,000 who fought in the battalion during the conflict, over one-third were killed.
Aftermath
During and after the Spanish Civil War, members of the brigade were viewed as supporters of the
Soviet UnionThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union, from , Sovetskiy Soyuz...
. Through the period of the
Hitler-Stalin pactThe Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, colloquially named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and signed in...
, Communist Lincoln Brigade veterans joined with the
American Peace MobilizationThe American Peace Mobilization was a Communist front group, officially cited in 1947 by United States Attorney General Tom C. Clark on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations for 1948, as directed by President Harry S...
in protesting U.S. support for Britain against Nazi Germany.
http://www.alba-valb.org/volpdf/vol_1941_02b.pdf During and following
World War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, particularly at the height of the
Second Red ScareMcCarthyism is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence...
, the U.S. government considered former members of the brigade to be security risks. In fact, FBI Director
J. Edgar HooverJohn Edgar Hoover was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation — predecessor to the FBI — in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972...
persuaded President Roosevelt to ensure that former ALB members fighting in U.S. Forces in World War II not be considered for commissioning as officers, or to have any type of positive distinction conferred upon them.
Etymology
The name
BrigadeA brigade is a military unit that is typically composed of two to five regiments or battalions, depending on the era and nationality of a given army. Usually, a brigade is a sub-component of a division, a larger unit consisting of two or more brigades; however, some brigades are classified as a...
is a misnomer. In the Spanish Civil War, a brigade consisted of four to six
battalionA battalion is a military unit of around 1000-1500 soldiers usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel...
s. American volunteers mostly joined the two
battalionA battalion is a military unit of around 1000-1500 soldiers usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel...
s (the
Lincoln Battalion and the
Washington Battalion) within
XV International Brigade*Brigade name/s: XVth Brigade*Brigade songs: "Jarama Valley", "Viva la Quinta Brigada"*Battles: Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, El Ebro...
. The XV International Brigade was made up of six battalions of volunteers from nations around the globe, topped up with Spanish conscripts. Irish volunteers formed the
Connolly ColumnThe Connolly Column refers to the Irish volunteers who fought for the Second Spanish Republic in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. The Irishmen who fought for the Spanish Republic were named the Connolly Column, after James Connolly, the executed leader of the Irish Citizen...
of the battalion under the command of
Frank RyanFrank Ryan was a prominent member of the Irish Republican Army, editor of An Phoblacht, leftist activist and leader of Irish volunteers on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War.-Early life:...
. The column joined the American rather than the British battalion on nationalist grounds.
Anthem: "Valley of Jarama"
Members of the
XV International Brigade*Brigade name/s: XVth Brigade*Brigade songs: "Jarama Valley", "Viva la Quinta Brigada"*Battles: Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, El Ebro...
adapted a song by
Alex McDadeAlex McDade was a Glasgow labourer who went to Spain to fight with XV International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War He was a political commissar with the British Battalion and wounded at the Battle of Jarama in February 1937. He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Brunete at Villanueva...
to reflect the losses at the
Battle of JaramaThe Battle of Jarama was an attempt by General Franco's Nationalists to dislodge the Republican lines along the river Jarama, just east of Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War...
. Sung to the tune of the traditional country song
Red River Valley, it became their anthem.
Commanding officers
- Robert Hale Merriman
Robert Hale Merriman was an American professor of economics at the University of California. He joined the Republican forces in Spain during the Spanish Civil War and commanded the Abraham Lincoln Battalion of the International Brigades....
- Oliver Law
Oliver Law was an African American communist, labor organizer, and social activist, who commanded the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War.-Background:...
- Martin Hourihan
- Steve Nelson
Steve Nelson who was born with the name of Stephen Mesarosh or Stjepan Mesaros who was born in Čaglić, Croatia in 1903 - a Croat of Hungarian extraction...
- Hans Amlie
- Milton Wolff
Milton 'Milt' Wolff was an American veteran of the Spanish Civil War, the last commander of the Lincoln Battalion of XV International Brigade, and a prominent social activist. He died in Berkeley, California on January 14, 2008 at age 92. -Early life:He was born into a working class Jewish...
Other notable members
- Herman Bottcher
Major Herman J. F. Bottcher was a German national who achieved the rank of Major with two different armies: the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War and the United States Army during World War II. He was awarded two U.S. Distinguished Service Crosses, the second highest U.S...
- Earned two Distinguished Service CrossesThe Distinguished Service Cross is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army, awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. Actions that merit the Distinguished Service Cross must be of such a high...
in World War II.
- Edward A. Carter, Jr.
Edward Allen Carter, Jr. was United States Army Staff Sergeant who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during March 1945 during World War II...
- Earned the Medal of Honor in World War II.
- Carmelo Delgado Delgado
Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado , from Guayama, Puerto Rico, was a leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado (April 20, 1913 – April 29, 1937), from Guayama, Puerto Rico, was a leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado...
- Puerto Rican Nationalist, among the first U.S. Citizens to die in the Spanish Civil War.
- John Gates
John "Johnny" Gates, born Solomon Regenstreif was a prominent American Communist journalist, best remembered as one of the individuals spearheading a failed attempt at liberalization of the Communist Party USA in 1957.-Early years:...
- Political Commissar of the Battalion, later editor of The Daily Worker.
- Robert Klonsky
Robert Klonsky was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, which fought on the side of the Spanish Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, a prelude to World War II.-Biography:...
- One of the defendants in the Smith ActThe Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 is a United States federal statute that makes it a criminal offense for anyone toIt also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government; within four months, 4,741,971 aliens had registered under the Act's provisions.The Act...
trial of the mid-1950s.
- George Sossenko
George Sossenko is a Russian-born American lecturer and activist. At age 16, he left his parent's home in Paris, France to join those fighting against Francisco Franco's nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War...
- Also fought in the Durruti ColumnThe Durruti Column was the most famous militia of anarchist fighters during the Spanish Civil War. It was led by Buenaventura Durruti from mid-1936 until his death on November 20 of that year. The column was instrumental in holding Madrid against the Falangist uprising...
.
- Robert G. Thompson
Robert George Thompson was an American Communist and hero of the World War II Pacific Theater who was imprisoned by the United States government during the 1950s Red Scare on account of his commitment to communist beliefs.Born on June 21, 1915 in Grants Pass, Oregon, Thompson fought on the side of...
- Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross in World War II; among the 1950s Smith Act trial defendants.
Supporters of the Spanish Republicans
- Paul Robeson
Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson was an internationally renowned American basso profundo concert singer, scholar, actor of film and stage, All-American and professional athlete, writer, multi-lingual orator and lawyer who was also noted for his wide-ranging social justice activism...
-Honorary member
- Dashiell Hammett
Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade , Nick and Nora Charles , the newspaper comic strip Secret Agent X-9 and the Continental Op...
- Lillian Hellman
Lillian Florence Hellman was an American playwright, linked throughout her life with many left-wing causes...
- Gypsy Rose Lee
Gypsy Rose Lee was an American burlesque entertainer, famous for her striptease act. She was also an actress and writer, whose 1957 memoir, written as a monument to her mother, was made into the stage musical and film Gypsy.-Early life:Gypsy was born Rose Louise Hovick in Seattle, Washington in ...
- Dorothy Parker
Dorothy Parker was an American writer and poet, best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles....
- Pablo Picasso
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor. Commonly known simply as Picasso, he is one of the most recognized figures in 20th-century art...
- Sam Yorty
- Helen Keller
Helen Adams Keller was an American author, political activist and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree....
Memorials & Awards
- Currently, there are three memorials dedicated to the veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
- The first is located on the campus of the University of Washington
University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. UW is the largest university in the northwestern United States and one of the oldest public universities on the west coast. The university has three campuses, with its flagship campus...
in Seattle.
- The second is located in James Madison Park in Madison, Wisconsin
Madison is the capital of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. It is also home to the University of Wisconsin–Madison....
.
- A third memorial to the veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade was dedicated on the Embarcadero in San Francisco, California
San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 12th most populous city in the United States, with a 2008 estimated population of 808,976. It is the eighth most densely populated city in the U.S. and is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the larger San...
on March 30, 2008. Among the speakers were San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom and a few of the several ALB veterans still living.
In museums
In 2007,
Facing Fascism: New York and the Spanish Civil War at the
Museum of the City of New YorkThe Museum of the City of New York is an art gallery and history museum founded in 1923 to present the history of New York City and its people. In 1982, the Museum received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New...
examines the role that New Yorkers played in the conflict, as well as the political and social ideologies that motivated them to participate in activities ranging from rallying support, fundraising, and relief aid, to fighting — and sometimes dying — on the front lines in Spain. The stories of these New Yorkers will be told through photographs, letters, uniforms, weapons, and an array of personal and historical memorabilia.
See also
- International Brigades
The International Brigades were Republican military units made up of many non-state-sponsored, anti-fascist, mostly socialist and communist, volunteers from different countries who traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.An estimated 32,000 people...
- Yankee Squadron
The Yankee Squadron was a group of mercenary American military aviators who flew for the Spanish Republican Air Force, during the Spanish Civil War.-To Spain:...
- Irish Socialist Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
Irish Socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War describes a grouping of IRA members and Irish Socialists who fought in support the cause of the Second Republic during the Spanish Civil War. These volunteers were taken from both Irish Republican and Unionist political backgrounds but were bonded...
- Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
This article is about volunteers of Polish nationality or extraction who fought for the Spanish Second Republic in the Spanish Civil War. According to André Marty, the Comintern "chief organiser", about 3,000 Poles volunteered for the International Brigades. Elsewhere, "it has been calculated that...
- Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
A minority of the Jewish population, particularly that of Europe's, were active in socialist and Communist organisations in the period between the two World Wars....
Further reading
- Beevor, Antony
Antony James Beevor is a British historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. He studied under the famous historian of World War II, John Keegan. Beevor is a former officer with the 11th Hussars who served in England and Germany for 5 years before resigning his commission...
, The Battle for Spain, 2006.
- Bermack, Richard. The Front Lines of Social Change: Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, Heyday Books
Heyday Books is a project of Heyday Institute, a 501 nonprofit educational corporation. Malcolm Margolin founded Heyday Books in 1974 and produced and distributed East Bay Out, a guide to the natural history of the hills and bay shore around Berkeley and Oakland.In 2004 Heyday celebrated thirty...
, 2005.
- Brandt, Joe (Ed.). Black Americans In The Spanish People's War Against Fascism 1936-1939. New York: Veterans Abraham Lincoln Brigade, no date, ca. 1979.
- Eby,Cecil. Between the Bullet and the Lie: American Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
- Eby, Cecil. Comrades and Commissars,http://psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02910-2.html 2007.
- Glazer, Peter. Radical Nostalgia: Spanish Civil War Commemoration in America. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
- Osheroff, Abraham. "Dreams and Nightmares", 1974.
- Rolfe, Edwin. The Lincoln Battalion: The Story of the Americans Who Fought in Spain in the International Brigades, New York: Random House
Random House, Inc. is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher. It has been owned since 1998 by the large German private media corporation Bertelsmann and has become the umbrella brand for Bertelsmann book publishing...
, 1939.
- Thomas, Hugh
Hugh Thomas may refer to:* Hugh Thomas , British historian and life peer* Hugh Thomas * Hugh Evan-Thomas , World War I admiral* Huw Thomas , Welsh broadcaster, barrister and Liberal politician...
, The Spanish Civil War, 4th Rev. Ed. 2001.
- Yates, James. Mississippi to Madrid: Memoir of a Black American in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Seattle: Open Hand Publishing, 1989.
External links