Virginia's fourth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the state of Virginia

Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

. It covers all or part of the counties of Amelia, Brunswick, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Greensville, Isle of Wight, Nottoway, Powhatan, Prince George, Southampton, Sussex, and the cities of Chesapeake, Colonial Heights, Emporia, Franklin, Hopewell, Petersburg, and Suffolk. The current representative is Randy Forbes

Randy Forbes

James Randy Forbes is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.-Early life, education and career:...

 (R

Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...

).

Voting

Election results from presidential races
Year	Office	Results
2008	President United States presidential election, 2008 The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on November 4, 2008. Democrat Barack Obama, then the junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John McCain, the senior U.S. Senator from Arizona. Obama received 365...	Obama Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...  50 - 49%
2004	President United States presidential election, 2004 The United States presidential election of 2004 was the United States' 55th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush defeated Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, the then-junior U.S. Senator...	Bush George W. Bush George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....  57 - 43%
2000	President United States presidential election, 2000 The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Republican candidate George W. Bush, then-governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush , and Democratic candidate Al Gore, then-Vice President....	Bush George W. Bush George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....  54 - 44%

List of representatives

Representative	Lived	Party	Term	Note
District created: March 4, 1789
Richard B. Lee	(1761–1827)	Pro-Administration Pro-Administration Party (United States) Pro-Administration "Party" is a term by historians to describe the supporters of the policies of George Washington's administration — especially Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's financial policies — prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties.Almost the entire...	March 4, 1789 - March 3, 1793	Elected to VA-17 Virginia's 17th congressional district Virginia Congressional District 17 is an obsolete congressional district. It was eliminated in 1843 after the 1840 U.S. Census. Its last Congressman was Alexander H. H. Stuart.-History:...
Francis Preston Francis Preston Francis Preston was an American lawyer and politician from Abingdon, Virginia. He served in both houses of the state legislature and represented Virginia in the U.S...	(1765–1836)	Anti-Administration Anti-Administration Party (United States) Anti-Administration "Party" was the informal faction comprising the opponents of the policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the first term of President George Washington. This was not an organized political party but an unorganized faction...	March 4, 1793 - March 3, 1795
		Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1795 - March 3, 1797	Declined to run
Abram Trigg Abram Trigg Abram Trigg was an American farmer and politician from Bedford County, Virginia. He fought with the Virginia militia in the Revolutionary War and represented Virginia 6th congressional district in the U.S. Congress from 1797 until 1804....	(1750-.......)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1797 - March 3, 1803	Elected to VA-6 Virginia's 6th congressional district Virginia's sixth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia. It covers all or part of Shenandoah, Rockingham, Highland, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Rockbridge, Botetourt, Roanoke and Amherst Counties. The current representative is Bob Goodlatte...
David Holmes David Holmes (politician) David Holmes was the last governor of the Mississippi Territory and the first governor of the State of Mississippi.-Career:...	(1769–1832)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1803 - March 3, 1809	Appointed Governor of Mississippi Territory Mississippi Territory The Territory of Mississippi was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 7, 1798, until December 10, 1817, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Mississippi....
Jacob Swoope Jacob Swoope Jacob Swoope was an eighteenth and nineteenth century politician from Virginia.Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Swoope attended the common schools as a child. He moved to Staunton, Virginia in 1789 and held several local offices before being elected the first mayor of Staunton under the new...	(.......-1832)	Federalist Federalist Party (United States) The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801...	March 4, 1809 - March 3, 1811	Declined to run
William McCoy William McCoy (congressman) William McCoy was an 18th and 19th century politician from Virginia.Born near Warrenton, Virginia, McCoy was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1798 to 1804 and was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829 and 1830...	(.......-1864)	Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1811 - March 3, 1823	Elected to VA-19 Virginia's 19th congressional district Virginia Congressional District 19 is an obsolete congressional district in Virginia. It was created in 1793 after the 1790 U.S. Census and was eliminated in 1843 after the 1840 U.S. Census. Its last Congressman was George W. Summers.-Boundaries:...
Mark Alexander Mark Alexander (politician) Mark Alexander, politician was a nineteenth-century lawyer from Virginia.Born on a plantation near Boydton, Virginia, Alexander attended the public schools as a child and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1811. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in...	(1792–1883)	Crawford D-R Democratic-Republican Party (United States) The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along...	March 4, 1823 - March 3, 1825
		Jackson	March 4, 1825 - March 3, 1833	Declined to run
James H. Gholson James Gholson James Herbert Gholson was a nineteenth century congressman, lawyer and judge from Virginia.Born in Gholsonville, Virginia, Gholson pursued in an academic course and graduated from Princeton College in 1820. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Percivals, Virginia...	(1798–1848)	Anti-Jackson	March 4, 1833 - March 3, 1835	Defeated
George C. Dromgoole George Dromgoole George Coke Dromgoole was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from Virginia. He was the uncle of Alexander Dromgoole Sims....	(1797–1847)	Jackson	March 4, 1835 - March 3, 1837
		Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1837 - March 3, 1841	Declined to run
William O. Goode William Goode William Osborne Goode was a nineteenth century American politician and lawyer from Virginia.-Personal life:...	(1798–1859)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1841 - March 3, 1843	Declined to run
Edmund W. Hubard Edmund W. Hubard Edmund Wilcox Hubard was a nineteenth century politician, appraiser and justice of the peace from Virginia.-Biography:...	(1806–1878)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1843 - March 3, 1847	Declined to run
Thomas S. Bocock	(1815–1891)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1847 - March 3, 1853	Elected to VA-5 Virginia's 5th congressional district Virginia's fifth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia. It covers all or part of Greene, Campbell, Bedford, Albermarle, Nelson, Fluvanna, Buckingham, Cumberland, Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Lunenburg, Franklin, Henry,...
William O. Goode William Goode William Osborne Goode was a nineteenth century American politician and lawyer from Virginia.-Personal life:...	(1789–1859)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1853 - July 3, 1859	Died
Vacant			July 3, 1859 - December 6, 1859
Roger A. Pryor Roger Atkinson Pryor Roger Atkinson Pryor was both an American politician and a Confederate politician serving as a congressman on both sides. He was also a jurist, serving in the New York Supreme Court, a lawyer, and newspaper editor...	(1828–1919)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	December 7, 1859 - March 3, 1861	Resigned
Vacant			March 4, 1861 - January 25, 1870	Civil War American Civil War The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
George W. Booker George Booker George William Booker was a nineteenth century politician, lawyer, teacher, judge and justice of the peace from Virginia....	(1821–1883)	Conservative Conservative Party of Virginia The Conservative Party of Virginia was a short-lived United States political party in the state of Virginia during the late 19th century. During its history, the party was successful in electing just six congressmen to the U.S...	January 26, 1870 - March 3, 1871	Defeated
William H. H. Stowell	(1840–1922)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	March 4, 1871 - March 3, 1877	Declined to run
Joseph Jorgensen Joseph Jorgensen Joseph Jorgensen was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jorgensen was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia....	(1844–1888)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	March 4, 1877 - March 3, 1883	Declined to run
Benjamin S. Hooper Benjamin Stephen Hooper Benjamin Stephen Hooper was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.-Biography:Born near Buckingham, Virginia, Hooper attended the common schools. He engaged in mercantile pursuits and the manufacture of tobacco...	(1835–1898)	Readjuster Readjuster Party The Readjuster Party was a political coalition formed in Virginia in the late 1870s during the turbulent period following the American Civil War. Readjusters aspired "to break the power of wealth and established privilege" and to promote public education, a program which attracted biracial support....	March 4, 1883 - March 3, 1885	Defeated
James D. Brady James Dennis Brady Col. James Dennis Brady was a U.S. Representative from Virginia. He was also an American Civil War officer for the North. In between his public service years, he was a lawyer in private practice.-Early life:...	(1843–1900)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	March 4, 1885 - March 3, 1887	Declined to run
William E. Gaines William E. Gaines William Embre Gaines was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born near Charlotte Court House, Virginia, Gaines attended the common schools....	(1844–1912)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	March 4, 1887 - March 3, 1889	Declined to run
Edward C. Venable Edward Carrington Venable Edward Carrington Venable was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born near Hampden-Sydney, in Prince Edward, Virginia, Venable attended the local school, McCabe's University High School, Petersburg, Virginia, and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville...	(1853–1908)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1889 - September 23, 1890	Election invalidated
John M. Langston John Mercer Langston John Mercer Langston was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. He was the first dean of the law school at Howard University and helped create the department. He was the first president of what is now Virginia State University. In 1888 he was the first African...	(1829–1897)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	September 23, 1890 - March 3, 1891	Defeated
James F. Epes James F. Epes James Fletcher Epes was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, cousin of Sydney Parham Epes.Born near Blackstone, Virginia, Epes attended private schools and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville....	(1842–1910)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1891 - March 3, 1895	Declined to run
William R. McKenney William Robertson McKenney William Robertson Mckenney was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born in Petersburg, Virginia, Mckenney attended McCabe's University School at Petersburg and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He taught school. He graduated from the law school of the University of Virginia in June...	(1851–1916)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1895 - May 2, 1896	Election invalidated
Robert T. Thorp Robert Taylor Thorp Robert Taylor Thorp was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born near Oxford, North Carolina, Thorp attended Horner Academy, Oxford, North Carolina, and was graduated from the law department of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1870.He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced...	(1850–1938)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	May 2, 1896 - March 3, 1897	Defeated
Sydney P. Epes Sidney Parham Epes Sydney Parham Epes was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, cousin of James F. Epes and William Bacon Oliver....	(1865–1900)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1897 - March 23, 1898	Election invalidated
Robert T. Thorp Robert Taylor Thorp Robert Taylor Thorp was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born near Oxford, North Carolina, Thorp attended Horner Academy, Oxford, North Carolina, and was graduated from the law department of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1870.He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced...	(1850–1938)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	March 23, 1898 - March 3, 1899	Defeated
Sydney P. Epes Sidney Parham Epes Sydney Parham Epes was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, cousin of James F. Epes and William Bacon Oliver....	(1865–1900)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1899 - March 3, 1900	Died
Vacant			March 4, 1900 - April 18, 1900	Special Election
Francis R. Lassiter Francis R. Lassiter Francis Rives Lassiter was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, great-nephew of Francis Everod Rives....	(1866–1909)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	April 19, 1900 - March 3, 1903	Defeated
Robert G. Southall Robert G. Southall Robert Goode Southall , was an American politician and lawyer, noteworthy as the U.S. Representative from Virginia....	(1852–1924)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1903 - March 3, 1907	Defeated
Francis R. Lassiter Francis R. Lassiter Francis Rives Lassiter was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, great-nephew of Francis Everod Rives....	(1866–1909)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1907 - October 31, 1909	Died
Vacant			November 1, 1909 - March 7, 1910	Special election
Robert Turnbull	(1850–1920)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 8, 1910 - March 3, 1913	Defeated
Walter A. Watson Walter Allen Watson Walter Allen Watson was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.-Life:Born in Nottoway County, Virginia, Watson attended "old field" school, and graduated from Hampden-Sydney College, Virginia, in 1887....	(1867–1919)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	March 4, 1913 - December 24, 1919	Died
Vacant			December 25, 1919 - April 26, 1920	Special election
Patrick H. Drewry Patrick H. Drewry Patrick Henry Drewry was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born in Petersburg, Virginia, Drewry attended the public schools, Petersburg High School, and McCabe's University School....	(1875–1947)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	April 27, 1920 - March 3, 1933	Elected to VA-AL Virginia's At-large congressional district -48th Congress:After the 1880 census, a tenth seat in the United States House of Representatives was added to Virginia's nine districts. For the 48th Congress , that seat was elected at-large state-wide...
District eliminated March 4, 1933
District recreated January 3, 1935
Patrick H. Drewry Patrick H. Drewry Patrick Henry Drewry was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.Born in Petersburg, Virginia, Drewry attended the public schools, Petersburg High School, and McCabe's University School....	(1875–1947)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	January 3, 1935 - December 21, 1947	Died
Vacant			December 21, 1947 - February 17, 1948	Special election February 17, 1948
Watkins M. Abbitt Watkins Moorman Abbitt Watkins Moorman Abbitt was a U.S. Representative from Virginia. He was born in Lynchburg, Virginia and graduated from Appomattox Agricultural High School in Appomattox, Virginia in 1925. He earned an LL.B. from the University of Richmond in 1931 and began the practice of law in Appomattox. He...	(1908–1998)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	February 17, 1948 - January 3, 1973	Declined to run
Robert W. Daniel, Jr. Robert Daniel Robert Williams Daniel, Jr. is a Virginia farmer, businessman, teacher, and politician who served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican. He was first elected in 1972 and served until 1983. He is a graduate of Woodberry Forest School, Woodberry Forest, Virginia...	(b. 1936)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	January 3, 1973 - January 3, 1983	Defeated
Norman Sisisky Norman Sisisky Norman Sisisky was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from 1983 to 2001, representing the 4th District. He was a leader of the Blue Dog Coalition and one of the most conservative Democrats in Congress at the time.Sisisky was born in Baltimore, Maryland...	(1927–2001)	Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...	January 3, 1983 - March 29, 2001	Died
Vacant			March 29, 2001 - June 19, 2001	Special election June 19, 2001
J. Randy Forbes Randy Forbes James Randy Forbes is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.-Early life, education and career:...	(b. 1952)	Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...	June 19, 2001 - Present