VVER-TOI
Encyclopedia
VVER-TOI or WWER-TOI, is typical optimized informative-advanced project of two Unit NPP
based on VVER
(water pressurized reactor) technology executed in the terms of modern informative environment and according to nuclear and radiation safety requirements.
According to the results of the session of the President Committee for upgrading and development of the Russian economy
of July 22, 2009 the President of the Russian Federation set out the task to the nuclear industry of optimizing VVER
operation characteristics as one of the future – oriented priorities.
State Corporation “Rosatom” implements the Program of construction of nuclear power Units in Russia
. Scope of NPP
development has been defined until 2020 taking into account the projected power-plant engineering capabilities to produce main equipment for Nuclear Power Plants with typical VVER
Unit annually, and capabilities of nuclear construction power complex to put the main equipment into operation at different sites simultaneously.
VVER-TOI project is developed on the basis of the design documents worked-out for AES-2006, considering in maximum experience gained by industry organizations while development of the recent NPP
projects based on VVER
technology (Novovoronezh NPP-2
).
VVER-TOI project takes into account experience in construction and operation of NPP
with VVER
both in Russia
and abroad. Design solutions have been optimized to minimize the failures having a negative effect on Power Unit economic indicators.
technology, which meets a number of target-oriented parameters using modern information and management technologies.
VVER-TOI is directed on providing competitiveness of Russian VVER technology in international market, it is oriented to further serial construction of NPP with VVER-TOI both in Russia and abroad.
sources on the stuff, population and environment in the area of NPP siting.
The concept of providing radiation and nuclear safety
in VVER-TOI project is based on the following:
The most important impacts, which parameters affected significantly technical solutions on VVER-TOI project are listed below:
NPP
systems and components as a part of the base - case project are developed by reference to the following natural disasters and design human-induced impacts:
propagation and radionuclide emission to environment. This result is achieved through newest protective and localizing technologies of the safety system. VVER-TOI project shows, as a basis variant, the configuration based on two channel structure of active safety systems without internal backup, and four channel structure of passive safety systems. Profile of the active safety systems is as follows:
Profile of the passive safety systems is as follows:
As one of beyond design basis accident control facility VVER-TOI project includes corium trap, a unique Russian safety technology, which provides the guaranteed safety control through melt localizing and cooling in the terms of severe beyond design basis accident at the beyond-vessel stage of core-melt
localization. Within the frame of VVER-TOI there are performed the works directed on optimization of technical solutions made for corium trap project to decrease cost indicators and justify the corium trap operation efficiency. It is supposed to achieve a considerable decrease in the trap vessel overall sizes and sacrificed materials weight, as well as to transfer to module design of the trap vessel that make it possible to simplify transportation of the large-sized equipment to the site of NPP construction.
Combination of passive and active safety systems provided for in the VVER-TOI project ensures that core will not be destroyed for not less than 72 hours from the moment of severe beyond design basis accident happening in case of any possible scenario. The corresponding technical solutions guarantee that reactor plant will be transferred to safe conditions at any combination of initial events (natural and human-induced) triggering to loss of all the electric power sources
. This fact increases considerably the project competitiveness both in foreign and domestic markets of electric power production.
picture. It allows everyone to go into virtual worlds.
The complex practical use includes the following:
At the present moment there are no analogous technical implementations in Russia
while designing complicated technological objects. This demonstration method is used only by defense industry
, large automobile corporations and aircraft engineering companies
.
2010:
2011:
2012:
The project has been realized since 2009 and will be completed in 2012.
----
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
based on VVER
VVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
(water pressurized reactor) technology executed in the terms of modern informative environment and according to nuclear and radiation safety requirements.
According to the results of the session of the President Committee for upgrading and development of the Russian economy
Economy of Russia
The economy of Russia is the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity . Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals...
of July 22, 2009 the President of the Russian Federation set out the task to the nuclear industry of optimizing VVER
VVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
operation characteristics as one of the future – oriented priorities.
State Corporation “Rosatom” implements the Program of construction of nuclear power Units in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. Scope of NPP
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
development has been defined until 2020 taking into account the projected power-plant engineering capabilities to produce main equipment for Nuclear Power Plants with typical VVER
VVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
Unit annually, and capabilities of nuclear construction power complex to put the main equipment into operation at different sites simultaneously.
VVER-TOI project is developed on the basis of the design documents worked-out for AES-2006, considering in maximum experience gained by industry organizations while development of the recent NPP
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
projects based on VVER
VVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
technology (Novovoronezh NPP-2
Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II
Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II is a Russian nuclear power plant currently under construction and expected to come online in 2012. It is being built on the same site as the present Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.- History :In 2006,, the Russian government legislated a nuclear expansion plan...
).
VVER-TOI project takes into account experience in construction and operation of NPP
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
with VVER
VVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
both in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and abroad. Design solutions have been optimized to minimize the failures having a negative effect on Power Unit economic indicators.
Purpose
VVER-TOI is aimed at development of typical optimized informative-advanced project of a new generation III+ Power Unit based on VVERVVER
The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design...
technology, which meets a number of target-oriented parameters using modern information and management technologies.
VVER-TOI is directed on providing competitiveness of Russian VVER technology in international market, it is oriented to further serial construction of NPP with VVER-TOI both in Russia and abroad.
Tasks
- Develop a typical project for NPPNuclear power plantA nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
Power Unit based on the optimized technical solutions made for AES-2006. - Develop Power Unit information model and provide its further information support at all the stages of NPP life cycle.
- Develop common information space for the territorially distanced project participants, in particular to make portal and integration decisions.
- Develop modern software for designing and engineering, ensuring transfer of all the required information to the consequent stages of NPP life cycle.
- Develop purchasing, supply and automated identification systems.
- Develop simulation system for Power Unit construction providing an interaction among designing system, equipment purchasing system and construction deadlines control system in the terms of real time.
Main technical-economic indicators
| No. п/п | Indicator | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Service life, years:
|
60 60 |
| 2 | Power Unit output, MW Power (physics) In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit... : |
1255 3300 |
| 3 | Safe Shutdown Earthquake of intensity on MSK-64 scale: |
8 9 |
| 4 | Design-Basis Earthquake of intensity on MSK-64 scale | 7 |
| 5 | Time required to provide self-contained plant operation in case of beyond design basis accident, h | 72 |
| 6 | Turbine | Low-speed |
| 7 | NPP construction term from first concreting until physical starting-up (for serial unit), months | 40 |
| 8 | Decrease in estimated cost of the serial Unit construction in comparison with the first Unit of Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II is a Russian nuclear power plant currently under construction and expected to come online in 2012. It is being built on the same site as the present Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.- History :In 2006,, the Russian government legislated a nuclear expansion plan... , % |
20 |
| 9 | Decrease in design operation expenditures of the Power Unit in comparison with the fourth Unit of Balakovo NPP Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant -External links:* – website in English* – website in Russian and English* – International environmental organization... , % |
10 |
Project initial requirements
- Stability in the terms of critical external impacts and natural disasters.
- Correspondence to the world accepted rules and regulations.
- Correspondence to the climatic conditions from the tropics up to Northern regions.
- Independence in the terms of external power and water supply sources loss.
Population and environment protection
The radiation safety is arranged and implemented to prevent inadmissible impacts caused by ionizing radiationIonizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation composed of particles that individually have sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. This ionization produces free radicals, which are atoms or molecules containing unpaired electrons...
sources on the stuff, population and environment in the area of NPP siting.
The concept of providing radiation and nuclear safety
Nuclear safety
Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power,...
in VVER-TOI project is based on the following:
- requirements provided by domestic safety rules and regulations in force in the field of nuclear-power engineering, which are applicable for the designed power unit considering their further development;
- modern philosophy and safety principles developed by the world nuclear community and reflected in the IAEAInternational Atomic Energy AgencyThe International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957...
Safety Standards; - materials published by International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) on nuclear safety issues, EUR requirements;
- complex of the technical solutions worked-out and checked through operation considering the efforts targeted at their upgrading, and elimination of the “weak links” revealed during operation;
- verified and certified calculation methods, codes and programs; worked-out safety analysis methodology, reliable database;
- organizational and technical measures to prevent and restrict severe accidents repercussions, which are developed according to the results of investigations in the field of severe accidents;
- experience in development of new generation and increased safety plants;
- to provide low sensibility to the errors and personnel mistaken solutions;
- to ensure low risks of considerable radionuclide emission in case of accident;
- to provide possibility of exercising safety functions without external power supply, as well as making control through “human–machine” interface;
- to ensure conditions required to avoid evacuation of the population living near NPPNuclear power plantA nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
in case of severe accidents.
Safety barriers
VVER-TOI project shows implementation of the following principles ensuring the modern concept of the repetitive defense in depth:- to create a number of the consequential barriers preventing emission of the radioactive products, which are accumulated during operation to environment. Nuclear fuelNuclear fuelNuclear fuel is a material that can be 'consumed' by fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy. Nuclear fuels are the most dense sources of energy available...
(fuel matrix and fuel-element cladding), boundaries of the coolant circuit, cooling reactor coreNuclear reactor coreA nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place.- Description :...
(reactor vessel, pressurizers, main circulating pumps, steam generator collectors, primary circuit pipelines and connected systems, heat-exchanging steam generator tubes), hermetic fences of the premises with located equipment and reactor plant pipelines inside can serve as the barriers for NPP with VVER. - high level of reliability caused by implementation of the special requirements to quality assurance and control while designing, manufacturing, installation, keeping the level achieved during operation through control and diagnostics (ceaseless or periodical) of physical barriers conditions, elimination of the revealed defects, damages and failures;
- to establish protective and localizing systems intended for prevention of the physical barriers damage, restriction or mitigation of the radiation repercussions in case of possible infringement of normal operation margins and conditions, and in case of accidents.
NPP protection against external impacts
Natural disasters and human-induced impacts specifying site conditions are accepted taking into account possibility of constructing NPP with VVER-TOI in various geographical regions, as well as in the regions characterized by different human-induced impacts.The most important impacts, which parameters affected significantly technical solutions on VVER-TOI project are listed below:
- seismic impacts;
- impacts connected with aircraft crash;
- air impact waveShock waveA shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. Like an ordinary wave, it carries energy and can propagate through a medium or in some cases in the absence of a material medium, through a field such as the electromagnetic field...
; - floodsFloodA flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water...
and stormsStormA storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather...
; - tornadoTornadoA tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to as a twister or a cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider...
.
NPP
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
systems and components as a part of the base - case project are developed by reference to the following natural disasters and design human-induced impacts:
- Safe Shutdown EarthquakeEarthquakeAn earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time...
of intensity up to 8 on MSK-64 scale at maximum horizontal acceleration on free ground surface 0,25g; - Design-Basis EarthquakeEarthquakeAn earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time...
of intensity up to 7 on MSK-64 scale at maximum horizontal acceleration on free ground surface 0,12g; - Crash of the 20 t aircraft at the rate of 215m/sec as design initial event;
- Crash of the 400 t heavy aircraft at the rate of 150m/sec as beyond design initial event considering fuel fire; to cope this event the design provides prevention of radionuclide emission to environment;
- Air impact waveShock waveA shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. Like an ordinary wave, it carries energy and can propagate through a medium or in some cases in the absence of a material medium, through a field such as the electromagnetic field...
at the front pressing power of 30kPa and duration of the compression phase up to 1 sec; - Wind maximum design speed up to 56m/sec.
Severe accidents control
Modern NPPs are characterized by the unprecedented low risk of ionizing radiationIonizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation composed of particles that individually have sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. This ionization produces free radicals, which are atoms or molecules containing unpaired electrons...
propagation and radionuclide emission to environment. This result is achieved through newest protective and localizing technologies of the safety system. VVER-TOI project shows, as a basis variant, the configuration based on two channel structure of active safety systems without internal backup, and four channel structure of passive safety systems. Profile of the active safety systems is as follows:
- System of fuel pool emergency and planned cooling down and cooling;
- emergency boron injection system;
- steam generator emergency cooling down system;
- Emergency power supply system (diesel-generator set).
Profile of the passive safety systems is as follows:
- passive part of the core emergency cooling system;
- passive core-flooding system;
- water supply system from the fuel pond to primary circuit;
- system of passive heat removal from steam generator;
- primary circuit protection against overpressure;
- secondary circuit protection against overpressure;
- fast-acting pressure reducing station;
- emergency gas-removal system;
- emergency power supply system (accumulators);
- passive system of inner shell leakages filtration.
As one of beyond design basis accident control facility VVER-TOI project includes corium trap, a unique Russian safety technology, which provides the guaranteed safety control through melt localizing and cooling in the terms of severe beyond design basis accident at the beyond-vessel stage of core-melt
Nuclear meltdown
Nuclear meltdown is an informal term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating. The term is not officially defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency or by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission...
localization. Within the frame of VVER-TOI there are performed the works directed on optimization of technical solutions made for corium trap project to decrease cost indicators and justify the corium trap operation efficiency. It is supposed to achieve a considerable decrease in the trap vessel overall sizes and sacrificed materials weight, as well as to transfer to module design of the trap vessel that make it possible to simplify transportation of the large-sized equipment to the site of NPP construction.
Combination of passive and active safety systems provided for in the VVER-TOI project ensures that core will not be destroyed for not less than 72 hours from the moment of severe beyond design basis accident happening in case of any possible scenario. The corresponding technical solutions guarantee that reactor plant will be transferred to safe conditions at any combination of initial events (natural and human-induced) triggering to loss of all the electric power sources
Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy.The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday...
. This fact increases considerably the project competitiveness both in foreign and domestic markets of electric power production.
Project key features
Typical project
VVER-TOI is a basis for development of NPP serial construction projects at the sites located within a wide range of natural-climatic conditions, considering the whole spectrum of internal extreme and external human-induced impacts, which are specific for all eventual construction sites. The project is developed to the intent that its application in individual NPP projects would not require change of the main conceptual, engineering and layout solutions, as well as additional safety analysis and other justifying documents to be submitted to the state supervisory authorities for receiving construction licenses.Innovative designing technologies
- United information space is a multi-platform software and hardware complex intended for control of the engineering data for engineering, designing, as well as arranging communication between territorially-distanced project participants.
- An expanded functional analysis (based on the detail application of IAEAInternational Atomic Energy AgencyThe International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957...
standards) is the practical basis to specify an assignment for automatic performance of NPP technological processes, designing organization-functional operation structure, and grounded calculation of normal-mode ratio. - MultiD-designing serves as a developed “field-engineering” experience that considerably increases possibility of the project controlling through detail working-out the process solutions on construction and equipment installation.
Upgrading possibility
VVER-TOI power unit circuits, equipment, systems and structures design make it possible to upgrade it allowing us to:- increase annual electric power production (e.g. by ICUFCapacity factorThe net capacity factor or load factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time...
increasing, scheduled and unplanned downtime reducing); - decrease auxiliary power consumption;
- decrease electric and thermal power losses;
- improve personnel working conditions;
- keep a proper safety level following to toughening requirements provided by regulatory documents and necessity to receive operation permits on a periodical basis during NPPNuclear power plantA nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
design service life.
Virtual Prototyping Center
Virtual Prototyping Center is a complex of soft-and-hardware facilities making it possible to visualize design and engineering models. It represents a 6 m diameter sphere, in which center attendance being at 2 m height transparent glass platform can see 3D-formatStereoscopy
Stereoscopy refers to a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer. Both of these 2-D offset images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3-D depth...
picture. It allows everyone to go into virtual worlds.
The complex practical use includes the following:
- NPP model interactive control;
- planning and design solutions analysis;
- working-out NPP operation, maintenance and repair;
- simulation of the actions to be undertaken in case of emergencies;
- to be used as a testing-area for Crisis Management Center.
At the present moment there are no analogous technical implementations in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
while designing complicated technological objects. This demonstration method is used only by defense industry
Defense industry of Russia
The Defense industry of Russia is a strategically important sector and a large employer. It is also a significant player in the global arms market...
, large automobile corporations and aircraft engineering companies
Aircraft industry of Russia
Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a deep crisis for the industry, especially for the civilian aircraft segment. The situation started improving during the middle of the first decade of the...
.
Deadlines of the project implementation
2009:- In July 22, 2009 the President Committee for upgrading and development of the Russian economyEconomy of RussiaThe economy of Russia is the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity . Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals...
made a decision on starting the project for development of nuclear technologies in reactor plant within the frame of short-term priority; - Stage of commencement of the works under the project.
2010:
- Nuclear island and VVER-TOI power unit conceptual model;
- Establishment of the organization being a holder of the base technology provided with modern design and engineering facilities.
2011:
- 3D-design of nuclear island and VVER-TOI power unit;
- Safety justifying calculations.
2012:
- MultiD-project of NPPNuclear power plantA nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
with VVER-TOI; - Preparation of a package of the updated normative technical documents to provide usage of new design and construction technologies in the project.
The project has been realized since 2009 and will be completed in 2012.
External links
----