Turridae
Encyclopedia
Turridae, is a large taxonomic family
of predatory sea snail
s, marine
gastropod mollusks, that vary in size from minute to moderately large. With more than 4,000 species, the Turridae (sensu Powell 1966) is the largest mollusk family and group of marine caenogastropods. There are about 27,000 described scientific names (accepted names and synonyms) within the family Turridae. They constitute more than half of the predatory species of gastropods in some parts of the world (Taylor et al. 1980).
The best collection of turrids is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia because of collecting by Virginia Orr Maes
(1920-1986).
Sysoev, 1988, collected between 7974-8006 m, in the Bougainville Trench). But most species are found in the neritic zone
.
The shape of turrid shells is more or less fusiform, varying from very high-spired to broadly ovate. The whorl
s are elongate to broadly conical.
The sculpture
can take almost any form, but most have axial sculpture or spiral sculpture (or a combination of both). Others may be reticulate, beaded, nodulose, or striate.
The aperture
of the shell often has a V-shaped sinus or notch, an indentation on the upper end of the outer lip. This accommodates the anal siphonal notch
, commonly known as the "turrid notch". The siphonal canal is usually open, varying from short and stocky to long and slender. The position of the turrid notch of the shell and the form and sculpture of the whorls have traditionally been the primary methods of classifying the turrids.
The columella is usually smooth and only seldom shows labial plicae. The operculum
is horny, but is not always present.
Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula
, used to prey on vertebrates ans invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete
worms) or in self-defense. Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.
Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.
This family consists of five following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
) that was trying to give a stable taxonomy:
Many species within this family are rare, and some are only known from single specimens. This makes classification difficult.
New classification (2011)
This classification was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008 . The polyphyletic family Turridae
was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera) :
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of predatory sea snail
Sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for those snails that normally live in saltwater, marine gastropod molluscs....
s, marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
gastropod mollusks, that vary in size from minute to moderately large. With more than 4,000 species, the Turridae (sensu Powell 1966) is the largest mollusk family and group of marine caenogastropods. There are about 27,000 described scientific names (accepted names and synonyms) within the family Turridae. They constitute more than half of the predatory species of gastropods in some parts of the world (Taylor et al. 1980).
The best collection of turrids is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia because of collecting by Virginia Orr Maes
Virginia Orr Maes
Virginia Orr Maes was an American malacologist associated with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Thanks to her collecting, the Academy has an exceptionally fine collection of turrids. She married Robert A. Maes in 1963...
(1920-1986).
Distribution
Turrids can be found worldwide in every sea and ocean from both poles to the tropics. They occur from the low-intertidal zone to depths of more than eight thousand metres (e.g., Xanthodaphne levisXanthodaphne levis
Xanthodaphne levis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae.-Description:Anthodaphne levis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae....
Sysoev, 1988, collected between 7974-8006 m, in the Bougainville Trench). But most species are found in the neritic zone
Neritic zone
The neritic zone, also called coastal waters, the coastal ocean or the sublittoral zone, is the part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, with a relatively shallow depth extending to about 200 meters...
.
Shell description
Most turrids are rather small with a height under 2 cm, but the adult shells of different species are between 0.6 and 11.4 cm in height.The shape of turrid shells is more or less fusiform, varying from very high-spired to broadly ovate. The whorl
Whorl (mollusc)
A whorl is a single, complete 360° revolution or turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc shell. A spiral configuration of the shell is found in of numerous gastropods, but it is also found in shelled cephalopods including Nautilus, Spirula and the large extinct subclass of cephalopods known as the...
s are elongate to broadly conical.
The sculpture
Sculpture (mollusc)
The sculpture of a mollusc shell is the three-dimensional ornamentation on the outer surface, as distinct from the basic shape of the shell itself or colouration. Sculpture may be concave as well as convex. Sometimes it has microscopic detail. Sculpture refers to the calcareous outer layer, not the...
can take almost any form, but most have axial sculpture or spiral sculpture (or a combination of both). Others may be reticulate, beaded, nodulose, or striate.
The aperture
Aperture (mollusc)
The aperture is an opening in certain kinds of mollusc shells: it is the main opening of the shell, where part of the body of the animal emerges for locomotion, feeding, etc....
of the shell often has a V-shaped sinus or notch, an indentation on the upper end of the outer lip. This accommodates the anal siphonal notch
Siphonal notch
A siphonal notch is a feature of the shell anatomy in some sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.In these particular groups of sea snails the animal has a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water is drawn into the mantle cavity and over the gill and which...
, commonly known as the "turrid notch". The siphonal canal is usually open, varying from short and stocky to long and slender. The position of the turrid notch of the shell and the form and sculpture of the whorls have traditionally been the primary methods of classifying the turrids.
The columella is usually smooth and only seldom shows labial plicae. The operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
is horny, but is not always present.
Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula
Radula
The radula is an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus...
, used to prey on vertebrates ans invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete
Polychaete
The Polychaeta or polychaetes are a class of annelid worms, generally marine. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. Indeed, polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. More than 10,000...
worms) or in self-defense. Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.
Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.
Taxonomy
The family Turridae is perceived as one of the most diffciult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa, complicated by their species diversityThis family consists of five following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
) that was trying to give a stable taxonomy:
- TurrinaeTurrinaeTurrinae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae the turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Turrinae include:*Austrogemmula Laseron, 1954*Cretaspira Kuroda & Oyama, 1971...
H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.) - CochlespirinaeCochlespirinaeThe Cochlespirinae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Cochlespirinae include:*Abyssocomitas Sysoev & Kantor, 1986...
Powell, 1942 - CrassispirinaeCrassispirinaeCrassispirinae is a subfamily of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Crassispirinae include:*Aoteadrillia Powell, 1942...
McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875 - ZemaciinaeZemaciinaeThe Zemaciinae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Zemaciinae include:*Zemacies H. J. Finlay, 1926...
Sysoev, 2003 - ZonulispirinaeZonulispirinaeThe Zonulispirinae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Zonulospirinae include:*Compsodrillia Woodring, 1928...
McLean, 1971
Many species within this family are rare, and some are only known from single specimens. This makes classification difficult.
New classification (2011)
This classification was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008 . The polyphyletic family Turridae
Turridae
Turridae, , is a large taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, that vary in size from minute to moderately large. With more than 4,000 species, the Turridae is the largest mollusk family and group of marine caenogastropods...
was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera) :
- ConorbidaeConorbidaeConorbidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.In 2009, John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio elevated the subfamily Conorbiinae to the rank of family...
- BorsoniidaeBorsoniidaeBorsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.In 2011, Bouchet, Kantor et al...
- ClathurellidaeClathurellidaeClathurellidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Mitromorphidae
- Mangeliidae
- Raphitomidae
- CochlespiridaeCochlespiridaeCochlespiridae is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.This family is not well differentiated morphologically, and there is poor congruence between the molecular and shell characters. Its limits are uncertain...
- DrilliidaeDrilliidaeDrilliidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.This family has no subfamilies.-Description:...
- PseudomelatomidaePseudomelatomidaePseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea and part of the Neogastropoda...
(= Crassispiridae) - ClavatulidaeClavatulidaeClavatulidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.The family is not well differentiated morphologically....
- HoraiclavidaeHoraiclavidaeHoraiclavidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.- Genera :Genera within the family Horaiclavidae include:* Anacithara Hedley, 1922* Anguloclavus Shuto, 1983...
- TurridaeTurridaeTurridae, , is a large taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, that vary in size from minute to moderately large. With more than 4,000 species, the Turridae is the largest mollusk family and group of marine caenogastropods...
s.s. - StrictispiridaeStrictispiridaeStrictispiridae is a taxonomic family sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.This family has no subfamilies.- Genera :Genera in the family Strictispiridae include:*Cleospira McLean, 1971** Cleospira bicolor...
Genera
Genera in the family Turridae used to include:- AbyssocomitasAbyssocomitasAbyssocomitas is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Abyssocomitas include:* Abyssocomitas kurilokamchatica Sysoev & Kantor, 1986...
Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 - AforiaAforiaAforia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Aforia include:* Aforia abyssalis Sysoev & Kantor, 1987* Aforia circinata...
Dall, 1889 - Anacithara Hedley, 1922
- AncistrosyrinxAncistrosyrinxAncistrosyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Ancistrosyrinx include:* Ancistrosyrinx clytotropis Species brought into synonymy:...
Dall, 1881 - AnticomitasAnticomitasAnticomitas is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Anticomitas include:* Anticomitas vivens Powell, 1942...
Powell, 1942 - Antiguraleus Powell, 1942
- AntimelatomaAntimelatomaAntimelatoma is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Antimelatoma include:* Antimelatoma ahipara Powell A. W. B, 1942...
Powell, 1942 - AntiplanesAntiplanesAntiplanes is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Antiplanes include:* Antiplanes abarbarea Dall, 1919* Antiplanes abyssalis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991...
Dall, 1902 - AoteadrilliaAoteadrilliaAoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Aoteadrillia include:* Aoteadrillia bulbacea...
Powell, 1942 - ApiotomaApiotomaApiotoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Apiotoma include:* Apiotoma tibiaformis Powell, 1969...
Cossmann, 1889 - AsperdaphneAsperdaphneAsperdaphne is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Asperdaphne include:* Asperdaphne aculeata * Asperdaphne amplecta Hedley, 1922...
Hedley, 1922 - AustrodrilliaAustrodrilliaAustrodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Austrodrillia include:* Austrodrillia agrestis...
Hedley, 1918 - BathybelaBathybelaBathybela is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Bathybela include:* Bathybela nudator * Bathybela papyracea Waren & Bouchet, 2001...
Kobelt, 1905 - BelaloraBelaloraBelalora is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Belalora include:* Belalora striatula * Belalora thielei Powell, 1951...
Powell, 1951 - BenthoclionellaBenthoclionellaBenthoclionella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Species:Species within the genus Benthoclionella include:* Benthoclionella jenneri Kilburn, 1974...
Kilburn, 1974 - BuchemaBuchemaBuchema is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Buchema include:* Buchema dichroma Kilburn, 1988...
Corea, 1934 - BurchiaBurchiaBurchia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae.-Species:Species within the genus Burchia include:* Burchia redondoensis * Burchia spectabilis Sysoev & Taylor, 1997...
Bartsch, 1944 - CalcatodrilliaCalcatodrilliaCalcatodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Calcatodrillia include:* Calcatodrillia chamaeleon Kilburn, 1988...
Kilburn, 1988 - CarinapexCarinapexCarinapex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Carinapex include:* Carinapex minutissima...
Dall, 1924 - CarinodrilliaCarinodrilliaCarinodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Carinodrillia include:* Carinodrillia adonis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932...
Dall, 1919 - CarinoturrisCarinoturrisCarinoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Carinoturris include:* Carinoturris adrastia * Carinoturris fortis Bartsch, 1944...
Bartsch, 1944 - CeritoturrisCeritoturrisCeritoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Ceritoturris include:* Ceritoturris nataliae Kilburn, 1988...
Dall, 1924 - CheungbeiaCheungbeiaCheungbeia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Cheungbeia include:* Cheungbeia mindanensis * Cheungbeia robusta...
Taylor & Wells, 1994 - ClavatulaClavatulaClavatula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Description:In this genus, the shell is fusiform, with a well-produced spire. The whorls are coronated with tubercles or short spines at the suture;. The aperture is oval. The columellar lip is smooth,...
Lamarck, 1801 - ClavosurculaClavosurculaClavosurcula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Clavosurcula include:* Clavosurcula schepmani Sysoev, 1997* Clavosurcula sibogae Schepman, 1913...
Schepman, 1913 - ClavusClavus (gastropod)Clavus is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Description:Apart from the general characteristics of the genera in the family Drilliidae, the species in the genus Clavus have a shell with peripheral tubercles, spines or wing-like processes. The...
Montfort, 1810 - ClionellaClionellaClionella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Description:The shell of the species in this genus is narrowly bucciniform and turriculated. The whorls are somewhat flattened, longitudinally ribbed, and have a thick epidermis. The spire of the shell is...
Gray, 1847 - CochlespiraCochlespiraCochlespira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Cochlespira include:* Cochlespira beuteli Powell, 1969* Cochlespira bevdeynzerae Garcia, 2010...
Conrad, 1865 - ComitasComitasComitas is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turridae, the turrids. -Species and subspecies:Species and subspecies in the genus Comitas include:* Comitas aequatorialis...
Finlay, 1926 - CompsodrilliaCompsodrilliaCompsodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Compsodrillia include:* Compsodrillia acestra...
Woodring, 1928 - ConorbelaConorbelaConorbela is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Conorbela include:* Conorbela antarctica...
Powell, 1951 - ConticostaConticostaConticosta is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Conticosta include:* Conticosta petilinus...
Laseron, 1954 - CrassiclavaCrassiclavaCrassiclava is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Crassiclava include:* Crassiclava balteata Kilburn, 1988* Crassiclava layardi...
McLean, 1971 - CrassispiraCrassispiraCrassispira is a genus of small predatory sea snails with narrow, high-spired shells, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae,.-Species:...
Swainson, 1840 - CretaspiraCretaspiraCretaspira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Cretaspira include:* Cretaspira cretacea Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971...
Kuroda & Oyama, 1971 - CryptogemmaCryptogemmaCryptogemma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Cryptogemma include:* Cryptogemma benthima * Cryptogemma calypso Dall, 1919...
Dall, 1918 - CymakraCymakraCymakra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.These are epifaunal carnivores occurring in the Gulf of Mexico.-Species:...
Gardner, 1937 - Danilacarina Bozzetti, 1997
- DaphnellaDaphnellaDaphnella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Daphnella include:* Daphnella alfredensis Bartsch, 1915* Daphnella allemani...
Hinds, 1844 - DarryliaDarryliaDarrylia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Darrylia include:* Darrylia harryleei García, 2008...
Garcia, 2008 - DecollidrilliaDecollidrilliaDecollidrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Decollidrillia include:* Decollidrillia nigra Habe & Ito, 1965...
Habe & Ito, 1965 - DoxospiraDoxospiraDoxospira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Doxospira include:* Doxospira hertleini Shasky, 1971...
McLean, 1971 - EosurculaEosurculaEosurcula is an extinct genus of gastropod from the Eocene of Asia, Europe, and North America.- Species :* Eosurcula moorei Gabb, 1860 from Bartonian in Texas* Eosurcula stena from Hampshire- Original description :...
- EpideiraEpideiraEpideira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae.-Species:Species within the genus Epideira include:* Epideira gabensis Hedley, 1922* Epideira jaffaensis...
Hedley, 1918 - EpidironaEpidironaEpidirona is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Epidirona include:* Epidirona beachportensis * Epidirona candida Laseron, 1954...
Iredale, 1931 - FenimoreaFenimoreaFenimorea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Species:Species within the genus Fenimorea include:* Fenimorea culexensis Nowell-Usticke, 1969* Fenimorea fucata...
Bartsch, 1934 - FusiturriculaFusiturriculaFusiturricula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Taxonomy:The genus Fusiturricula forms an unsupported group that is sister clade to Drilliidae in the cladogram of the molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea....
Woodring, 1928 - FusiturrisFusiturrisFusiturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae.-Species:Species within the genus Fusiturris include:* Fusiturris amianta * Fusiturris pluteata...
Thiele, 1929 - GemmulaGemmulaGemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.These snails are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts....
Weinkauff, 1875 - GraciliclavaGraciliclavaGraciliclava is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Graciliclava include:* Graciliclava costatus...
Shuto, 1983 - HaedropleuraHaedropleuraHaedropleura is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Haedropleura include:* Haedropleura flexicosta Monterosato, 1884...
Monterosato in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 - Hauturua Powell, 1942
- HemilienardiaHemilienardiaHemilienardia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Hemilienardia include: * Hemilienardia malletti Preston, H.B., 1908Synonymized species :...
Boettger, 1895 - Heterocithara Hedley, 1922
- HindsiclavaHindsiclavaHindsiclava is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Hindsiclava include:* Hindsiclava alesidota * Hindsiclava andromeda...
HertleinLeo George HertleinLeo George Hertlein was an American paleontologist and malacologist who studied the Recent and fossil mollusks of the eastern Pacific Ocean.Hertlein was born on a farm in Pratt County, Kansas...
and Strong, 1955 - HoraiclavusHoraiclavusHoraiclavus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.Horaiclavus is the type genus of the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:...
Oyama, 1954 - InodrilliaInodrilliaInodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.It was within Crassispirinae, Turridae.-Species:Species within the genus Inodrillia include:* Inodrillia acova Bartsch, 1943...
Bartsch, 1943 - InquisitorInquisitor (gastropod)Inquisitor is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids. -Species:According to the World Register of Marine Species , the following species with valid names are included within the genus Inquisitor: * Inquisitor acervatus* Inquisitor...
Hedley, 1918 - IotyrrisIotyrrisIotyrris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Iotyrris include:* Iotyrris cerithiformis * Iotyrris cingulifera...
Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001 - IredaleaIredaleaIredalea is a small genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.This genus was named in 1915 by Walter Oliver after Tom Iredale , an English-born naturalist who lived mainly in Australia.-Species:...
Oliver, 1915 - IrenosyrinxIrenosyrinxIrenosyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae.This genus has become a synonym of Aforia Dall, 1889-Species:Species within the genus Irenosyrinx include:* Irenosyrinx hypomela...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, 1908 - IwaoaIwaoaIwaoa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae....
Kuroda, 1953 - KnefastiaKnefastiaKnefastia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Knefastia include:* Knefastia altenai Macsotay & Campos Villarroel, 2001* Knefastia dalli Bartsch, 1944...
Dall, 1919 - KurilohadaliaKurilohadaliaKurilohadalia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Kurilohadalia include:* Kurilohadalia brevis Sysoev & Kantor, 1986...
Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 - KurodadrilliaKurodadrilliaKurodadrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Kurodadrillia include:* Kurodadrillia habui Azuma, 1975...
Azuma, 1975 - KuroshioturrisKuroshioturrisKuroshioturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Kuroshioturris include:* Kuroshioturris albogemmata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971...
Shuto, 1961 - LeucosyrinxLeucosyrinxLeucosyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids. -Species:Species within the genus Leucosyrinx include :* Leucosyrinx angusteplicata...
Dall, 1889 :p - Lienardia Jousseaume 1884
- LioglyphostomaLioglyphostomaLioglyphostoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Lioglyphostoma include:* Lioglyphostoma aguadillanum...
Woodring, 1928 - LophiotomaLophiotomaLophiotoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Lophiotoma include:* Lophiotoma abbreviata * Lophiotoma acuta...
Casey, 1904 - LophioturrisLophioturrisLophioturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Lophioturris include:* Lophioturris indica * Lophioturris indica...
Powell, 1964 - Liracraea Odhner, 1924
- Lora Gistl, 1848
- LucerapexLucerapexLucerapex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Lucerapex include:* Lucerapex adenica Powell, 1964* Lucerapex angustatus...
Iredale, 1936 - LusitanopsLusitanopsLusitanops is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Lusitanops include:* Lusitanops blanchardi * Lusitanops bullioides...
F. Nordsieck, 1968 - MaesiellaMaesiellaMaesiella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.The generic name Maesiella is named in honor of American malacologist Virginia Orr Maes.-Species:Species within the genus Maesiella include:...
McLean, 1971 - MakiyamaiaMakiyamaiaMakiyamaia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Species:Species within the genus Makiyamaia include:* Makiyamaia coreanica * Makiyamaia cornulabrum Kuroda, 1961...
Kuroda, 1961 - MarshallenaMarshallenaMarshallena is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Marshallena include:* Marshallena diomedea Powell, 1969* Marshallena nierstraszi...
Finlay, 1926 - MauidrilliaMauidrilliaMauidrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Mauidrillia include:* Mauidrillia felina Kilburn, 1988...
Powell, 1942 - MegasurculaMegasurculaMegasurcula is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turridae, the turrids. Species within this genus occur in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.-Species:Species within the genus Megasurcula include:...
Casey, 1904 - Microdrillia Casey, 1903
- MicropleurotomaMicropleurotomaMicropleurotoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Micropleurotoma include:* Micropleurotoma melvilli...
Thiele, 1929 - MiraclathurellaMiraclathurellaMiraclathurella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Miraclathurella include:* Miraclathurella bicanalifera...
Woodring, 1928 - MonilispiraMonilispiraMonilispira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Monilispira include:* Monilispira bandata...
Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 - NaskiaNaskiaNaskia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Naskia include:* Naskia axiplicata Sysoev & Ivanov, 1985...
Sysoev & Ivanov, 1985 - NeodrilliaNeodrilliaNeodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Species:Species within the genus Neodrillia include:* Neodrillia blacki Petuch, 2003* Neodrillia cydia Bartsch, 1943...
Bartsch, 1943 - Neoguraleus Powell, 1939
- NeopleurotomoidesNeopleurotomoidesNeopleurotomoides is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Neopleurotomoides include:* Neopleurotomoides callembryon...
Shuto, 1925 - NihoniaNihoniaNihonia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae. -Species:Species within the genus Nihonia include:* Nihonia australis * Nihonia circumstricta...
McNeil, 1961 - Nodotoma Bartsch, 1941
- NqumaNqumaNquma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Nquma include:* Nquma rousi * Nquma scalpta Kilburn, 1988...
Kilburn, 1988 - OenopotaOenopotaOenopota is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.-Species:Species within the genus Oenopota include:* Oenopota admetoides * Oenopota alba Golikov & Scarlato, 1985...
Moerch, 1852 - ParacomitasParacomitasParacomitas is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Paracomitas include:* Paracomitas augusta * Paracomitas gypsata...
Powell, 1942 - ParadrilliaParadrilliaParadrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Paradrillia include:* Paradrillia agalma * Paradrillia alluaudi...
Makiyama, 1940 - PerronaPerronaPerrona is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Description:In this genus the spire is carinated or smooth. The whorls are not tubercular or spinose. The anal sinus can be found more or less near the suture...
Schumacher, 1817 - Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
- PhymorhynchusPhymorhynchusPhymorhynchus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Phymorhynchus include:* Phymorhynchus alberti...
Dall, 1908 - PilsbryspiraPilsbryspiraPilsbryspira is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Pilsbryspira include:* Pilsbryspira albiguttata...
Bartsch, 1950 - PinguigemmulaPinguigemmulaPinguigemmula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Pinguigemmula include:* Pinguigemmula philippinensis Powell, 1964...
McNeil, 1961 - PlicisyrinxPlicisyrinxPlicisyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Plicisyrinx include:* Plicisyrinx binicostata Sysoev & Kantor, 1986...
Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 - PolystiraPolystiraPolystira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Polystira include:* Polystira albida * Polystira bayeri Petuch, 2001...
Woodring, 1928 - PseudexomilusPseudexomilusPseudexomilus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Pseudexomilus include:* Pseudexomilus bicarinatus Shuto, 1983...
Powell, 1944 - PseudotaranisPseudotaranisPseudotaranis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Pseudotaranis include:* Pseudotaranis hyperia...
McLean, 1995 - PsittacodrilliaPsittacodrilliaPsittacodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Psittacodrillia include:* Psittacodrillia albonodulosa...
Kilburn, 1988 - PtychobelaPtychobelaPtychobela is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Ptychobela include:* Ptychobela baynhami Ptychobela is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within...
Thiele, 1925 - PtychosyrinxPtychosyrinxPtychosyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Ptychosyrinx include:* Ptychosyrinx carynae * Ptychosyrinx chilensis Berry, 1968...
Thiele, 1925 - PusionellaPusionellaPusionella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae.-Description:The fusiform shell is solid, smooth and shining. The whorls are numerous. The spire is sharp. The lip lacks an anal sinus. The siphonal canal is short, exteriorly carinated at the base. The...
Gray, 1847 - PyrgospiraPyrgospiraPyrgospira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Pyrgospira include:* Pyrgospira candace * Pyrgospira obeliscus...
McLean, 1971 - RectiplanesRectiplanesRectiplanes is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Rectiplanes include:* Rectiplanes delicatus...
Bartsch, 1944 - RhodopetomaRhodopetomaRhodopetoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Rhodopetoma include:* Rhodopetoma erosa...
Bartsch, 1944 - RiuguhdrilliaRiuguhdrilliaBathytoma is a genus of deep-water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae.-Species:Species within the genus Bathytoma include:* Bathytoma agnata Hedley & Petterd, 1906* Bathytoma arbucklei Kilburn, 1986...
Oyama, 1951 - ScaevatulaScaevatulaScaevatula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Species:Species within the genus Scaevatula* Scaevatula amancicoi Rolan & Fernandes, 1992* Scaevatula pellisserpentis Gofas, 1990...
Gofas, 1990 - ShutoniaShutoniaShutonia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Shutonia include:* Shutonia variabilis...
van der Bijl, 1993 - SinistrellaSinistrellaSinistrella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Sinistrella include:* Sinistrella sinistralis...
Meyer, 1887 - SpirotropisSpirotropisSpirotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the sub family Faboideae....
Sars, 1878 - SplendrilliaSplendrilliaSplendrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Species:Species within the genus Splendrillia include:* Splendrillia academica McLean & Poorman, 1971* Splendrillia alabastrum Kilburn, 1988...
Dell, 1956 - SteiraxisSteiraxisSteiraxis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae....
Dall, 1896 - StenodrilliaStenodrilliaStenodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae. -Species:Species within the genus Stenodrillia include:* Stenodrillia horrenda -References:...
Korobkov, 1955 - StriatoguraleusStriatoguraleusStriatoguraleus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Striatoguraleus include:* Striatoguraleus electrinus Kilburn, 1994...
Kilburn, 1994 - Surcula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
- TeretiaTeretiaTeretia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Teretia include:* Teretia acus * Teretia anceps * Teretia teres...
Norman, 1888 - TomellaTomellaTomella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae.This name is no longer valid as it is a junior homonym of Tomella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830...
Swainson, 1840 - ToxiclionellaToxiclionellaToxiclionella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. -Species:Species within the genus Toxiclionella include:* Toxiclionella elstoni * Toxiclionella haliplex...
Powell, 1966 - TurriculaTurricula (gastropod)Turricula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae.Clavatulidae was raised, based on cladistic analysis, from subfamily to the family level by Rosenberg in 1998. It remained regarded as a subfamily of Turridae by several malacologists...
Schumacher, 1817 - TurridrupaTurridrupaTurridrupa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Turridrupa include:* Turridrupa acutigemmata * Turridrupa albofasciata Turridrupa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the...
Hedley, 1922 - TurrisTurrisTurris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Description:The generally large shells are variegated with spots. The fusiform shell is turriculated with a long, sharp spire. The aperture is ovate. The columellar lip is smooth. The outer lip is...
Röding, 1798 - type genus - UnedogemmulaUnedogemmulaUnedogemmula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Unedogemmula include:* Unedogemmula deshayesii...
MacNeil, 1961 - VepreculaVepreculaVeprecula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.-Species:Species within the genus Veprecula include:* Veprecula arethusa * Veprecula bandensis Sysoev, 1997...
Melvill, 1917 - VexitominaVexitominaVexitomina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Vexitomina include:* Vexitomina coriorudis * Vexitomina coxi...
Powell, 1942 - ViridoturrisViridoturrisViridoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Viridoturris include:* Viridoturris corona...
Powell, 1964 - ViridrilliaViridrilliaViridrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Viridrillia include:* Viridrillia aureofasciata García, 2008* Viridrillia cervina Bartsch, 1943...
Bartsch, 1943 - Vitricythara Fargo, 1953
- ZemaciesZemaciesZemacies is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae-Species:Species within the genus Zemacies include:* Zemacies excelsa Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001* Zemacies queenslandica...
Finlay, 1926 - ZonulispiraZonulispiraZonulispira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Zonulispira include:* Zonulispira chrysochildosa Shasky, 1971* Zonulispira crocata...
Bartsch, 1950
Further reading
- Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae." Ann. Natal. Mus. 25: 549–585.
- McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific". Veliger 14: 114–130.
- Powell A. W. B.Arthur William Baden PowellDr Arthur William Baden Powell CBE was a New Zealand malacologist, naturalist and palaeontologist, a major influence in the study and classification of New Zealand molluscs through much of the twentieth century. He was known to his friends and family by his third name, "Baden".Powell was born at...
(1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227–345. - Tucker J. K. (2004). "Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". ZootaxaZootaxaZootaxa is a peer-reviewed scientific journal for animal taxonomists. It is published by Magnolia Press . The journal was established by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and new issues are published multiple times a week...
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