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Thelytoky comes from the Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 thely, meaning "female", and tok, meaning "birth". Thelytokous parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of reproduction found in females where growth and development of embryos or seeds occurs without fertilization by a male....
 is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs. It is rare in the animal kingdom
Animal kingdom

The term Animal kingdom may refer to:* Animal kingdom * Animal, a type of living organism,a multicellular organism* Kingdom referring to animals, as different from Plants ...
 and has only been reported in about 1500 species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
. It is more common in invertebrates, like arthropods, but can also occur in vertebrates, like some whiptail lizards
Cnemidophorus

Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as Whiptail Lizards or Racerunners....
. Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera is one of the larger order s of insects, comprising the sawfly, wasps, bees, and ants. The name refers to the membranous wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek language wikt:???? : membrane and wikt:pte??? : wing....
 (ant
Ant

Ants are Eusociality insects of the family Formicidae, and along with the related wasps and bees, they belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolution from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and Evolutionary radiation after the rise of flowering plants....
s, bee
Bee

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. Bees are a monophyly lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently classified by the unranked taxon name Anthophila....
s and wasp
WAsP

WAsP is a PC program for predicting wind climates, wind resources, and power productions from wind turbines and wind farms. The predictions are based on wind data measured at stations in the same region....
s) for example, are haplodiploid and usually reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis
Arrhenotoky

Arrhenotoky or arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilised ovums develop into haploid males.This form is observed in some marine invertebrates, beetles, scorpiones, mites, bees, etc....
, in which unfertilized eggs develop into haploid males, and fertilized eggs develop into diploid females but thelytoky has been described in several taxa, including Cynipidae, Tenthredinidae
Tenthredinidae

The Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 6000 species worldwide. Larvae are typically herbivores and feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers....
, Aphelinidae
Aphelinidae

Aphelinidae is a moderate-sized family of tiny parasitic wasps, with some 1160 described species in some 35 genera. These minute insects are challenging to study as they deteriorate rapidly after death unless extreme care is taken , making identification of most museum specimens difficult....
, Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae

Ichneumonidae is a family within the insect order Hymenoptera. Insects in this family are commonly called ichneumon wasps. Less exact terms are ichneumon flies , or scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen ....
, Apidae
Apidae

The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honey bees, stingless bees , carpenter bees, euglossini, nomadinae, bumblebees, and various other less well-known groups....
 and Formicidae.






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Thelytoky comes from the Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 thely, meaning "female", and tok, meaning "birth". Thelytokous parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of reproduction found in females where growth and development of embryos or seeds occurs without fertilization by a male....
 is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs. It is rare in the animal kingdom
Animal kingdom

The term Animal kingdom may refer to:* Animal kingdom * Animal, a type of living organism,a multicellular organism* Kingdom referring to animals, as different from Plants ...
 and has only been reported in about 1500 species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
. It is more common in invertebrates, like arthropods, but can also occur in vertebrates, like some whiptail lizards
Cnemidophorus

Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as Whiptail Lizards or Racerunners....
. Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera is one of the larger order s of insects, comprising the sawfly, wasps, bees, and ants. The name refers to the membranous wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek language wikt:???? : membrane and wikt:pte??? : wing....
 (ant
Ant

Ants are Eusociality insects of the family Formicidae, and along with the related wasps and bees, they belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolution from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and Evolutionary radiation after the rise of flowering plants....
s, bee
Bee

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. Bees are a monophyly lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently classified by the unranked taxon name Anthophila....
s and wasp
WAsP

WAsP is a PC program for predicting wind climates, wind resources, and power productions from wind turbines and wind farms. The predictions are based on wind data measured at stations in the same region....
s) for example, are haplodiploid and usually reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis
Arrhenotoky

Arrhenotoky or arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilised ovums develop into haploid males.This form is observed in some marine invertebrates, beetles, scorpiones, mites, bees, etc....
, in which unfertilized eggs develop into haploid males, and fertilized eggs develop into diploid females but thelytoky has been described in several taxa, including Cynipidae, Tenthredinidae
Tenthredinidae

The Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 6000 species worldwide. Larvae are typically herbivores and feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers....
, Aphelinidae
Aphelinidae

Aphelinidae is a moderate-sized family of tiny parasitic wasps, with some 1160 described species in some 35 genera. These minute insects are challenging to study as they deteriorate rapidly after death unless extreme care is taken , making identification of most museum specimens difficult....
, Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae

Ichneumonidae is a family within the insect order Hymenoptera. Insects in this family are commonly called ichneumon wasps. Less exact terms are ichneumon flies , or scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen ....
, Apidae
Apidae

The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honey bees, stingless bees , carpenter bees, euglossini, nomadinae, bumblebees, and various other less well-known groups....
 and Formicidae. It can also be induced in Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera is one of the larger order s of insects, comprising the sawfly, wasps, bees, and ants. The name refers to the membranous wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek language wikt:???? : membrane and wikt:pte??? : wing....
 by the bacteria Wolbachia
Wolbachia

Wolbachia is a genus of inherited bacterium which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects. It is one of the world's most common parasitic microbes and is potentially the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere....
 and Cardinium.

Thelytoky can occur by a number of different mechanisms each of which has a different impact on the level of inbreeding
Inbreeding

Inbreeding is biological reproduction between close Kinships, whether plant or animal. If practiced repeatedly, it leads to an increase in homozygosity of a population....
.

An example of thelytoky is the reproduction of female workers or queens by laying worker bee
Laying worker bee

A laying worker bee is a worker bee that lays fertilization eggs usually in the absence of a queen bee. Only Drone s develop from the egg of laying worker bees ....
s. It occurs in the Cape bee, Apis mellifera capensis
Apis mellifera capensis

Apis mellifera capensis, the Cape honey bee or Cape of Good Hope bee is a southern South African sub-species of the Western honey bee....
 and has been found in other strains at very low frequency. In honey bee
Honey bee

Honey bees are a subset of bees, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of wiktionary:perennial, Colony nests out of beeswax....
s, thelytoky occurs when diploidy is restored by the fusion of two meiotic products. Usually, unfertilized eggs are haploid containing only a single set of chromosomes (16) from the mother. Cape bee laying workers are capable of laying unfertilized diploid (32 chromosomes) eggs. These eggs undergo an unusual biological life cycle
Biological life cycle

A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction....
. One stage during meiosis
Meiosis

In biology or life science, meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved. In animals, meiosis always results in the formation of gametes, while in other organisms it can give rise to spores....
 is anaphase
Anaphase

Anaphase, is from the ancient Greek ??? and f?s?? , is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryote cell . Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell, the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle, near the microtubule organizing centers....
 when the chromosomes separate. In parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of reproduction found in females where growth and development of embryos or seeds occurs without fertilization by a male....
 (the reproduction without male fertilization), anaphase is followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy (the egg pronucleus
Pronucleus

A pronucleus is the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum, but before they fuse....
 and the central descendant of the first polar body
Polar body

A polar body is a cell structure found inside an ovum. Both animal and plant ova possess it. It is also known as a polar cell.Asymmetrical cell division leads to the production of polar bodies during oogenesis....
 fuse to form a diploid nucleus called zygote
Zygote

A zygote is a cell that is the result of fertilization. That is, two ploidy cells—usually an ovum from a female and a sperm cell from a male—merge into a single ploidy cell called the zygote ....
). Depending on how the zygote
Zygote

A zygote is a cell that is the result of fertilization. That is, two ploidy cells—usually an ovum from a female and a sperm cell from a male—merge into a single ploidy cell called the zygote ....
 (diploid egg) is fed it can develop into a worker bee or a queen bee.

See also

  • Arrhenotoky
    Arrhenotoky

    Arrhenotoky or arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilised ovums develop into haploid males.This form is observed in some marine invertebrates, beetles, scorpiones, mites, bees, etc....
  • Epitoky
    Epitoky

    Epitoky is a form of reproduction observed for polychaete marine worms.The worms undergo a partial or complete transformation into an epitoke, a pelagic morph capable of sexual reproduction....