Surinam Airways Flight PY764
Encyclopedia
Surinam Airways Flight 764 was an international scheduled passenger flight from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands
to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport in Suriname
on a Surinam Airways
DC-8. On June 7, 1989, the flight crashed during approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij, killing 176 of the 187 on board, making it the deadliest aviation disaster in Suriname's history.
Investigation revealed significant deficiencies in the crew's training and judgement. They knowingly attempted to land using an inappropriate navigation signal and ignored alarms warning them of an impending crash. The safety issues stemming from the incident were of such concern that the United States National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) issued safety recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
. An NTSB brief shows that while the aircraft was owned by Braniff it was involved in a minor accident in 1979 in which there were no fatalities. The aircraft was sold to Surinam Airways shortly afterwards. The official report into the crash of Flight 764 made no indication that this previous incident contributed in any way to the subsequent fatal crash.
/Distance Measuring Equipment
) approach to runway
10 but instead initiated an ILS (Instrument Landing System
/Distance Measuring Equipment) landing. During the approach, the plane's No. 2 engine struck a tree at a height of approximately 25 meters above ground level. The right wing then struck another tree, causing the aircraft to roll and impact the ground inverted. Of the 9 crew and 178 passengers, none of the crew and only 11 passengers survived, leaving 176 dead.
players playing professionally in the Netherlands and organized as an exhibition team known as the Colourful 11 (in Dutch Kleurrijk Elftal) was among the dead. The team was an initiative of Dutch Surinamese social worker Sonny Hasnoe who worked with underprivileged children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Amsterdam
. Many people of Surinamese origin lived in the city's Bijlmer district and were isolated from mainstream Dutch society. Hasnoe often found that he could engage the youngsters socially if they saw positive role models that had the same background as they did. He encouraged young boys to join football clubs and noted an improvement in their behaviour when they were playing sports as it gave them an opportunity to interact with their white contemporaries and so helped speed up the process of social integration.
In 1986, Sonny Hasnoe organised the first match between a star selection of Surinamese Dutch professionals and SV Robinhood
, champions of the domestic Surinamese competition. The match was a great success and further contests were arranged. The Colourful 11 were to play a match in Suriname in June 1989, however a number of players were denied permission to travel by their Dutch professional clubs. Among the players who stayed back as a result were Ruud Gullit
, Frank Rijkaard
, Aron Winter
, Bryan Roy
, Stanley Menzo
and Regi Blinker
. A group of eighteen "second stringers" travelled to Suriname instead. Former Ajax players and Dutch internationals Hennie Meijer
and Stanley Menzo
– who ignored his club's decree and went to Suriname on his own accord – had taken an earlier flight and were spared the fate of their team mates.
The mother and sister of current international football player Romeo Castelen
were also killed.
In 2005, Dutch journalist Iwan Tol released his book about this lost generation of Surinamese players called: Eindbestemming Zanderij. Het vergeten verhaal van het kleurrijk elftal (ISBN 90-204-0366-4).
The final weather report sent to the aircraft accurately stated that there was visibility of 900 meters in dense fog, 1/4 cloud cover with a cloud base at 400 feet, and winds calm. This surprised the flight crew, because previous weather information had given visibility of 6 kilometers. As a result, despite the fact that the aircraft was cleared for a VOR/DME (VHF omnidirectional range
/Distance Measuring Equipment
) approach, it was an ILS/DME (Instrument Landing System
/Distance Measuring Equipment) that was initiated. ILS navigational equipment is normally more accurate than VOR/DME equipment, but in this case the ILS equipment at Zanderij airport, though transmitting signals, was not suitable nor available for operational use. The investigation showed that the crewmembers were aware of this. The cockpit voice recorder
captured the first officer saying, "I don't trust that ILS", but the captain chose to use it regardless. He did instruct the First Officer to tune the required navigational equipment for the functional VOR/DME approach, most likely for use as a gross error check.
Because of the unreliability of the ILS signal, the aircraft descended too low, triggering several audible and visual warning signals. The crew ignored these warnings, and also descended below the minimum altitude allowed for both the VOR/DME and ILS procedures without positive visual contact with the runway. A possible reason was that they had to land soon due to a lack of fuel, until finally, the aircraft crashed at 04:27.
The NTSB investigation also turned out that the captain was 66 years old which was over the maximum age allowed for operating as captain on this flight. Additionally he was not properly checked and approved for operation on the aircraft type, as his most recent check had been done on a small piston twin engined aircraft instead of the DC-8. Partly due to name confusion in his check paperwork, this incorrect check went unnoticed by the airline.
The probable cause paragraph from the report reads as follows:
"The Commission determines: a) That as a result of the captain's glaring carelessness and recklessness the aircraft was flown below the published minimum altitudes during the approach and consequently collided with a tree. b) As underlying factor in the accident was the failure of SLM's (Surinam Airways) operational management to observe the pertinent regulations as well as the procedures prescribed in the SLM Operations Manual concerning qualification and certification during recruitment and employment of the crew members furnished by ACI."
The following recommendations were made:
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport in Suriname
Suriname
Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...
on a Surinam Airways
Surinam Airways
Surinam Airways is the national airline of Suriname, based in Paramaribo. It operates regional and long-haul scheduled passenger services. Its hub is at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport.On 16 September 2008, Surinam Airways had 400 employees....
DC-8. On June 7, 1989, the flight crashed during approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij, killing 176 of the 187 on board, making it the deadliest aviation disaster in Suriname's history.
Investigation revealed significant deficiencies in the crew's training and judgement. They knowingly attempted to land using an inappropriate navigation signal and ignored alarms warning them of an impending crash. The safety issues stemming from the incident were of such concern that the United States National Transportation Safety Board
National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine...
(NTSB) issued safety recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Aircraft
The aircraft was an older four-engined DC-8 passenger jet which had first flown in 1969 as part of the air fleet of Braniff International AirwaysBraniff International Airways
Braniff International Airways was an American airline that operated from 1928 until 1982, primarily in the midwestern and southwestern U.S., South America, Panama, and in its later years also Asia and Europe...
. An NTSB brief shows that while the aircraft was owned by Braniff it was involved in a minor accident in 1979 in which there were no fatalities. The aircraft was sold to Surinam Airways shortly afterwards. The official report into the crash of Flight 764 made no indication that this previous incident contributed in any way to the subsequent fatal crash.
History of the flight
The flight departed Amsterdam Airport Schiphol as scheduled at 23:25 on June 6. The next four hours of the flight passed uneventfully. The crew received a final weather report and clearance for a VOR/DME (VHF omnidirectional rangeVHF omnidirectional range
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. A VOR ground station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice , and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter string in Morse code...
/Distance Measuring Equipment
Distance Measuring Equipment
Distance measuring equipment is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals....
) approach to runway
Runway
According to ICAO a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft." Runways may be a man-made surface or a natural surface .- Orientation and dimensions :Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally one tenth...
10 but instead initiated an ILS (Instrument Landing System
Instrument Landing System
An instrument landing system is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument...
/Distance Measuring Equipment) landing. During the approach, the plane's No. 2 engine struck a tree at a height of approximately 25 meters above ground level. The right wing then struck another tree, causing the aircraft to roll and impact the ground inverted. Of the 9 crew and 178 passengers, none of the crew and only 11 passengers survived, leaving 176 dead.
Colourful 11
A group of Surinamese footballFootball (soccer)
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball...
players playing professionally in the Netherlands and organized as an exhibition team known as the Colourful 11 (in Dutch Kleurrijk Elftal) was among the dead. The team was an initiative of Dutch Surinamese social worker Sonny Hasnoe who worked with underprivileged children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
. Many people of Surinamese origin lived in the city's Bijlmer district and were isolated from mainstream Dutch society. Hasnoe often found that he could engage the youngsters socially if they saw positive role models that had the same background as they did. He encouraged young boys to join football clubs and noted an improvement in their behaviour when they were playing sports as it gave them an opportunity to interact with their white contemporaries and so helped speed up the process of social integration.
In 1986, Sonny Hasnoe organised the first match between a star selection of Surinamese Dutch professionals and SV Robinhood
SV Robinhood
Sporting Vereniging Robinhood is a Surinamese football club based in Paramaribo that competes in the Surinamese Hoofdklasse, the highest level of football in Suriname. Founded on 6 February 1945, Robinhood is the most successful club in Surinamese football, having won a record 23 league titles, and...
, champions of the domestic Surinamese competition. The match was a great success and further contests were arranged. The Colourful 11 were to play a match in Suriname in June 1989, however a number of players were denied permission to travel by their Dutch professional clubs. Among the players who stayed back as a result were Ruud Gullit
Ruud Gullit
OON is a Dutch football manager and former football player, who played professionally in the 1980s and 1990s. He was the captain of the Netherlands national team that was victorious at Euro 88 and was also a member of the squad for the 1990 World Cup. He was named the European Footballer of the...
, Frank Rijkaard
Frank Rijkaard
Franklin Edmundo Rijkaard is a Dutch football manager of Dutch and Surinamese descent and former player. Rijkaard has played for Ajax, Real Zaragoza and Milan, and represented his national side 73 times, scoring 10 goals. In his coaching career, he has been at the helm of the Dutch national side,...
, Aron Winter
Aron Winter
Aron Mohamed Winter [VIN-ter] is a retired Dutch football midfielder and current head coach of Toronto FC...
, Bryan Roy
Bryan Roy
Bryan Edward Steven Roy is a Dutch football manager and a former professional player. He has managed various of Ajax' youth teams – formerly Ajax E1 and now Ajax B.-Career:...
, Stanley Menzo
Stanley Menzo
Stanley Purl Menzo is a retired Dutch footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and a current coach.Most of his professional career was spent at Ajax , appearing in more than 300 official matches with the club and winning nine major titles.Menzo represented the Dutch national team in one World Cup...
and Regi Blinker
Regi Blinker
Reginald "Regi" Waldi Blinker is a former Dutch footballer of Surinamese extraction, who played as a left winger....
. A group of eighteen "second stringers" travelled to Suriname instead. Former Ajax players and Dutch internationals Hennie Meijer
Hennie Meijer
Hennie Meijer is a retired Dutch football player.Meijer was born in Paramaribo, Suriname. He is known for scoring the first ever J. League goal in the 19th minute of a game against Yokohama Marinos on 15 May 1993.-Club statistics:...
and Stanley Menzo
Stanley Menzo
Stanley Purl Menzo is a retired Dutch footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and a current coach.Most of his professional career was spent at Ajax , appearing in more than 300 official matches with the club and winning nine major titles.Menzo represented the Dutch national team in one World Cup...
– who ignored his club's decree and went to Suriname on his own accord – had taken an earlier flight and were spared the fate of their team mates.
Football players killed in the crash
- Ruud Degenaar, 25, Heracles AlmeloHeracles AlmeloHeracles Almelo is a football club from Almelo, Netherlands.Heracles Almelo were founded on May 3, 1903 as Heracles, after the demigod son of Zeus. They changed their name on July 1, 1974 to SC Heracles '74 and finally settled on the current name in 1998. The club has won the Dutch national title...
- Lloyd DoesburgLloyd DoesburgLloyd Doesburg was a Dutch football goalkeeper. During his career he served Elinkwijk, Vitesse, Excelsior Rotterdam and AFC Ajax...
, 29, AFC Ajax - Steve van DorpelSteve van DorpelSteven van Dorpel was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he played for FC Volendam....
,23, FC VolendamFC VolendamFootball Club Volendam is a Dutch football club based in Volendam, North Holland, Edam-Volendam. Founded on June 1, 1977, as a result of a split up with RKSV . It currently plays in the Eerste Divisie, holding home games at Kras Stadion, with a 6,260-seat capacity.-History:Football Club Volendam... - Wendel FräserWendel FräserWendel Fräser was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. He suited up for Feyenoord Rotterdam and RBC Roosendaal in his brief career, cut short when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo, at the age of 22.Fräser was a postman in Rotterdam and played in the...
, 22, RBC Roosendaal - Frits GoodingsFrits GoodingsFrits Goodings was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he played for FC Utrecht and FC Wageningen. He died at the age of 25, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo.Goodings played in the youth teams of FC Utrecht alongside his...
, 25, FC WageningenFC WageningenFC Wageningen was a Dutch football club which was founded on August 27, 1911. The club played its matches in the Wageningse Berg stadium .... - Jerry HaatrechtJerry HaatrechtJerry Haatrecht was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he served Cambuur Leeuwarden as well as a bunch of amateur clubs including VV Neerlandia '31. He died at the age of 28, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo...
, 25, Neerlandia, was travelling in place of his brother Winston Haatrecht who had post-season duties with his club sc Heerenveen. - Virgall JoemankhanVirgall JoemankhanVirgall Joemankhan was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he played for AFC Ajax and Cercle Brugge...
,20 , Cercle Brugge - Andro KnelAndro KnelAndro Charles Willem Knel was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he served Sparta Rotterdam and NAC Breda. He died at the age of 21, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo...
, 21, NAC BredaNAC BredaNAC Breda , simply often known as NAC, is a Dutch professional football club, based in Breda, Netherlands. NAC Breda play in the Rat Verlegh Stadium, named after their most important player, Antoon 'Rat' Verlegh. They play in the Dutch Eredivisie and are known by the fierce and fanatic support of... - Ruben KogeldansRuben KogeldansRuben Kogeldans was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he served VVV-Venlo and Willem II Tilburg. He died at the age of 22, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo. His father was also a footballer and was played for the Suriname...
, 22, Willem II TilburgWillem II TilburgWillem II , also known as Willem II Tilburg, is a football club based in Tilburg, North Brabant, Netherlands. The team was founded on 12 August 1896 as Tilburgia... - Ortwin LingerOrtwin LingerOrtwin Linger was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he played for HFC Haarlem. He was a passenger on Surinam Airways Flight PY764 when it crashed in Paramaribo on June 7, 1989. He died three days later, at 21 years of age, due to his injuries suffered in the crash...
, 21, HFC HaarlemHFC HaarlemHFC Haarlem was a Dutch football club from the city of Haarlem, established in 1889. The club won the Dutch national title in 1946 and reached five Cup finals, winning in 1902 and 1912...
, died three days after the crash as a result of his injuries - Fred PatrickFred PatrickFrederik Arnold Patrick was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he served AZ Alkmaar and PEC Zwolle. He died at the age of 23, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo...
, 23, PEC Zwolle - Andy ScharminAndy ScharminAndy Scharmin was a Surinamese-Dutch footballer. During his career he served FC Twente. He died at the age of 21, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo. He was the captain of the Netherlands U-21 team...
, 21, FC TwenteFC TwenteFC Twente is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Enschede, playing in the Eredivisie. The club was formed in 1965 by the merger of 1926 Eredivisie Champions, Sportclub Enschede and Enschedese Boys... - Elfried VeldmanElfried VeldmanElfried Romeo Veldman was a Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career he served De Graafschap. He died two days after his 23rd birthday, when on June 7, 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo...
, 23, De GraafschapDe GraafschapDe Graafschap is a professional football club from Doetinchem, Netherlands. It was formed on 1 February 1954 and they play their home games at the "De Vijverberg" stadium. Their current home ground stands on where the old pitch used to be located and was opened on 12 August 2000... - Florian VijentFlorian VijentFlorian Vijent , was a Dutch-Suriname football goalkeeper. During his career he played for Telstar. He died at the age of 27, when on June 7, 1989, he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo. He is not related to Ed Vijent.Vijent's large build was one of the reasons...
, 27, TelstarStormvogels TelstarTelstar is a Dutch football club based in Velsen. The club was established after the merger of two football clubs in the town of Velsen.- History :... - Nick StienstraNick StienstraNick Stienstra was a Dutch-Suriname footballer and coach. During his playing career he played for SV Robinhood...
, 33, RC Heemstede (coach)
The mother and sister of current international football player Romeo Castelen
Romeo Castelen
Romeo Castelen is a Dutch footballer who plays for Hamburger SV in Germany, as a right winger.-Den Haag:Castelen started his professional career with ADO Den Haag, playing two full seasons in the second division...
were also killed.
Football players who survived
- Sigi LensSigi LensSigi Lens is a retired Dutch-Suriname footballer and currently is a football player's agent. During his career he served AZ and Fortuna Sittard. He was one of the footballers that survived the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo on June 7, 1989...
, 25, Fortuna SittardFortuna SittardFortuna Sittard is a football club in Sittard, Netherlands. The club currently plays its football in the 12,500 capacity Trendwork Arena and features in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. The club was a merger of former clubs 'Fortuna 54' and 'Sittardia' to merge as the Fortuna Sittard Combinatie on July 1,...
, would never be able to play football again due to a complicated pelvic fracturePelvic fracturePelvic fracture is a disruption of the bony structure of the pelvis, including the hip bone, sacrum and coccyx. The most common cause in elderly is a fall, but the most significant fractures involve high-energy forces such as a motor vehicle accident, cycling accidents, or a fall from significant... - Edu NandlalEdu NandlalRadjindernath "Edu" Nandlal is a retired Dutch-Suriname footballer. During his career, he played for the FC Utrecht, FC Emmen and Vitesse teams. He was one of the footballers that survived the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo on June 7, 1989.Nandlal moved from Suriname to the...
, 25, Vitesse, suffered a partial spinal cord lesionLesionA lesion is any abnormality in the tissue of an organism , usually caused by disease or trauma. Lesion is derived from the Latin word laesio which means injury.- Types :...
rendering him quadriplegic - Radjin de HaanRadjin de HaanRadjin de Haan is a retired Dutch-Suriname footballer and currently is a football manager. During his career he served Telstar, FC Eindhoven and FC Den Bosch. He was one of the footballers that survived the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo on June 7, 1989...
, 19, TelstarStormvogels TelstarTelstar is a Dutch football club based in Velsen. The club was established after the merger of two football clubs in the town of Velsen.- History :...
, would play again, but was forced to retire early as he could not reach his former level of performance due to a fractured vertebra.
In 2005, Dutch journalist Iwan Tol released his book about this lost generation of Surinamese players called: Eindbestemming Zanderij. Het vergeten verhaal van het kleurrijk elftal (ISBN 90-204-0366-4).
Investigation and probable cause
A commission was set up by the Surinamese government to investigate the accident. The results of that investigation were:The final weather report sent to the aircraft accurately stated that there was visibility of 900 meters in dense fog, 1/4 cloud cover with a cloud base at 400 feet, and winds calm. This surprised the flight crew, because previous weather information had given visibility of 6 kilometers. As a result, despite the fact that the aircraft was cleared for a VOR/DME (VHF omnidirectional range
VHF omnidirectional range
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. A VOR ground station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice , and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter string in Morse code...
/Distance Measuring Equipment
Distance Measuring Equipment
Distance measuring equipment is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals....
) approach, it was an ILS/DME (Instrument Landing System
Instrument Landing System
An instrument landing system is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument...
/Distance Measuring Equipment) that was initiated. ILS navigational equipment is normally more accurate than VOR/DME equipment, but in this case the ILS equipment at Zanderij airport, though transmitting signals, was not suitable nor available for operational use. The investigation showed that the crewmembers were aware of this. The cockpit voice recorder
Cockpit voice recorder
A cockpit voice recorder , often referred to as a "black box", is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents...
captured the first officer saying, "I don't trust that ILS", but the captain chose to use it regardless. He did instruct the First Officer to tune the required navigational equipment for the functional VOR/DME approach, most likely for use as a gross error check.
Because of the unreliability of the ILS signal, the aircraft descended too low, triggering several audible and visual warning signals. The crew ignored these warnings, and also descended below the minimum altitude allowed for both the VOR/DME and ILS procedures without positive visual contact with the runway. A possible reason was that they had to land soon due to a lack of fuel, until finally, the aircraft crashed at 04:27.
The NTSB investigation also turned out that the captain was 66 years old which was over the maximum age allowed for operating as captain on this flight. Additionally he was not properly checked and approved for operation on the aircraft type, as his most recent check had been done on a small piston twin engined aircraft instead of the DC-8. Partly due to name confusion in his check paperwork, this incorrect check went unnoticed by the airline.
The probable cause paragraph from the report reads as follows:
"The Commission determines: a) That as a result of the captain's glaring carelessness and recklessness the aircraft was flown below the published minimum altitudes during the approach and consequently collided with a tree. b) As underlying factor in the accident was the failure of SLM's (Surinam Airways) operational management to observe the pertinent regulations as well as the procedures prescribed in the SLM Operations Manual concerning qualification and certification during recruitment and employment of the crew members furnished by ACI."
NTSB recommendations
Even though the accident was not under U.S. jurisdiction, the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) was actively involved in the investigation because the aircraft was U.S.-registered. As a result of its findings, a number of safety recommendations were made to the FAA.The following recommendations were made:
- Perform ramp and en route inspections of air carriers operating aircraft under 14 CFR part 129 that are registered in the United States.
- Require air carriers operating into the United States under part 129 to provide the FAA with a list of the names, dates of birth, and certificate number of all captains and first officers operating airplanes into the United States. If pilots are found to have reached their 60th birthday, inform the air carrier that these pilots are not authorized to operate as either captain or copilot under the terms of the operations specifications issued in accordance with Part 129. (Class 11, Priority Action) (A-90-52)
- Promulgate rules to regulate United States companies that provide pilots by contract to international air carriers. (Class 11, Priority Action) (A-90-53)
See also
- CFIT (controlled flight into terrain)
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