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Stanhopea

Stanhopea

Overview
Stanhopea (J. Frost ex Hook.
William Jackson Hooker
Sir William Jackson Hooker, FRS was an important English systematic botanist and organiser. He held the post of Regius Professor of Botany at Glasgow University, and was the first Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He enjoyed the friendship and support of Sir Joseph Banks for his...

 1829) is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae, the Orchid family, is the largest family of the flowering plants . Its name is derived from the genus Orchis....

) from Central and South America. The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is Stan. The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope
Earl Stanhope
Earl Stanhope was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1718 for James Stanhope, 1st Viscount Stanhope, the principal minister of King George I, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. Stanhope was the son of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, fifth and youngest son of Philip...

 (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These epiphytic
Epiphyte
An epiphyte is:Epiphyte is one of the subdivisions of the Raunkiær system. The term most commonly refers to higher plants, but epiphytic bacteria, fungi , algae, lichens, mosses, and ferns exist as well. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- and phyton...

, but occasionally terrestrial
Terrestrial plant
A terrestrial plant is one that grows on land. Other types of plants are aquatic , epiphytic , lithophytes and aerial ....

  orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

 to NW Argentina
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico,...

.
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Encyclopedia
Stanhopea (J. Frost ex Hook.
William Jackson Hooker
Sir William Jackson Hooker, FRS was an important English systematic botanist and organiser. He held the post of Regius Professor of Botany at Glasgow University, and was the first Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He enjoyed the friendship and support of Sir Joseph Banks for his...

 1829) is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae, the Orchid family, is the largest family of the flowering plants . Its name is derived from the genus Orchis....

) from Central and South America. The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is Stan. The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope
Earl Stanhope
Earl Stanhope was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1718 for James Stanhope, 1st Viscount Stanhope, the principal minister of King George I, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. Stanhope was the son of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, fifth and youngest son of Philip...

 (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These epiphytic
Epiphyte
An epiphyte is:Epiphyte is one of the subdivisions of the Raunkiær system. The term most commonly refers to higher plants, but epiphytic bacteria, fungi , algae, lichens, mosses, and ferns exist as well. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- and phyton...

, but occasionally terrestrial
Terrestrial plant
A terrestrial plant is one that grows on land. Other types of plants are aquatic , epiphytic , lithophytes and aerial ....

  orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

 to NW Argentina
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico,...

. Their ovate pseudobulb
Pseudobulb
The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes.It applies to the orchid family , specifically certain groups of epiphytic orchids, and may be single or composed of several internodes with evergreen or deciduous leaves along its length.In some species, it is...

s carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic leaf
Leaf
In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin. There is continued debate about whether the flatness of leaves evolved to expose the chloroplasts to more light or to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide. In...

.

It is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds...

s that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...

s are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the infloresence push through. They are sometimes called aptly upside-down orchids.

Primitive Stanhopeas
Most Stanhopea flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; S. annulata, S. avicula, S. cirrhata, S. ecornuta and S. pulla. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; S. candida, S. grandiflora, S. reichenbachiana, S. tricornis and the natural hybrid S. x herrenhusana. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the blooms must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine
Euglossini
Euglossine bees, also called orchid bees, are the only group of corbiculate bees whose non-parasitic members do not all possess eusocial behavior. Most of the species are solitary, though a few are communal, or exhibit simple forms of eusociality...

 bees to the flower. When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long column
Column (botany)
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families: Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Stylidiaceae....

 is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up pollinia
Pollinium
Pollinium, or plural pollinia, is a coherent mass of pollen grains in a plant.They are the product of only one anther, but are transferred, during pollination, as a single unit. This is regularly seen in plants such as orchids and many species of milkweeds .Most orchids have waxy pollinia...

 at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the stigma.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see Stanhopeinae
Stanhopeinae
Stanhopeinae is a subtribe of plants in the Orchid family.The subtribe in the strict sense, have viscidia and stipes that are thin and strap-like, they are adapted for attachment to edge of the bee's scutellum or to a leg. Pseudobulbs are usually ribbed/four-angled or flattened. Leaves are...

 and the closely sister subtribe Coeliopsidinae
Coeliopsidinae
Coeliopsidinae is a subtribe of plants in the Orchid family. The three members of this subtribe have traditionally been lumped in with Stanhopeinae, but obvious morphological traits and new molecular analysis by Whitten et al...

..

Species




The type species
Type species
In taxonomy, a type species is a technical phrase, involved in the application of formal names...

 is Stanhopea insignis
Stanhopea insignis
Stanhopea insignis is a species of orchid endemic to southern and southeastern Brazil. It is the type species of the genus Stanhopea.-External links:*...

.
  • S. anfracta
    Stanhopea anfracta
    Stanhopea anfracta is a species of orchid occurring from southeastern Ecuador to Bolivia.-External links:*...

     (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia).
  • S. annulata
    Stanhopea annulata
    Stanhopea annulata is a species of orchid occurring from southern Colombia to Ecuador.-External links:*...

     (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
  • S. avicula
    Stanhopea avicula
    Stanhopea avicula is a species of orchid endemic to Panama.-External links:*...

     (Panama).
  • S. candida
    Stanhopea candida
    Stanhopea candida is a species of orchid endemic to southern tropical America.-External links:*...

     (S. Trop. America).
  • S. carchiensis (Colombia to Ecuador).
  • S. cirrhata
    Stanhopea cirrhata
    Stanhopea cirrhata is a species of orchid endemic to Central America.-External links:*...

     (C. America)
  • S. confusa G. Gerlach & Beeche (2004) (Costa Rica)
  • S. connata
    Stanhopea connata
    Stanhopea connata is a species of orchid found from Colombia to Peru.-External links:*...

     (Colombia to Peru).
  • S. costaricensis
    Stanhopea costaricensis
    Stanhopea costaricensis is a species of orchid endemic to Central America.-External links:*...

     (C. America)
  • S. deltoidea (Peru to Bolivia).
  • S. dodsoniana (NC. & S. Mexico).
  • S. ecornuta
    Stanhopea ecornuta
    Stanhopea ecornuta is a species of orchid endemic to Central America.-External links:*...

     (C. America).
  • S. embreei
    Stanhopea embreei
    Stanhopea embreei is a species of orchid.The classification of this species was published by Calaway H. Dodson in Selbyana, 1: 128. 1975. The original isotype was collected by Dodson. Distribution: Cañar . The holotype is kept at SEL...

     (Ecuador).
  • S. florida
    Stanhopea florida
    Stanhopea florida is a species of orchid occurring from Ecuador to Peru.-External links:*...

     (Ecuador to Peru).
  • S. frymirei
    Stanhopea frymirei
    Stanhopea frymirei is a species of orchid endemic to Ecuador.-External links:*...

     (Ecuador).
  • S. gibbosa
    Stanhopea gibbosa
    Stanhopea gibbosa is a species of orchid occurring from southern Colombia to Ecuador.-External links:*...

     (C. America).
  • S. grandiflora
    Stanhopea grandiflora
    Stanhopea grandiflora is a species of orchid occurring from Trinidad to southern tropical America.-External links:*...

     (Trinidad to S. Trop. America).
  • S. graveolens
    Stanhopea graveolens
    Stanhopea graveolens is a species of orchid occurring from Mexico to Honduras.-External links:*...

     (Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina).
  • S. greeri (Peru).
  • S. haseloviana
    Stanhopea haseloviana
    Stanhopea haseloviana is a species of orchid endemic to northern Peru.-External links:*...

     (N. Peru).
  • S. hernandezii
    Stanhopea hernandezii
    Stanhopea hernandezii is a species of orchid endemic to central and southwestern Mexico.-External links:*...

     (C. & SW. Mexico).
  • S. impressa (Colombia to Ecuador).
  • S. inodora (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
  • S. insignis
    Stanhopea insignis
    Stanhopea insignis is a species of orchid endemic to southern and southeastern Brazil. It is the type species of the genus Stanhopea.-External links:*...

     (SE. & S. Brazil)
  • S. intermedia
    Stanhopea intermedia
    Stanhopea intermedia is a species of orchid endemic to southwestern Mexico.-External links:*...

     (SW. Mexico).
  • S. jenischiana
    Stanhopea jenischiana
    Stanhopea jenischiana is a species of orchid endemic to southwestern Mexico.-External links:*...

     (W. South America).
  • S. lietzei
    Stanhopea lietzei
    Stanhopea lietzei is a species of orchid endemic to eastern and southern Brazil.-External links:*...

     (E. & S. Brazil).
  • S. lowii (Colombia).
  • S. maculosa
    Stanhopea maculosa
    Stanhopea maculosa is a species of orchid endemic to western Mexico .-External links:*...

     (W. Mexico).
  • S. madouxiana (Colombia).
  • S. maduroi (Panama)
  • S. manriquei Jenny & Nauray (2004) (Peru)
  • S. martiana
    Stanhopea martiana
    Stanhopea martiana is a species of orchid endemic to southwestern Mexico.-External links:*...

     (SW. Mexico).
  • S. napoensis (Ecuador)
  • S. naurayi Jenny (2005) (Peru)
  • S. nigripes
    Stanhopea nigripes
    Stanhopea nigripes is a species of orchid endemic to Peru.-External links:*...

     (Peru).
  • S. novogaliciana (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco).
  • S. oculata
    Stanhopea oculata
    Stanhopea oculata is a species of orchid occurring from Mexico to Colombia and southeastern Brazil.-External links:*...

     (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
  • S. ospinae (Colombia).
  • S. panamensis (Panama).
  • S. peruviana (Peru).
  • S. platyceras
    Stanhopea platyceras
    Stanhopea platyceras is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia.-External links:*...

     (Colombia)
  • S. posadae (Jenny et Braem 2004) (Colombia).
  • S. pozoi
    Stanhopea pozoi
    Stanhopea pozoi is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia.-External links:*...

     (Ecuador to Peru).
  • S. pseudoradiosa
    Stanhopea pseudoradiosa
    Stanhopea pseudoradiosa is a species of orchid endemic to southwestern Mexico.-External links:*...

     (SW. Mexico).
  • S. pulla
    Stanhopea pulla
    Stanhopea pulla is a species of orchid occurring from Costa Rica to northern Colombia.-External links:*...

     (Costa Rica to Colombia).
  • S. quadricornis (Guatemala).
  • S. radiosa
    Stanhopea radiosa
    Stanhopea radiosa is a species of orchid endemic to western Mexico .-External links:*...

     (W. Mexico).
  • S. reichenbachiana
    Stanhopea reichenbachiana
    Stanhopea reichenbachiana is a species of orchid occurring from western Colombia to Ecuador.-External links:*...

     (Colombia).
  • S. ruckeri
    Stanhopea ruckeri
    For Stanhopea inodora Rchb.f, see Stanhopea graveolens.Stanhopea ruckeri is a species of orchid occurring from Mexico to Central America.-External links:*...

     (Mexico to C. America).
  • S. saccata
    Stanhopea saccata
    Stanhopea saccata is a species of orchid occurring from Mexico to Central America.-External links:*...

     (Mexico -Chiapas to C. America).
  • S. schilleriana (C. America).
  • S. shuttleworthii
    Stanhopea shuttleworthii
    Stanhopea saccata is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia .-External links:*...

     (Colombia).
  • S. stevensonii
    Stanhopea stevensonii
    Stanhopea stevensonii is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia .-External links:*...

     (Colombia).
  • S. tigrina
    Stanhopea tigrina
    Stanhopea tigrina is a species of plant in the Orchidaceae family endemic to Mexico-External links:*...

     (Mexico).
  • S. tigrina var nigroviolacea (Mexico)
  • S. tricornis
    Stanhopea tricornis
    Stanhopea tricornis is a species of orchid endemic to western South America.-External links:*...

     (W. South America).
  • S. wardii
    Stanhopea wardii
    Stanhopea wardii is a species of orchid found from Nicaragua to Venezuela.-External links:*...

     (C. America to Venezuela).
  • S. warszewicziana
    Stanhopea warszewicziana
    Stanhopea warszewicziana is a species of orchid found from Costa Rica to western Panama.-External links:*...

     (Costa Rica).
  • S. xytriophora
    Stanhopea xytriophora
    Stanhopea xytriophora is a species of orchid found from southern Peru to Bolivia.-External links:*...

     (Peru to Bolivia).

Natural hybrids

  • Stanhopea × fowlieana (Stanhopea costaricensis × Stanhopea ecornuta) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × herrenhusana (Stanhopea reichenbachiana × Stanhopea tricornis) (Colombia)
  • Stanhopea × horichiana (Stanhopea ecornuta × Stanhopea wardii) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × lewisae (Stanhopea ecornuta × Stanhopea inodora) (Guatemala)
  • Stanhopea × thienii (Stanhopea annulata × Stanhopea impressa) (Ecuador)

Intergeneric hybrids

  • × Aciopea (Acineta × Stanhopea). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha × Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia).
    • × Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
  • × Cirrhopea (Cirrhaea × Stanhopea)
  • × Coryhopea (Coryanthes × Stanhopea)
  • × Stangora (Gongora × Stanhopea)
  • × Stanhocycnis (Polycycnis × Stanhopea)

External links