Sonnet 53
Encyclopedia
Shakespeare's Sonnet 53, presumably addressed to the same young man as the other sonnets in the first part of the sequence, raises some of the most common themes of the sonnet: the sublime beauty of the beloved, the weight of tradition, and the nature and extent of art's power.
ends up creating only a faint imitation of you; again, someone who attempted to paint Helen would end with a picture of you in Greek
dress. If someone speaks of the springtime or the harvest time, then the former is a mere shadow of your beauty, the latter an equally faint shadow of your fruitfulness. We see you in every beautiful thing we see, but there is one way in which you are unlike anything else—in your constancy and fidelity.
, John Bernard notes the neoplatonic underpinnings of the poem, which derive ultimately from Petrarch
: the beloved's transcendent beauty is variously diffused through the natural world, but is purer at its source. The reference to Adonis has led numerous scholars, among them Georg Gottfried Gervinus
, to explore connections to Venus and Adonis
; Gerald Massey
notes that the twinned references to Adonis and Helen underscore the sense of the beloved's androgyny
, most famously delineated in Sonnet 20
. Hermann Isaac notes that the first quatrain resembles a sonnet by Tasso
. In support of his hypothesis that the person addressed in the sonnet was an actor, Oscar Wilde
hypothesized that the poem's "shadows" refer to the young man's roles.
The poem is comparatively free of cruces
. "Tires" (l. 8), which generally refers only to a head dress, has been glossed by editors from Edward Dowden
to Sidney Lee
as referring to the entire outfit. "Foison," a relatively uncommon word even in Shakespeare's time, is glossed by Edmond Malone
as "abundance."
The placement of the sonnet in the sequence has also caused some confusion. The last line, which is not evidently sarcastic, appears to contradict the tone of betrayal and reproach of many of its closest neighbors in the sequence as first presented.
A dominant motif within the first two stanzas of Sonnet 53 is the contrast between shadow and substance. According to G.L. Kittridge, in Sonnets of Shakespeare , “Shadow, often in Shakespeare is contrasted with substance to express the particular sort of unreality while ‘substance’ expresses the reality.” The shadow is that which cannot be expressed in a concrete manner while substance is that which is tangible.
Kittridge goes into more detail about the use of shadow and couplet within the initial couplet. “Shadow is the silhouette formed by a body that intercepts the sun’s rays; a picture, reflection, or symbol. “Tend” means attend, follow as a servant, and is strictly appropriate to ‘shadow’ only in the first sense, though shadows is used here in the second… All men have one shadow each in the first sense; you being only one can yet cast many shadows, in the second sense, for everything good or beautiful is either a representation of you or a symbol of your merits,” (Sonnets, 142).This definition helps elaborate on Shakespeare’s extended metaphor and wordplay, explaining that shadow is that which is not palpable as well as the reflection of the young man in all that is real.
Jonathan Bate, in his work, The Genius of Shakespeare, analyzes the classical allusions within the poem. He writes, “In Sonnet 53, the youth becomes Adonis, retaining a controlling classical myth beneath the surface,’ (Genius, 48). In addition, Bate writes about how the poem could be interpreted in a way reminiscent of Shakespeare’s A MidSummer Night’s Dream, “In A MidSummer Night’s Dream, Theseus says that lunatics, lovers, and poets are of imagination all compact- their mental states lead to kinds of transformed vision whereby they see the world differently from how one sees it when in a ‘rational’ state of mind,” (Bate,51). This quote draws upon the theme of Shakespeare’s attempt to materialize intangible emotions such as love or an aesthetic appreciation for beauty.
Shakespearean scholar Joel Fineman offers a criticism of Shakespeare’s sonnets in a broader context that is evident in Sonnet 53. Fineman writes, “from Aristotle on the conventional understanding of rhetoric of praise as all the rhetoricians uniformly say, enargically, ‘heightens its effect,” (Fineman). In this sense, the praise of the young man is meant to highlight his features and bring them to a literal understanding.
The first line of the third quatrain extends the conceit of the Platonic theory, the idea that the perceptions of reality are merely reflections of the essential reality of forms. Platonic theory suggests that our perceptions are derived from this world of forms in the same way shadows are derived from the objects that are lit. The metaphor of shadow was often employed to help explain the illusory quality of perception and the reality of forms, both by Renaissance Platonists and by Plato himself in his book, Symposium . In the sonnet, spring can only offers shades of the beauty of the youth. The youth is presented as the ideal Beauty, the form, from which all other beautiful things come . This idea is summarized in line thirteen of the sonnet: “In all external grace you have some part.” This line finds the youth to be the exclusive source of all beautiful things, expanding his “domain” even further than the first quatrains in which the youth is said to be the source of the legendary figures of Adonis and Helen.
Scholars though have disagreements about the end for which the Platonic theory is used. In “the usual interpretation of an elliptical construction,” the ending couplet expresses further praise for the youth, seeming to say that while all things beautiful are shades of the youth, the youth like nothing else, is distinguished by a constant, faithful heart . Considering the sonnets expressing betrayal in Sonnets 40-42, this sonnet extolling the youth’s constancy seems absurd for some scholars and is problematic. Seymour-Smith suggests that the last line should be interpreted: “you feel affection for no one, and no one admires you for the virtue of constancy” . Duncan Jones agrees and suggests that the word “but” at the beginning of the closing line radically changes all that has gone before and marks a turn to a more critical perspective.
One interpretation of the sonnet by Hilton Landry interprets the last line in a slightly different light. He proposes that Sonnet 53 is part of a tentative group stretching from Sonnet 43 to Sonnet 58 which have in common the speaker’s separation from the youth. Sonnet 53 in itself makes no mention of absence from the youth, but connects to this larger group via similar themes and word choices. Landry points out that seven other poems, sonnets 27, 37, 43, 61, 98, 99, and 113, connect separation with images of shadows. He notes that it is only when the speaker is absent from his friend that he begins to speak of shadows and images. Separation, Landry says, causes the poet’s imagination to begin, “to find, or rather project, many images of the friend’s beauty in his surroundings” .
In light of the poem’s situation within the group of sonnets expressing separation from the youth and the feelings of betrayal seen in Sonnet 35 and 40-42, Landry argues that the speaker in the last line praises the youth’s fidelity not because he is confident of the youth’s constancy but because he fitfully hopes that the youth will have a constant heart . Putting it another way, the speaker hopes that by praising the youth for his constancy the youth will become more constant while the pair is separated. This style of cautious advice finds parallels in Renaissance rhetoric. Francis Bacon in his essay, “Of Praise,” explains a particular method of addressing kings and great persons with civility in which, “by telling men what they are, they represent to them what they should be” . In addition, C.S. Lewis notes that an established feature of praise verse in the Renaissance was that it, “hid advice as flattery and recommended virtues by feigning that they already existed” .
Helen Vendler, writing in, The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, is in agreement with Landry that the closing line is largely propitiatory though she arrives at this conclusion without including Sonnet 53 within a group of separation sonnets. She notes that the youth having, “millions of adorers…hover about him together with his millions of seductive shadows,” and an androgynous beauty, as comparable to Adonis as Helen, that doubles the number of potential admirers puts the youth in a particularly dangerous situation to give in to temptation .
Paraphrase
What are you made of that causes you to be reflected in millions of ways? Everyone else has only one shadow, but you, though you are only one person, are reflected in everything. Someone who attempts to paint AdonisAdonis
Adonis , in Greek mythology, the god of beauty and desire, is a figure with Northwest Semitic antecedents, where he is a central figure in various mystery religions. The Greek , Adōnis is a variation of the Semitic word Adonai, "lord", which is also one of the names used to refer to God in the Old...
ends up creating only a faint imitation of you; again, someone who attempted to paint Helen would end with a picture of you in Greek
Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes , are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighboring regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world....
dress. If someone speaks of the springtime or the harvest time, then the former is a mere shadow of your beauty, the latter an equally faint shadow of your fruitfulness. We see you in every beautiful thing we see, but there is one way in which you are unlike anything else—in your constancy and fidelity.
Source and analysis
Following George WyndhamGeorge Wyndham
George Wyndham PC was a British Conservative politician, man of letters, noted for his elegance, and one of The Souls.-Background and education:...
, John Bernard notes the neoplatonic underpinnings of the poem, which derive ultimately from Petrarch
Petrarch
Francesco Petrarca , known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism"...
: the beloved's transcendent beauty is variously diffused through the natural world, but is purer at its source. The reference to Adonis has led numerous scholars, among them Georg Gottfried Gervinus
Georg Gottfried Gervinus
Georg Gottfried Gervinus was a German literary and political historian.-Biography:Gervinus was born in Darmstadt. He was educated at the gymnasium of the town, and intended for a commercial career, but in 1825 he became a student of the university of Giessen...
, to explore connections to Venus and Adonis
Venus and Adonis
Venus and Adonis, a classical myth, was a common subject for art during the Renaissance and Baroque eras. Some works which have been titled Venus and Adonis are:-Literary works:...
; Gerald Massey
Gerald Massey
Gerald Massey was an English poet and self-educated Egyptologist. He was born near Tring, Hertfordshire in England.-Biography:...
notes that the twinned references to Adonis and Helen underscore the sense of the beloved's androgyny
Androgyny
Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ, stem ανδρ- and γυνή , referring to the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics...
, most famously delineated in Sonnet 20
Sonnet 20
William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 20 was published in a collection of 154 sonnets in the early seventeenth century. This particular sonnet is infamously known and widely interpreted due to questions raised regarding the sexuality of the narrator, and therefore Shakespeare himself...
. Hermann Isaac notes that the first quatrain resembles a sonnet by Tasso
Tasso
-People:*Torquato Tasso, the famous Italian 16th-century poet, author of Gerusalemme liberata**Tasso, Lament and Triumph, a symphonic poem by Franz Liszt based on the poet*Bernardo Tasso, his father, also a poet...
. In support of his hypothesis that the person addressed in the sonnet was an actor, Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish writer and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s...
hypothesized that the poem's "shadows" refer to the young man's roles.
The poem is comparatively free of cruces
Crux (literary)
Crux is a term applied by palaeographers, textual critics, bibliographers, and literary scholars to a point of significant corruption in a literary text...
. "Tires" (l. 8), which generally refers only to a head dress, has been glossed by editors from Edward Dowden
Edward Dowden
Edward Dowden , was an Irish critic and poet.He was the son of John Wheeler Dowden, a merchant and landowner, and was born at Cork, three years after his brother John, who became Bishop of Edinburgh in 1886. Edward's literary tastes emerged early, in a series of essays written at the age of twelve...
to Sidney Lee
Sidney Lee
Sir Sidney Lee was an English biographer and critic.He was born Solomon Lazarus Lee at 12 Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London and educated at the City of London School and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in modern history in 1882. In the next year he became assistant-editor of the...
as referring to the entire outfit. "Foison," a relatively uncommon word even in Shakespeare's time, is glossed by Edmond Malone
Edmond Malone
Edmond Malone was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of William Shakespeare.Assured of an income after the death of his father in 1774, Malone was able to give up his law practice for at first political and then more congenial literary pursuits. He went to London, where he...
as "abundance."
The placement of the sonnet in the sequence has also caused some confusion. The last line, which is not evidently sarcastic, appears to contradict the tone of betrayal and reproach of many of its closest neighbors in the sequence as first presented.
A dominant motif within the first two stanzas of Sonnet 53 is the contrast between shadow and substance. According to G.L. Kittridge, in Sonnets of Shakespeare , “Shadow, often in Shakespeare is contrasted with substance to express the particular sort of unreality while ‘substance’ expresses the reality.” The shadow is that which cannot be expressed in a concrete manner while substance is that which is tangible.
Kittridge goes into more detail about the use of shadow and couplet within the initial couplet. “Shadow is the silhouette formed by a body that intercepts the sun’s rays; a picture, reflection, or symbol. “Tend” means attend, follow as a servant, and is strictly appropriate to ‘shadow’ only in the first sense, though shadows is used here in the second… All men have one shadow each in the first sense; you being only one can yet cast many shadows, in the second sense, for everything good or beautiful is either a representation of you or a symbol of your merits,” (Sonnets, 142).This definition helps elaborate on Shakespeare’s extended metaphor and wordplay, explaining that shadow is that which is not palpable as well as the reflection of the young man in all that is real.
Jonathan Bate, in his work, The Genius of Shakespeare, analyzes the classical allusions within the poem. He writes, “In Sonnet 53, the youth becomes Adonis, retaining a controlling classical myth beneath the surface,’ (Genius, 48). In addition, Bate writes about how the poem could be interpreted in a way reminiscent of Shakespeare’s A MidSummer Night’s Dream, “In A MidSummer Night’s Dream, Theseus says that lunatics, lovers, and poets are of imagination all compact- their mental states lead to kinds of transformed vision whereby they see the world differently from how one sees it when in a ‘rational’ state of mind,” (Bate,51). This quote draws upon the theme of Shakespeare’s attempt to materialize intangible emotions such as love or an aesthetic appreciation for beauty.
Shakespearean scholar Joel Fineman offers a criticism of Shakespeare’s sonnets in a broader context that is evident in Sonnet 53. Fineman writes, “from Aristotle on the conventional understanding of rhetoric of praise as all the rhetoricians uniformly say, enargically, ‘heightens its effect,” (Fineman). In this sense, the praise of the young man is meant to highlight his features and bring them to a literal understanding.
The first line of the third quatrain extends the conceit of the Platonic theory, the idea that the perceptions of reality are merely reflections of the essential reality of forms. Platonic theory suggests that our perceptions are derived from this world of forms in the same way shadows are derived from the objects that are lit. The metaphor of shadow was often employed to help explain the illusory quality of perception and the reality of forms, both by Renaissance Platonists and by Plato himself in his book, Symposium . In the sonnet, spring can only offers shades of the beauty of the youth. The youth is presented as the ideal Beauty, the form, from which all other beautiful things come . This idea is summarized in line thirteen of the sonnet: “In all external grace you have some part.” This line finds the youth to be the exclusive source of all beautiful things, expanding his “domain” even further than the first quatrains in which the youth is said to be the source of the legendary figures of Adonis and Helen.
Scholars though have disagreements about the end for which the Platonic theory is used. In “the usual interpretation of an elliptical construction,” the ending couplet expresses further praise for the youth, seeming to say that while all things beautiful are shades of the youth, the youth like nothing else, is distinguished by a constant, faithful heart . Considering the sonnets expressing betrayal in Sonnets 40-42, this sonnet extolling the youth’s constancy seems absurd for some scholars and is problematic. Seymour-Smith suggests that the last line should be interpreted: “you feel affection for no one, and no one admires you for the virtue of constancy” . Duncan Jones agrees and suggests that the word “but” at the beginning of the closing line radically changes all that has gone before and marks a turn to a more critical perspective.
One interpretation of the sonnet by Hilton Landry interprets the last line in a slightly different light. He proposes that Sonnet 53 is part of a tentative group stretching from Sonnet 43 to Sonnet 58 which have in common the speaker’s separation from the youth. Sonnet 53 in itself makes no mention of absence from the youth, but connects to this larger group via similar themes and word choices. Landry points out that seven other poems, sonnets 27, 37, 43, 61, 98, 99, and 113, connect separation with images of shadows. He notes that it is only when the speaker is absent from his friend that he begins to speak of shadows and images. Separation, Landry says, causes the poet’s imagination to begin, “to find, or rather project, many images of the friend’s beauty in his surroundings” .
In light of the poem’s situation within the group of sonnets expressing separation from the youth and the feelings of betrayal seen in Sonnet 35 and 40-42, Landry argues that the speaker in the last line praises the youth’s fidelity not because he is confident of the youth’s constancy but because he fitfully hopes that the youth will have a constant heart . Putting it another way, the speaker hopes that by praising the youth for his constancy the youth will become more constant while the pair is separated. This style of cautious advice finds parallels in Renaissance rhetoric. Francis Bacon in his essay, “Of Praise,” explains a particular method of addressing kings and great persons with civility in which, “by telling men what they are, they represent to them what they should be” . In addition, C.S. Lewis notes that an established feature of praise verse in the Renaissance was that it, “hid advice as flattery and recommended virtues by feigning that they already existed” .
Helen Vendler, writing in, The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, is in agreement with Landry that the closing line is largely propitiatory though she arrives at this conclusion without including Sonnet 53 within a group of separation sonnets. She notes that the youth having, “millions of adorers…hover about him together with his millions of seductive shadows,” and an androgynous beauty, as comparable to Adonis as Helen, that doubles the number of potential admirers puts the youth in a particularly dangerous situation to give in to temptation .
Works cited
- Alden, Raymond. The Sonnets of Shakespeare, with Variorum Reading and Commentary. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1916.
- Atkins, Carl D., ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets with Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2007. 148-149. ISBN 9780838641637
- Baldwin, T. W. On the Literary Genetics of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1950.
- Bate, Jonathan, The Genius of Shakespeare, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=hh5pV-G-XtoC&dq=Bate+Genius+of+shakespeare&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=OPuQ3scOpb&sig=aUibuoSVTV2w7pBFwhffMy8nUUw&hl=en&ei=ORe9SsiqPIfg8Aaq6r2wAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- Bernard, John. "'To Constancie Confin'd': the Poetics of Shakespeare's Sonnets." PMLA 94 (1979): 77-90.
- Booth, Stephen. Shakespeare's Sonnets. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
- Dowden, EdwardEdward DowdenEdward Dowden , was an Irish critic and poet.He was the son of John Wheeler Dowden, a merchant and landowner, and was born at Cork, three years after his brother John, who became Bishop of Edinburgh in 1886. Edward's literary tastes emerged early, in a series of essays written at the age of twelve...
. Shakespeare's Sonnets. London, 1881. - Fineman, Joel. Shakespeare's Perjured Eye: the Invention of Poetic Subjectivity in the Sonnets, 1986. http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0520063317#
- Hubler, Edwin. The Sense of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
- Kittridge, G.L.Sonnets of Shakespeare.
- Landry, Hilton. Interpretations in Shakespeare's Sonnets. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. 47-55. OCLC # 608824
- Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Cambridge and London: Belknap-Harvard University Press, 1997. 258-260. OCLC # 36806589