Adonis

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Adonis

Adonis (Greek , Ádonis, from the Northwest Semitic 'A-D-N) is a figure of West Semitic origin, where he is a central cult figure in various mystery religions, who enters Greek mythology

Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices....
in Hellenistic times. He is closely related to the Egyptian Osiris

Osiris

Baal

Ba'al is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" that is used for various gods who were patrons of cities in the Levant, cognate to East Semitic Bel ....
Hadad

Hadad

Haddad ??? ??? was a very important northwest Semitic language storm and rain God , cognate in name and origin with the Akkadian language god Adad....
, the Etruscan Atunis and the Phrygian Attis

Attis

Attis was Cybele's lover, eunuch attendant, and driver of her lion-driven chariot. He was driven mad by her and Castration himself.Attis was originally a local semi-deity of Phrygia, associated with the great Phrygian trading city of Pessinos, which lay under the lee of Mount Agdistis....
, all of whom are deities of rebirth and vegetation

Vegetation

refers to the flora system of a specific region....
. His cult belonged to women: the cult of dying Adonis was fully-developed in the circle of young girls around Sappho

Sappho

Sappho...
on Lesbos

Lesbos Island

Lesbos is a Greece List of islands of Greece located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1632 Square kilometre with 320 kilometres of coastline, making it the third largest Greek island and the largest of the numerous Greek islands scattered in the Aegean....
, about 600 BCE, as a fragment of Sappho reveals.

Adonis is one of the most complex cult figures in classical times.

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Adonis (Greek , Ádonis, from the Northwest Semitic 'A-D-N) is a figure of West Semitic origin, where he is a central cult figure in various mystery religions, who enters Greek mythology

Greek mythology

Osiris

Baal

Ba'al is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" that is used for various gods who were patrons of cities in the Levant, cognate to East Semitic Bel ....
Hadad

Hadad

Haddad ??? ??? was a very important northwest Semitic language storm and rain God , cognate in name and origin with the Akkadian language god Adad....
, the Etruscan Atunis and the Phrygian Attis

Attis

Vegetation

refers to the flora system of a specific region....
. His cult belonged to women: the cult of dying Adonis was fully-developed in the circle of young girls around Sappho

Sappho

Sappho...
on Lesbos

Lesbos Island

Greek religion

Greek religion can refer to several things, including*Religion in ancient Greece**Greek hero cult**Eleusinian Mysteries**Hellenistic religion...
. He is an annually-renewed, ever-youthful vegetation god, a life-death-rebirth deity

Life-death-rebirth deity

The category life-death-rebirth deity also known as a "dying-and-rising" or "Resurrection" deity is a convenient means of classifying the many divinities in world mythology or religion who are born, suffer death, an eclipse, or other death-like experience, pass a phase in the underworld among the dead, and are subsequently reborn, in either a...
whose nature is tied to the calendar. His name is often applied in modern times to handsome youths.

Origin of the cult

Adonis was certainly based in large part on Tammuz. His name is Semitic, a variation on the word "adon

Adon

*Adon is the Northwest Semitic for "lord" **in the Tanakh, Adon may be used for men and angels as well as to El , . El is called the ?Lord of lords? ...
" meaning "lord

Lord

Lord is a title with various meanings. It can denote a Prince#Prince_as_a_generic_word_for_ruler or a Examples of feudalism . The title today is mostly used in connection with the peerage of the United Kingdom or its predecessor countries, although some users of the title do not themselves hold peerages, and use it 'Courtesy titles in the U...
" that was also used, as "Adonai", to refer to Yahweh

Yahweh

Image:Tetragrammaton scripts.svg[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] and Hebrew alphabet Yahweh is the English rendering of , a vocalization of the Tetragrammaton that was proposed by the Hebrew scholar Gesenius in the 19th century....
in the Old Testament

Old Testament

In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....
. When the Hebrews first arrived in Canaan, they were opposed by the king of the Jebusite

Jebusite

According to the Hebrew Bible, the Jebusites were a Canaanite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem prior to its capture by King David; the Books of Kings state that Jerusalem was known as Jebus prior to this event....
s, Adonizedek, whose name means "lord of Zedek" (Justice). Yet there is no trace of a Semitic cult directly connected with Adonis, and no trace in Semitic languages of any specific mytheme

Mytheme

In the study of mythology, a mytheme is the essential kernel of a myth, an irreducible, unchanging element, one that is always found shared with other, related mythemes and reassembled in various ways—"bundled" was Claude L?vi-Strauss's image— or linked in more complicated relationships, like a molecule in a compound....
s connected with his Greek myth; both Greek and Near Eastern scholars have questioned the connection (Burkert, p 177 note 6 bibliography). The connection in cult practice is with Adonis' Mesopotamian counterpart, Tammuz:

"Women sit by the gate weeping for Tammuz, or they offer incense to Baal

Baal

Ba'al is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" that is used for various gods who were patrons of cities in the Levant, cognate to East Semitic Bel ....
on roof-tops and plant pleasant plants. These are the very features of the Adonis cult: a cult confined to women which is celebrated on flat roof-tops on which sherds sown with quickly germinating green salading are placed, Adonis gardens... the climax is loud lamentation for the dead god." —Burkert, p. 177.

When the cult

Cult

This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice"; for that usage see Cult . See Cult for more meanings of the term "cult"....
of Adonis was incorporated into Greek culture is debated: Hesiod

Hesiod

Hesiod was a Greek language oral poet, his date is uncertain but leading scholars agree that Hesiod lived in the latter half of the Eighth-century BCE....
made him the son of Phoinix

Phoinix

Phoinix is a Game Boy emulator, released as freeware, for the Palm OS, created by Bodo Wenzel in 2001....
, eponym

Eponym

An eponym is a person, whether real or fictitious, after whom a particular toponym, ethnonym, regnal year, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named....
of the Phoenicians, and his association with Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is an island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, west of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, south of Turkey and north of Egypt....
is not attested before the classical era. W. Atallah suggests that the later Hellenistic myth of Adonis represents the conflation of two independent traditions.

Adonis was worshipped in unspoken mystery religion

Mystery religion

Mystery Religions, Sacred Mysteries or simply Mysteries, were "religious Cult of the Graeco-Roman world, full admission to which was restricted to those who had gone through certain secret initiation rites."...
s: not until Imperial Roman times (in Lucian of Samosata, De Dea Syria, ch. 6 ) does any written source mention that the women were consoled by a revived Adonis. The third century BCE poet Euphorion of Chalcis

Euphorion of Chalcis

Euphorion, Greek language poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis in Euboea about 275 BC.Euphorion, after studying philosophy with Lakydes and Prytanis, became the student and eromenos of the poet Archeboulus....
in his Hyacinth wrote "Only Cocytus

Cocytus

Cocytus or Kokytos, meaning "the river of wailing" , is a river in Hades in Greek mythology. Cocytus flowed into the river Acheron, across which dwelled the underworld, the mythological abode of the dead....
washed the wounds of Adonis". Women in Athens would plant "gardens of Adonis" quick-growing herbs that sprang up from seed and died. The Festival of Adonis was celebrated by women at midsummer by sowing fennel and lettuce, and grains of wheat and barley. The plants sprang up soon, and withered quickly, and women mourned for the untimely death of the vegetation god (Detienne 1972).

Birth and death of Adonis

Adonis' birth is shrouded in confusion for those who require a single, authoritative version. The patriarchal Hellenes sought a father for the god, and found him in Byblos

Byblos

Byblos is the Greek language name of the Phoenician city Gebal . It is a Mediterranean city in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of present-day Lebanon under the current Arabic language name of Jbeil and was also referred to as Gibelet during the Crusades....
and Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is an island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, west of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, south of Turkey and north of Egypt....
, which scholars take to indicate the direction from which Adonis' cult had come to the Greeks. Pseudo-Apollodorus, (Bibliotheke, 3.182) considered Adonis to be the son of Cinyras

Cinyras

According to Greek mythology, the king Cinyras of Cyprus was a son of Apollo and the husband of Galatea . With Galatea, he fathered Adonis and Myrrha....
, of Paphos

Paphos

Paphos Paphos is the mythical birthplace of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, and the founding myth is interwoven with the goddess at every level....
on Cyprus, and Metharme. Hesiod

Hesiod

Hesiod was a Greek language oral poet, his date is uncertain but leading scholars agree that Hesiod lived in the latter half of the Eighth-century BCE....
, in a fragment, believes he is the son of Phoenix

Phoenix (Iliad)

In Homer Iliad, Phoenix , son of Amyntor, is one of the Myrmidons led by Achilles who along with Odysseus and Ajax urges Achilles to re-enter battle....
and Aephesiboea

Aephesiboea

In Greek mythology, Aephesiboea was the mother of Adonis with Phoenix ....
. In Cyprus, the cult of Adonis gradually superseded the cult of Cinyras

Cinyras

According to Greek mythology, the king Cinyras of Cyprus was a son of Apollo and the husband of Galatea . With Galatea, he fathered Adonis and Myrrha....
. Walter Burkert

Walter Burkert

Walter Burkert , a scholar of Greek mythology and Cult , is an emeritus professor of classics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and also has taught in the United Kingdom and the United States....
questions whether Adonis had not from the very beginning come to Greece with Aphrodite (Burkert 1985, p. 177)

Multiple versions of the birth of Adonis exist: The most commonly accepted version is that Aphrodite

Aphrodite

Aphrodite is the classical Greek mythology goddess of love, sex, and beauty. According to Greek oral poet Hesiod, she was born when Uranus was castrated by his son Cronus....
urged Myrrha

Myrrha

In Greek mythology, Myrrha was a daughter of the king Theias Assyria and the mother of Adonis by Theias. Two different versions of Adonis' birth existed....
to commit incest

Incest

Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons that is illegal or socially taboo. The type of sexual activity and the nature of the relationship between persons that constitutes a breach of law or social taboo vary with culture and jurisdiction....
with her father, Theias

Theias

In Greek mythology, Theias was the King of Assyria and father of Myrrha and Adonis. The birth of Adonis existed in two different versions:#The most commonly accepted version is that Aphrodite urged Myrrha or Smyrna to commit incest with her father, Theias....
, the King of Smyrna

Smyrna

Smyrna is an ancient city in Izmir in Turkey. Located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean Sea coast of Anatolia and aided by its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence before the Classical Era....
or Syria

Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
(which helps confirm the area of Adonis' origins). Myrrha's nurse helped with the scheme, and Myrrha coupled with her father in the darkness. When Theias at last discovered this deception by means of an oil lamp, he flew into a rage, chasing his daughter with a knife. Myrrha fled from her father, and Aphrodite turned her into a myrrh

Myrrh

Myrrh is a reddish-brown resinous material, the dried Plant sap of a number of trees, but primarily from Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia, the eastern parts of Ethiopia and Commiphora gileadensis, native to Jordan....
tree. When Theias shot an arrow into the tree — or alternately when a boar used its tusks to rend the tree's bark — Adonis was born from the tree. This myth fits both Adonis' nature as a vegetation god and his origins from the hot foreign desert lands where the myrrh tree grew. (It was not to be seen in Greece.) As soon as Adonis was born. the baby was so beautiful that Aphrodite placed him in a closed chest, which she delivered for security to Persephone

Persephone

In Greek mythology, Persephone was the embodiment of the Earth's fertility at the same time that she was the Queen of the Greek Underworld, the kore , and the parthenogenesis daughter of Demeter and, in later Classical myths, a daughter of Demeter and Zeus....
, who was also entranced by his unearthly beauty and refused to give him back. The argument between the goddess of love and the goddess of death was settled by Zeus

Zeus

Zeus in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky father and List of thunder gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull , and oak....
, with Adonis spending six months with Aphrodite, who seduced him with the help of Helene

Helene (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Helene may refer to:*Helen of Troy*A friend of Aphrodite's. Helene helped her seduce Adonis.*A daughter of Tityrus and an Amazons. She fought Achilles and died after he seriously wounded her....
, her friend, and six months with Persephone.

Adonis died at the tusks of a wild boar

Boar

The wild boar , or colloquially simply called the boar, is an omnivorous, wikt:gregarious mammal of the family Suidae. It is native across much of Central Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and much of Asia as far south as Indonesia, and has been introduced elsewhere....
, sent by either Artemis

Artemis

In Greek mythology, Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of forests and hills, child birth/virginity/fertility, the hunt and was often depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.....
in retaliation for Aphrodite instigating the death of Hippolytus, a favorite of the huntress goddess, or Aphrodite's paramour, Ares

Ares

In Greek mythology, Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera. Though often referred to as the Twelve Olympians God of warfare, he is more accurately the god of bloodlust, or slaughter personified: "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."...
. As Aphrodite sprinkled nectar

Ambrosia

In ancient Greek mythology, ambrosia is sometimes the food, sometimes the drink, of the Greek gods, often depicted as conferring ageless immortality upon whoever consumes it....
on his body, each drop of Adonis' blood turned into a blood-red anemone

Anemone

Anemone , is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae in the north and south temperate zones. They are closely related to Pasque flowers and Hepaticas ; some botanists include both of these genera within Anemone....
, and the river Adonis (modern Nahr Ibrahim

Nahr Ibrahim

Nahr Ibrahim can be literary translated to the "River of Abraham." The river was known as the Adonis River during classical antiquity. Today, it is one of the tourist attractions in Lebanon, being the place where the ancient god Adonis died, and the river became red with his blood....
) flowing out of Mount Lebanon

Mount Lebanon

Mount Lebanon , as a geographic designation, is the Lebanon mountain range, known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon. It extends across the whole country along about 160 km , parallel to the Mediterranean Sea coast with the highest peak, Qurnat as Sawda', at 3,088 m .Lebanon has historically been defined by these mountains, which provi...
in coastal Lebanon ran red, according to Lucian (chs. 6 – 9). Therefore, Persephone ultimately laid claim to Adonis as his shade was transported forever more to the Underworld

Underworld

In the study of mythology and religion, the underworld is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term afterlife, referring to any place to which newly the dead souls go....
. Lucian, who attributes the color of the river Adonis to siltation, adds "Nonetheless, there are some inhabitants of Byblos who say that Osiris

Osiris

Osiris was an Egyptian mythology, usually called the god of the Afterlife.Osiris is one of the oldest gods for whom records have been found; one of the oldest known attestations of his name is on the Palermo Stone of around 2500 BC....
of Egypt lies buried among them, and the mourning and the ceremonies are all made in honor of Osiris instead of Adon" . Certainly there are many parallels with the myth of Osiris, encased in the coffin, imprisoned in the tree from which he issues forth.

"In Greece" Burkert concludes, "the special function of the Adonis cult is as an opportunity for the unbridled expression of emotion in the strictly circumscribed life of women, in contrast to the rigid order of polis

Polis

A polis -- plural: poleis --is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis is often translated as "city-state."...
and family with the official women's festivals in honour of Demeter

Demeter

File:Demeter in horse chariot w daughter kore 83d40m wikiC Tempio Y di Selinunte sec VIa.JPGDemeter , in Greek mythology, is the Goddess of cereal and fertility, the pure....
."

The most detailed and literary version of the story of Adonis is in Book X of Ovid

Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso was a Roman Empire poet known as Ovid to the English language-speaking world, who wrote about love, seduction, and Roman mythology transformation....
's Metamorphoses
Metamorphoses (poem)

The Metamorphoses by the Ancient Rome poet Ovid is a Narrative poetry in fifteen books that describes the Creation myth and history of the world....
.

Modern metaphorical use of the name

In modern parlance the name "Adonis" is frequently used as an allusion to an extremely attractive, youthful male, often with a connotation of deserved vanity: "the office Adonis".

In Arthur Miller

Arthur Miller

Arthur Miller was an United States playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in Theater in the United States and film for almost 100 years, writing a wide variety of dramas, including celebrated Play such as The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, All My Sons, and Death of a Salesman, which are studied and performed w...
's Death of a Salesman

Death of a Salesman

Death of a Salesman is a 1949 Play by American playwright Arthur Miller and is a classic of American theater. The play ran for 742 performances, directed by Elia Kazan with Lee J....
, Willy Loman refers to his sons Biff and Happy as "Adonises." This is representative of the idealistic way he views them.

Giovan Battista Marino's masterpiece, Adone, published in 1623, is a long, sensual poem, which elaborates the myth of Adonis, and represents the transition in Italian literature

Italian literature

Italian literature is literature written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italian people or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian....
from Mannerism

Mannerism

Mannerism is a Art periods of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when a more Baroque style began to replace it, but continued into the seventeenth century throughout much of Europe....
to the Baroque

Baroque

In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music....
. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major England Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest Lyric poetry in the English language....
wrote the poem Adonais
Adonais

Adona?s is a pastoral elegy written by Percy Bysshe Shelley for John Keats in 1821, and widely regarded as one of Shelley's best works. The poem, which is in 495 lines in 55 Spenserian stanzas, was composed in the spring of 1821 in poetry immediately after April 11, when Shelley heard of Keats' death some three months earlier....
for John Keats

John Keats

John Keats was an England poetry who became one of the principal poets of the English Romanticism movement during the early nineteenth century....
, and uses the myth as an extended metaphor for Keats' death.

Sarrasine

Sarrasine is a novella written by Honor? de Balzac. It was published in 1830 , and is part of his La Com?die Humaine.Commentary ...
by Honore de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac

Honor? de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a Novel sequence of almost 100 novels and plays collectively entitled La Com?die humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the fall of Napol?on Bonaparte in 1815....
, is about a painting of an Adonis and a castrato, who the main character, Sarrasine, falls in love with. Adunis (an Arabic transliteration of the same name, ??????) is the nom de plume of a famous Syrian poet, Ali Ahmad Said Asbar, who was nominated more than once for a Nobel Prize for literature, including in 2006. His choice of name relates especially to the rebirth element of the myth of Adonis (also called "Tammuz" in Arabic), which was an important theme in mid-20th century Arabic poetry, chiefly amongst followers of the "Free Verse" (????? ????) movement founded by Iraqi poet Badr Shakir al-Sayyab. Adunis has used the myth of his namesake in many of his poems, for example in "Wave I", from his most recent book "Start of the Body, End of the Sea" (Saqi, 2002), which includes a complete retelling of the birth of the god.

An Adonis Complex refers to a psychological obsession with improving one's physique and youthful appearance: see body image

Body image

Body image is a term which may refer to a person's perception of their own physical appearance, or the internal sense of having a body which is interpreted by the brain....

In the Disney adaption of The Hunchback of Notre Dame

The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)

The Hunchback of Notre Dame is an Academy Award-nominated, 1996 animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21, 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures....
, one of the musical numbers, A Guy Like You, involves the lines;

We all have gaped at some Adonis

But then we crave a meal more nourishing to chew

And since you're shaped like a croissant
Croissant

A croissant is a buttery flaky pastry, named for its distinctive crescent shape. It is also sometimes called a crescent or crescent roll....
is

No question of, she's gotta love A Guy Like You.

This is comparing Quasimodo's hunched form to that of an 'Adonis.

In The Simpsons season 2 episode, "Brush With Greatness", Marge's teacher picks her painting of Homer to show at a gallery and says "I would like to show your bald Adonis."

In Twilight
Twilight

Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise, and the time between sunset and dusk. Sunlight Scattering in the upper Earth's atmosphere illuminates the lower atmosphere, and the surface of the Earth is not completely lit or completely dark....
, Bella Swan
Bella Swan

Isabella "Bella" Marie Swan is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Twilight , written by Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight series, which consists of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn, is primarily narrated from Bella's point of view....
often refers to her vampire boyfriend, Edward Cullen
Edward Cullen

Edward Cullen may refer to:*Ed Cullen , features writer for the Baton Rouge Morning Advocate*Edward Peter Cullen , Roman Catholic bishop*Edward Cullen , one of the main characters of the Twilight book series and film...
, as her marble carved Adonis.

In the anime version of DNAngel (episode 7) a Adonis statue is recovered. The statue then comes to life and attempts to lure in young girls so as to eat their souls. At some point in the episode, the Adonis spirit takes a young girl to a Dracula movie as well. Foreshadowing his own intentions. And at the end of the episode he does become something like a vampire.

See also

Adonai, : lord
Adonia
Adonia

Adonia , or Adonic feasts, were ancient feasts instituted in honor of Aphrodite and Adonis, and observed with great solemnity among the Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, etc....
, feasts celebrating Adonis
Adonis interpreted by R. Segal; a Jungian interpretation of the Adonis myth.
Apheca
Apheca

Apheca, known today in Arabic language as Afqa or Afka, "source", is located in the mountains of Lebanon, six kilometers from the ancient city of Jebail, which still stands just east of the town of Qartaba....

Sources

Burkert, Walter
Walter Burkert

Walter Burkert , a scholar of Greek mythology and Cult , is an emeritus professor of classics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and also has taught in the United Kingdom and the United States....
, 1985.Greek Religion, "Foreign gods" p 176f
Detienne, Marcel, 1972. Les jardins d'Adonis, translated by Janet Lloyd, 1977. The Gardens of Adonis, Harvester Press.
Frazer, James. The Golden Bough. (1890, etc; recent edition: London: Penguin, 1996).
Graves, Robert
Robert Graves

Robert Ranke Graves was an England poet, translator and novelist. During his long life, he produced more than 140 works. He was the son of the Anglo-Irish writer Alfred Perceval Graves and Amalie von Ranke, a niece of the famous German historian Leopold von Ranke....
(1955) 1960. The Greek Myths (Penguin), 18.h-.k
Kerenyi, Karl
Karl Kerényi

One of the founders of modern studies in Greek mythology, K?roly Ker?nyi was born in Temesv?r, Hungary , and then lived in Hungary....
, 1951 The Gods of the Greeks pp 75 – 76.
Hamilton, Edith
Edith Hamilton

Edith Hamilton was an United States educator and author, and was "recognized as the greatest woman classicist." She was 62 when she published her first book, The Greek Way, in 1930....
1942,1969 Mythology (book)
Mythology (book)

Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes is a 1942 in literature book written by Edith Hamilton. It is an anthology of Greek mythology, Roman mythology, and Norse mythology compiled from classical sources....
pg. 90-91