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Setos

Setos

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Setos (setoq) are an autochthonous ethnic and linguistic minority in south-eastern Estonia
Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...

 and north-western Russia. Setos are mostly Seto-speaking Orthodox Christians
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Church, also officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to in English speaking countries as the Eastern Orthodox Church, is the world's second largest Christian communion, estimated to number 225 million members...

 of Estonian nationality. Their dialect, that some consider an independent language - the Seto language
Seto language
Seto or Setu language is a dialect of the Finnic South Estonian or Võro language , spoken by about 5,000 people...

 (like Finnish
Finnish language
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. It is one of the official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken...

 and Estonian
Estonian language
Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities...

) belongs to the Balto-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric
Finno-Ugric
Finno-Ugric can refer to:* Finno-Ugric languages* Finno-Ugric peoples...

 languages. Seto is in search of more recognition, being traditionally considered a dialect of Estonian. Along with Orthodox Christianity, vernacular traditional folk religion
Folk religion
Folk religion consists of ethnic or regional religious customs under the umbrella of an organized religion, but outside of official doctrine and practices...

 is also widely known and supported among Setos.

There are approximately 10,000 Setos all around the world. The bulk of Setos, however, are found in the Seto region (Seto
Seto language
Seto or Setu language is a dialect of the Finnic South Estonian or Võro language , spoken by about 5,000 people...

: Setomaa
Setomaa
Setoland is a region south of Lake Peipus and inhabited by the Seto speaking Setos. Seto language belongs to south Estonian dialect of Estonian language. The historic range of Setomaa is located on territories of present day Estonia and Russia...

), which is divided between south-eastern Estonia
Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...

 (Põlva
Põlva County
Põlva County , or Põlvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-eastern part of the country and borders Tartu, Valga and Võru counties. The county also shares a common border with Russia...

 and Võro counties) and north-western Russian Federation (Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Pskov Oblast borders the European Union countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Belarus. It is the westernmost federal subject of contiguous Russia . Its major cities are the administrative center Pskov and Velikiye Luki Pskov Oblast . Setos are an officially protected ethnic minority of Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Pskov Oblast borders the European Union countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Belarus. It is the westernmost federal subject of contiguous Russia . Its major cities are the administrative center Pskov and Velikiye Luki Pskov Oblast , and far northeastern Germany. During this migration north the Slavic tribes interbred with several Finnic and Finno-Uralic tribes in the southern habitation areas of the indigenous Finnics and Finno-Uralics. The first significant event that separated Setos from Estonians was forced conversion of the latter into Catholicism
Catholicism
Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole...

 in the 13th century, while Setos who lived in Novgorod Land remained pagans
Pagans
Pagans may mean:* Paganism, a group of religions* Order of the Vine, a druidic faction in the "Thief" video game series* Pagans Motorcycle Club, a motorcycle club* The Pagans, a 1970s American punk band...

. In the 15th century Setos were converted into Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christianity
The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to:* Correct theology or belief, such as the ancient, majority, or Trinitarian theologies of Christianity...

 but kept vernacular beliefs. Later elements of Catholic culture were brought to Setos by Estonian colonists, while in Estonia itself they eventually nearly disappeared after the Lutherification of Estonia. With the peace treaty of Tartu
Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)
Tartu Peace Treaty or Treaty of Tartu was a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian SFSR signed in February 2, 1920 ending the Estonian War of Independence...

, the area Setomaa (Setoland) was ceded to the newly created Republic of Estonia and it was included into Petseri
Pechory
Pechory is a town in Pskov Oblast, Russia. According to the 2002 population census, the town had 13,056 citizens, including a few hundred ethnic Estonians....

 County (Petserimaa). As a result of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, the Republic of Estonia was forcefully annexed to the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union, from , Sovetskiy Soyuz...

. And in the years after the war, the border between the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was revised by Moscow authorities to what it is now. The issue became topical as the Republic of Estonia was restored in the borders of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 and a national border was established soon afterwards. The establishment of the border brought about the division of Setomaa between two countries for the first time in history.

Representative organisations


The Seto Congress, a body comprising representatives of Seto villages and organisations, is regularly convened every three years and elects a permanent Council of Elders. The Society for Seto Congress is a member of the Estonian Bureau for Lesser Used Languages.
The Setomaa federation of municipalities in Estonia (Setomaa Valdade Liit, comprising the communes of Mikitämäe, Verska, Meremäe and Misso) publishes the newspaper Setomaa, partly in the Seto
Seto language
Seto or Setu language is a dialect of the Finnic South Estonian or Võro language , spoken by about 5,000 people...

, partly in Estonian
Estonian language
Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities...

.

External links