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Selective perception

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	Selective perception may refer to any number of cognitive bias Cognitive bias A cognitive bias is a person's tendency to make errors in judgment based on cognitive factors, and is a phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social psychology.... es in psychology Psychology Psychology is an academic and applied science discipline involving the science study of human mental functions and behavior. Occasionally it also relies on symbolic hermeneutics and critical theory, although these traditions are less pronounced than in other social sciences such as sociology.... related to the way expectations affect perception Perception In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sense information. It is a task far more complex than was imagined in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was predicted that building perceiving machines would take about a decade, a goal which is still very far from fruition.... . For instance, several studies have shown that students who were told they were consuming alcohol Alcohol In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group.... ic beverages (which in fact were non-alcoholic) perceived themselves as being "drunk", exhibited fewer physiological symptoms of social stress, and drove a simulated car similarly to other subjects who had actually consumed alcohol. The result is somewhat similar to the placebo effect Placebo effect Placebo effect may refer to:* Placebo, the tendency of any medication or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work... . In one classic study on this subject related to the hostile media effect Hostile media effect The hostile media effect, sometimes called the hostile media phenomenon, refers to the finding that people with strong biases toward an issue perceive Mass media coverage as biased against their opinions.... (which is itself an excellent example of selective perception), viewers watched a filmstrip of a particularly violent Princeton Princeton University Princeton University is a private university university located in Princeton, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League and has the largest per-student Financial endowment in the world.... -Dartmouth Dartmouth College Dartmouth College is a private university, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, New Hampshire. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"... American football American football American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive team sport known for mixing strategy with physical play.... game. Princeton viewers reported seeing nearly twice as many rule infractions committed by the Dartmouth team than did Dartmouth viewers. One Dartmouth alumnus did not see any infractions committed by the Dartmouth side and erroneously assumed he had been sent only part of the film, sending word requesting the rest. Selective perceptions are of two types: Low level - Perceptual vigilance High level- Perceptual defense See also List of cognitive biases List of cognitive biases A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations .Implicit in the concept of a "pattern of deviation" is a standard of comparison; this may be the judgment of people outside those particular situations, or may be a set of independently verifiable facts.... Further reading