Rymanów
Encyclopedia
Rymanów r is a town of 3,585 inhabitants (02.06.2009). in Poland
's Subcarpathian Voivodeship
. It is a capital of a separate commune
within the powiat of Krosno. It is located in the heartland of the Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 420 metres (1,377.95 ft) above sea level
, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city.
Władysław Opolczyk, the local representative of king Louis I of Hungary. Initially the town was named Ladisslavia, after the founder, and was inhabited primarily by settlers of central Germany (Reimannshau), largely overpopulated in late Middle Ages. In 1376 the town received a city charter based on the Magdeburg Law, which granted the town with a significant level self-government. During the reign of Ladislaus I of Poland the town received the modern name of Rymanów, after the first wójt Nicolao Reymann. The town was located on the traditional trade routes leading through the Carpathians
to Hungary
and in 15th and 16th century it received numerous privileges from various Polish monarchs. This created a boost for local economy, mostly centred around the weekly fairs organized there. The period of prosperity ended in 17th century, when this part of Poland was repeatedly pillaged and plundered by the invading armies during the wars against Muscovy, Sweden
, Turkey
and the Chmielnicki's Uprising.
Throughout the ages, the town's history was interwoven with the fate of several notable Polish szlachta
families. In 17th and 18th century the town was a private property of the Stadnicki family. In 1731 Teresa Stadnicka married Józef Kanty Ossoliński
and the town passed to the mighty Ossoliński
family, notable for their collections of books and pieces of art. The latter started the construction of an exceptional parochial church, finished by his daughter Anna Teresa. The latter in 1794 sold the town to Potocki family, who owned it until 20th century.
The town since 16th century had also a significant Jewish population, a synagogue is already mentioned in 1593, during a criminal trial at the castle court in Sanok. The local 17th century Bejt-ha-kneset synagogue
is one of the exceptional examples of unusual fortified Jewish houses of prayer, used both for religious and military purposes. The local kirkut (established in 16th century) survived the World War II and currently features ca. 800 graves. Among them are tombs of some of the most renown local Jews, including tsadikkim Menachem Mendl, Cwi Hirsch, Józef Friedman and rabbi Israel Schorr
. There is also a small military cemetery for Jewish soldiers who perished in the fights for the town in 1914 and 1915.
In 19th century, after the partitions of Poland
, the town was annexed by Austria
and was made part of the Austrian-ruled Galicia. Initially a part of the Land of Sanok
of the Ruthenian Voivodeship
, in 1772 it became a part of the Circle of Lesko
and in 1864 back to the starostship of Sanok
. The town's economy gradually got back on track as it became a local centre of foodstuffs trade for the local peasants. In 1872 the town became the property of Stanisław Potocki and his wife Anna Działyńska, who started to develop a local spa
. Much like the nearby town of Iwonicz Zdrój
, Rymanów quickly developed into a popular resort for the inhabitants of Lwów. With the beginning of oil industry in nearby Borysław, a new railway was built only half a mile from the city. This further boosted the local development. In 1898 the town had 3704, including 1889 Poles and 1751 Jews. It had a post office, train station, telegraph and a gymnasium. However, after the outbreak of World War I
the town was captured by the Russian Empire in September 1914 and severely looted. The spa pavillons were burnt to the ground and the town suffered from several weeks of Russian rule. In 1915 it was again retaken by Austria-Hungary
and started to be rebuilt.
After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the town was restored to Poland. However, 20 years afterwards the town was again damaged, this time during the German terror bombings during the Polish Defensive War
. After the Polish defeat, a prisoner of war
camp was set up in the town's vicinity. Up to 10,000 Soviet prisoners were killed there by the Germans. The camp served also as a transit camp for the local Jewish population, mostly murdered in the German concentration camps.
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
's Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Podkarpackie Voivodeship , or Subcarpathian Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in extreme-southeastern Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów...
. It is a capital of a separate commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
within the powiat of Krosno. It is located in the heartland of the Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 420 metres (1,377.95 ft) above sea level
Above mean sea level
The term above mean sea level refers to the elevation or altitude of any object, relative to the average sea level datum. AMSL is used extensively in radio by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach...
, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city.
History
The town was built by the Duke of SilesiaSilesia
Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...
Władysław Opolczyk, the local representative of king Louis I of Hungary. Initially the town was named Ladisslavia, after the founder, and was inhabited primarily by settlers of central Germany (Reimannshau), largely overpopulated in late Middle Ages. In 1376 the town received a city charter based on the Magdeburg Law, which granted the town with a significant level self-government. During the reign of Ladislaus I of Poland the town received the modern name of Rymanów, after the first wójt Nicolao Reymann. The town was located on the traditional trade routes leading through the Carpathians
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe...
to Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
and in 15th and 16th century it received numerous privileges from various Polish monarchs. This created a boost for local economy, mostly centred around the weekly fairs organized there. The period of prosperity ended in 17th century, when this part of Poland was repeatedly pillaged and plundered by the invading armies during the wars against Muscovy, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
and the Chmielnicki's Uprising.
Throughout the ages, the town's history was interwoven with the fate of several notable Polish szlachta
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
families. In 17th and 18th century the town was a private property of the Stadnicki family. In 1731 Teresa Stadnicka married Józef Kanty Ossoliński
Józef Kanty Ossolinski
Józef Jan Kanty Ossoliński was a magnate in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Supported Stanisław Leszczyński, although abandoned him in 1733 when his cause looked worse and from 1735 he became a supporter of August III the Saxon. He became a close ally of hetman Jan Klemens Branicki and his...
and the town passed to the mighty Ossoliński
Ossolinski
Ossoliński is the surname of a Polish szlachta family. Because Polish adjectives have different forms for the genders, Ossolińska is the form for a female family member-History:...
family, notable for their collections of books and pieces of art. The latter started the construction of an exceptional parochial church, finished by his daughter Anna Teresa. The latter in 1794 sold the town to Potocki family, who owned it until 20th century.
The town since 16th century had also a significant Jewish population, a synagogue is already mentioned in 1593, during a criminal trial at the castle court in Sanok. The local 17th century Bejt-ha-kneset synagogue
Synagogue
A synagogue is a Jewish house of prayer. This use of the Greek term synagogue originates in the Septuagint where it sometimes translates the Hebrew word for assembly, kahal...
is one of the exceptional examples of unusual fortified Jewish houses of prayer, used both for religious and military purposes. The local kirkut (established in 16th century) survived the World War II and currently features ca. 800 graves. Among them are tombs of some of the most renown local Jews, including tsadikkim Menachem Mendl, Cwi Hirsch, Józef Friedman and rabbi Israel Schorr
Israel Schorr
Israel Schorr was a prominent cantor during the Golden Age of Hazzanut. Born in the Polish region of Galicia then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to a Hasidic family, Schorr began his career as a boy, singing soprano in the courts of various hassidic masters, notably the Rebbe of...
. There is also a small military cemetery for Jewish soldiers who perished in the fights for the town in 1914 and 1915.
In 19th century, after the partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
, the town was annexed by Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
and was made part of the Austrian-ruled Galicia. Initially a part of the Land of Sanok
Sanok
Sanok is a town in south-eastern Poland with 39,110 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. It's the capital of Sanok County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship , which was part of the Lesser Poland province...
of the Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
, in 1772 it became a part of the Circle of Lesko
Lesko
Lesko ; is a town in south-eastern Poland with a population of 5,755 . situated in the Bieszczady mountains. It is located in the heartland of the Doły , and its average altitude is above sea level, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city...
and in 1864 back to the starostship of Sanok
Sanok
Sanok is a town in south-eastern Poland with 39,110 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. It's the capital of Sanok County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship , which was part of the Lesser Poland province...
. The town's economy gradually got back on track as it became a local centre of foodstuffs trade for the local peasants. In 1872 the town became the property of Stanisław Potocki and his wife Anna Działyńska, who started to develop a local spa
Destination spa
A destination spa is a short term residential/lodging facility with the primary purpose of providing individual services for spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or sources of mineral waters...
. Much like the nearby town of Iwonicz Zdrój
Iwonicz Zdrój
Iwonicz-Zdrój . It is located in the heartland of the Doły , and its average altitude is 410 metres above sea level, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city....
, Rymanów quickly developed into a popular resort for the inhabitants of Lwów. With the beginning of oil industry in nearby Borysław, a new railway was built only half a mile from the city. This further boosted the local development. In 1898 the town had 3704, including 1889 Poles and 1751 Jews. It had a post office, train station, telegraph and a gymnasium. However, after the outbreak of World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
the town was captured by the Russian Empire in September 1914 and severely looted. The spa pavillons were burnt to the ground and the town suffered from several weeks of Russian rule. In 1915 it was again retaken by Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
and started to be rebuilt.
After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the town was restored to Poland. However, 20 years afterwards the town was again damaged, this time during the German terror bombings during the Polish Defensive War
Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War in Poland and the Poland Campaign in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II in Europe...
. After the Polish defeat, a prisoner of war
Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war or enemy prisoner of war is a person, whether civilian or combatant, who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict...
camp was set up in the town's vicinity. Up to 10,000 Soviet prisoners were killed there by the Germans. The camp served also as a transit camp for the local Jewish population, mostly murdered in the German concentration camps.
Notable people
- Józef Kanty OssolińskiJózef Kanty OssolinskiJózef Jan Kanty Ossoliński was a magnate in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Supported Stanisław Leszczyński, although abandoned him in 1733 when his cause looked worse and from 1735 he became a supporter of August III the Saxon. He became a close ally of hetman Jan Klemens Branicki and his...
- Isidor Isaac RabiIsidor Isaac RabiIsidor Isaac Rabi was a Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.-Early years:...
- Menachem Mendel of RimanovMenachem Mendel of RimanovMenachem Mendel of Rimanov was a Hasidic Rebbe and author. Born in Neustadt, Nowe Miasto, he was introduced to Hasidut at the age of 11 when he met Dovber of Mezeritch...
, rebbe - Israel SchorrIsrael SchorrIsrael Schorr was a prominent cantor during the Golden Age of Hazzanut. Born in the Polish region of Galicia then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to a Hasidic family, Schorr began his career as a boy, singing soprano in the courts of various hassidic masters, notably the Rebbe of...
See also
- WalddeutscheWalddeutscheWalddeutsche Germans , sometimes simply called Polish Germans, the name for a group of people, mostly of German origin, who settled during the 14th-17th century on the territory of present-day Sanockie Pits, Poland, a region which was previously only sparsely inhabited because the land was...
- List of Hasidic dynasties
- Rebbe Menachem Mendel of RimanovMenachem Mendel of RimanovMenachem Mendel of Rimanov was a Hasidic Rebbe and author. Born in Neustadt, Nowe Miasto, he was introduced to Hasidut at the age of 11 when he met Dovber of Mezeritch...
- Rimenov (Hasidic dynasty)