Revolution of October 8, 1812
Encyclopedia
The Revolution of October 8, 1812 took place during the Argentine War of Independence
. Led by José de San Martín
and Carlos María de Alvear
, it deposed the First Triumvirate
and allowed the creation of the Second Triumvirate
, which called the Assembly of Year XIII
.
was a government of three members that ruled Argentina during the Argentine War of Independence
, after the fall of the Junta Grande
, which had many members. The Triumvirate had a conservative policy, and had removed the radical supporters of Mariano Moreno
which promoted the May Revolution
and managed government the first months. However, a strong royalist conspiracy headed by Martín de Álzaga
made them unite forces once more. Álzaga was defeated and executed, but the Morenists returned to the political scene.
The revolutionary war was reinforced by a number of generals who left Spain when the Peninsular War
was nearing a total French victory. The most notable of them were José de San Martín
and Carlos María de Alvear
. They organized a local wing of the Lodge of Rational Knights from Cádiz, and quickly headed the local military forces.
, such as the early Primera Junta
headed by Moreno.
The revolution was caused by the end of the terms of Manuel de Sarratea
and Feliciano Chiclana
, as Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
promoted antimorenist new members, Manuel Obligado and Pedro Medrano
. The people organized a riot all across the city, headed by Bernardo Monteagudo, and attacked the houses of Pueyrredón and Bernardino Rivadavia
. At the night of October 7, a military unit headed by San Martín and Alvear stationed in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo
, in support of the popular request. The Cabildo closed the assembly that was about to elect Obligado and Medrano, and took government again.
There were rumors that San Martín or Alvear would be appointed in replace of the Triumvirate, but they denied any appointment. They declared that the military did not intervene in the conflict to take the government by force, or to promote someone from their ranks, but to guarantee that the popular will was respected. Thus, the Cabildo elected a new triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate
. Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
was appointed by 172 votes against 12, Antonio Álvarez Jonte
by 147 against 35, and Juan José Paso
by 96 against 87. The new triumvirate called the Assembly of Year XIII
, a popular request that the First Triumvirate avoided to follow.
Argentine War of Independence
The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown...
. Led by José de San Martín
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín, known simply as Don José de San Martín , was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes , he left his mother country at the...
and Carlos María de Alvear
Carlos María de Alvear
Carlos María de Alvear was an Argentine soldier and statesman, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1815....
, it deposed the First Triumvirate
First Triumvirate (Argentina)
The First Triumvirate was the executive body of government that replaced the Junta Grande in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata...
and allowed the creation of the Second Triumvirate
Second Triumvirate (Argentina)
The Second Triumvirate was the governing body of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata that followed the First Triumvirate in 1812, shortly after the May Revolution, and lasted 2 years....
, which called the Assembly of Year XIII
Asamblea del Año XIII
The Assembly of Year XIII was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata on October 1812....
.
Context
The First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate (Argentina)
The First Triumvirate was the executive body of government that replaced the Junta Grande in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata...
was a government of three members that ruled Argentina during the Argentine War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown...
, after the fall of the Junta Grande
Junta Grande
Junta Grande is the most common name for the executive government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , that followed the incorporation of provincial representatives into the Primera Junta .- Origin :...
, which had many members. The Triumvirate had a conservative policy, and had removed the radical supporters of Mariano Moreno
Mariano Moreno
Mariano Moreno was an Argentine lawyer, journalist, and politician. He played a decisive role in the Primera Junta, the first national government of Argentina, created after the May Revolution....
which promoted the May Revolution
May Revolution
The May Revolution was a week-long series of events that took place from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish colony that included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay...
and managed government the first months. However, a strong royalist conspiracy headed by Martín de Álzaga
Martín de Álzaga
Martín 'Macoco' de Álzaga was an Argentine racecar driver.-Indy 500 results:-External links:*...
made them unite forces once more. Álzaga was defeated and executed, but the Morenists returned to the political scene.
The revolutionary war was reinforced by a number of generals who left Spain when the Peninsular War
Peninsular War
The Peninsular War was a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began when French and Spanish armies crossed Spain and invaded Portugal in 1807. Then, in 1808, France turned on its...
was nearing a total French victory. The most notable of them were José de San Martín
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín, known simply as Don José de San Martín , was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes , he left his mother country at the...
and Carlos María de Alvear
Carlos María de Alvear
Carlos María de Alvear was an Argentine soldier and statesman, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1815....
. They organized a local wing of the Lodge of Rational Knights from Cádiz, and quickly headed the local military forces.
Revolution
Both the Morenist peoples and the new military group opposed the conservative policy of the First Triumvirate, and wanted a government that fostered the ideas of the Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state...
, such as the early Primera Junta
Primera Junta
The Primera Junta or First Assembly is the most common name given to the first independent government of Argentina. It was created on 25 May 1810, as a result of the events of the May Revolution. The Junta initially had representatives from only Buenos Aires...
headed by Moreno.
The revolution was caused by the end of the terms of Manuel de Sarratea
Manuel de Sarratea
Manuel de Sarratea, , was an Argentine diplomat, politician and soldier. He is the son of Martin de Sarratea , of the richest merchant of Buenos-Aires and Tomasa Josefa de Altolaguirre...
and Feliciano Chiclana
Feliciano Chiclana
Feliciano Antonio Chiclana, was an Argentine lawyer, soldier, and judge, He studied at the Colegio de San Carlos. In 1783 he attained a law degree from the Universidad de Chile....
, as Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan was an Argentine general and politician of the early 19th century. He was appointed Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata after the Argentine Declaration of Independence.-Early life:Pueyrredón was born in Buenos Aires, the fifth of...
promoted antimorenist new members, Manuel Obligado and Pedro Medrano
Pedro Medrano
Pedro Medrano was a Uruguayan-born Argentine statesman and lawyer. He was a representative to the Congress of Tucumán which on 9 July 1816 declared the Independence of Argentina....
. The people organized a riot all across the city, headed by Bernardo Monteagudo, and attacked the houses of Pueyrredón and Bernardino Rivadavia
Bernardino Rivadavia
Bernardino de la Trinidad Gónzalez Rivadavia y Rivadavia was the first president of Argentina, from February 8, 1826 to July 7, 1827 . He was a politician of the United Provinces of Río de la Plata, Argentina today...
. At the night of October 7, a military unit headed by San Martín and Alvear stationed in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo
Buenos Aires Cabildo
The Buenos Aires Cabildo is the public building in Buenos Aires that was used as seat of the ayuntamiento during the colonial times and the government house of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata...
, in support of the popular request. The Cabildo closed the assembly that was about to elect Obligado and Medrano, and took government again.
There were rumors that San Martín or Alvear would be appointed in replace of the Triumvirate, but they denied any appointment. They declared that the military did not intervene in the conflict to take the government by force, or to promote someone from their ranks, but to guarantee that the popular will was respected. Thus, the Cabildo elected a new triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate
Second Triumvirate (Argentina)
The Second Triumvirate was the governing body of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata that followed the First Triumvirate in 1812, shortly after the May Revolution, and lasted 2 years....
. Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
Nicolás Rodriguez Peña was an Argentine politician. Born in Buenos Aires in April 1775, he worked in commerce which allowed him to amass a considerable fortune. Among his several successful businesses, he had a soap factory partnership with Hipólito Vieytes, which was a center of conspirators...
was appointed by 172 votes against 12, Antonio Álvarez Jonte
Antonio Álvarez Jonte
Antonio Álvarez Jonte was an Argentine politician. He was born in Madrid in 1784 and moved with parents to Córdoba when young. He studied law at Córdoba University and obtained his doctorate at the Real Universidad de San Felipe in Santiago de Chile...
by 147 against 35, and Juan José Paso
Juan José Paso
Juan José Paso, was an Argentine politician who participated in the events that started the Argentine War of Independence known as May Revolution of 1810....
by 96 against 87. The new triumvirate called the Assembly of Year XIII
Asamblea del Año XIII
The Assembly of Year XIII was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata on October 1812....
, a popular request that the First Triumvirate avoided to follow.