Reverse immigration in the United States
Encyclopedia
Reverse immigration is when the population of a country is reduced by a rapid return of immigrants to the country of their origin.
Reverse immigration in the United States began in 2007.
occurred between Latin America and the United States beginning in about 1970.
Contributing factors include the economic history of Mexico
, which created long-term unemployment issues from 1970 through 2007. Refugees fled across the border to the US seeking better employment opportunities during each economic crisis in Latin America.
The illegal immigrant population began to decline in the US in 2007 as the economy of Latin America began to improve. The decline in consumer demand created by declining immigrant population matches the start of the Great Recession that began with foreclosure acceleration in 2007
.
This is the second major economic decline in the US that has occurred at the same time as declining immigrant population.
Heavy immigration from Mexico to the US occurred during the Mexican Revolution
from 1910 to 1929. This corresponds with the economic boom period known as the Roaring Twenties
.
An almost identical economic decline occurred from 1929 through 1937 during the period of Mexican Repatriation
while the Mexican government was reorganizing following the Mexican Revolution
. This is when over half a million illegal immigrants and legal US citizens of Latin descent were forcibly deported out of the country following racist campaigns by most large news organizations within the US.
Reverse immigration includes the following foreign factors to attract immigrants to return from the US to their birth country.
The number of illegal immigrants in the US declined by 1.5 million since 2007, or about 12% of the total illegal immigrant workforce.
The economies of countries like India, China, and Mexico have improved dramatically, and this is attracting people to return to their birth country.
Growing evidence indicates reverse immigration threatens the US competitive edge in science and technology. Estimates indicate 100,000 highly educated immigrants will return to China within 5 years, and a similar trend will occur with India.
Immigrants tend to be less involved in criminal activity than US citizens. As an example, 1 in 3 Californians are illegal immigrants, while less than 1 in 5 prison inmates are illegal aliens.
The English-only movement
within the US introduces a conflict between people of national origin that is not English speaking, such as Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Many immigrants come to the US because of greater opportunities for their children. One of the difficulties introduced by this trend is that the children born to non-English speaking immigrants may not have equal access to education, which reduces average income. . 4 in 5 prison inmates are functionally illiterate, and first-generation citizens tend to be over-represented in the prison population for this reason.
While race discrimination
is illegal, it is a common contributing factor that encourages immigrants to return to the country of their birth. This includes city ordinances, like those in San Luis Obispo
, Oxford, Mississippi
, Foley, Alabama
, and other cities which prohibit more than 3 unrelated people from living in the same dwelling, even when the dwelling includes more than 3 bedrooms. The intent of these kinds of laws is racial discrimination aimed at immigrants that tend to have the lowest income. This is called redlining
.
Religious conflict is two fold.
First, and most obvious, are xenophobic fears like Islamophobia
that manifested following destruction of the World Trade Cener. This has manifested as a
Reverse immigration in the United States began in 2007.
History
A steady stream of illegal immigrantsIllegal immigrant population of the United States
The actual size and the origin of the Illegal immigrant population in the United States is uncertain and difficult to ascertain because of difficulty in accurately counting individuals in this population...
occurred between Latin America and the United States beginning in about 1970.
Contributing factors include the economic history of Mexico
Economic history of Mexico
-Independence:Faced with political disruptions, civil wars, unstable currency, and the constant threat of banditry in the countryside, most wealthy Mexicans invested their assets the only stable productive enterprises that remained viable: large agricultural estates...
, which created long-term unemployment issues from 1970 through 2007. Refugees fled across the border to the US seeking better employment opportunities during each economic crisis in Latin America.
The illegal immigrant population began to decline in the US in 2007 as the economy of Latin America began to improve. The decline in consumer demand created by declining immigrant population matches the start of the Great Recession that began with foreclosure acceleration in 2007
Subprime mortgage crisis
The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis was one of the first indicators of the late-2000s financial crisis, characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backed by said mortgages....
.
This is the second major economic decline in the US that has occurred at the same time as declining immigrant population.
Heavy immigration from Mexico to the US occurred during the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution...
from 1910 to 1929. This corresponds with the economic boom period known as the Roaring Twenties
Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to describe the 1920s, principally in North America, but also in London, Berlin and Paris for a period of sustained economic prosperity. The phrase was meant to emphasize the period's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism...
.
An almost identical economic decline occurred from 1929 through 1937 during the period of Mexican Repatriation
Mexican Repatriation
The Mexican Repatriation refers to a mass migration that took place between 1929 and 1939, when as many as 500,000 people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US. The event, carried out by American authorities, took place without due process. Some 35,000 were deported, amongst...
while the Mexican government was reorganizing following the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution...
. This is when over half a million illegal immigrants and legal US citizens of Latin descent were forcibly deported out of the country following racist campaigns by most large news organizations within the US.
Causes
The primary factors for reverse immigration are:- Foreign Economic Improvement
- Culture Conflict
- Illegal Immigration Enforcement
Reverse immigration includes the following foreign factors to attract immigrants to return from the US to their birth country.
- Financial assistance
- Housing assistance
- Improved career opportunities
- Improved quality of life
- Improved purchasing power
- Compatible cultural factors.
Foreign economic improvement
Foreign investment in Mexico by businesses located in China and Venezuela have increased employment opportunities in Mexico.The number of illegal immigrants in the US declined by 1.5 million since 2007, or about 12% of the total illegal immigrant workforce.
The economies of countries like India, China, and Mexico have improved dramatically, and this is attracting people to return to their birth country.
Growing evidence indicates reverse immigration threatens the US competitive edge in science and technology. Estimates indicate 100,000 highly educated immigrants will return to China within 5 years, and a similar trend will occur with India.
Culture conflict
Cultural conflict involves a diverse range of factors, some of which are as follows.- Language
- Race
- Religion
Immigrants tend to be less involved in criminal activity than US citizens. As an example, 1 in 3 Californians are illegal immigrants, while less than 1 in 5 prison inmates are illegal aliens.
The English-only movement
English-only movement
English-only movement, also known as Official English movement, refers to a political movement for the use only of the English language in official government operations through the establishing of English as the only official language in the United States...
within the US introduces a conflict between people of national origin that is not English speaking, such as Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Many immigrants come to the US because of greater opportunities for their children. One of the difficulties introduced by this trend is that the children born to non-English speaking immigrants may not have equal access to education, which reduces average income. . 4 in 5 prison inmates are functionally illiterate, and first-generation citizens tend to be over-represented in the prison population for this reason.
While race discrimination
Racism
Racism is the belief that inherent different traits in human racial groups justify discrimination. In the modern English language, the term "racism" is used predominantly as a pejorative epithet. It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature...
is illegal, it is a common contributing factor that encourages immigrants to return to the country of their birth. This includes city ordinances, like those in San Luis Obispo
San Luis Obispo, California
San Luis Obispo is a city in California, located roughly midway between San Francisco and Los Angeles on the Central Coast. Founded in 1772 by Spanish Fr. Junipero Serra, San Luis Obispo is one of California’s oldest communities...
, Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford is a city in, and the county seat of, Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1835, it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there, which it did successfully attract....
, Foley, Alabama
Foley, Alabama
Foley is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States.The 2000 census lists the population of the city as 7,590.Foley is a principal city of the Daphne–Fairhope–Foley Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Baldwin County....
, and other cities which prohibit more than 3 unrelated people from living in the same dwelling, even when the dwelling includes more than 3 bedrooms. The intent of these kinds of laws is racial discrimination aimed at immigrants that tend to have the lowest income. This is called redlining
Redlining
Redlining is the practice of denying, or increasing the cost of services such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The term "redlining" was coined in the late 1960s by John McKnight, a...
.
Religious conflict is two fold.
First, and most obvious, are xenophobic fears like Islamophobia
Islamophobia
Islamophobia describes prejudice against, hatred or irrational fear of Islam or MuslimsThe term dates back to the late 1980s or early 1990s, but came into common usage after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States....
that manifested following destruction of the World Trade Cener. This has manifested as a