Putna River
Encyclopedia
Putna River is a tributary
of the Siret River
in Vrancea County
in Romania
, in the historical region of Moldavia
.
s in all the structural zones of the river. The phreatic
waters participate in proportion of 30% in supplying with water the surface water resources. Although rainfalls are the main element of water supply for the rivers, in the Vrancea Mountains
area the groundwater supply has a great importance.
In certain conditions, the groundwaters contain salts, having a concentration of 0,5 g/l.
The river contains many minerals, especially sulphur, carbonates and iron
compounds. Such mineral sources can be found at the foot of the slopes around the Putna Waterfall, at the foot of the northern slopes of Porcului Ridge (confluence
of the Tişiţa
and Putna rivers), on the valley of the Mişina River
, at the river mouth of the Pietricica River.
. The mountainous basin of the Putna River is formed of two orohydrographic nodes. The most important is in the central sector of the western ridge of Vrancea Mountains, and is represented by the Lăcăuţi-Arişoaia Ridge, out of which the Putna and the Zăbala rivers are spread radially. The second is individualized on the median ridge and is given by the northern extremity of Paisele Ridge, where the Năruja River
and the little rivers belonging to the upper basins of the of Putna, Tişiţa and Năruja rivers are originating.
The Putna River has a length of 144 km. Its source is located on the northern slope of the Lăcăuţi-Arişoaia ridge at altitude close to 1,700 m. From the source to the limit of the mountainous sector it has a length of 30 km, having a large semicircular shape, much to the north. The upstream sector is narrow, with a characteristic transversal profile, in "V" shape. After that, the valley widens as it traverses on about 9 km the Lepşa-Greşu depression
. Downstream of Lepşa, Putna has splendid gorges
, 7 km long, cut in sandstone
, where it generates many slope breaks and, especially, the Putna Waterfall.
Tributaries include the Baba
, Şipotu
, Valea lui Ilie River
, Stogu
, Babovici
, Pârâul Mărului
, Greşu
, Călinu
, Slatina
, Lepşa
, Streiu
, Mocearu
on the left side and Pârâul de sub Aristoaia
, Pârâul Bradului
, Zburătura
, Pârâul Ţiganului
, Cireşu
, Tişiţa
, Pârâul Porcului
, Pârâul Câinelui
, Carhagău
, Coza
, Zăbala
, Milcov, Putna Seacă
, Râmna
on the right.
, Negrileşti
, Bârşeşti
, Valea Sării
, Vidra
, Garoafa
, Vânători
.
Tributary
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean...
of the Siret River
Siret River
The Siret or Sireth is a river that rises from the Carpathians in the Northern Bukovina region of Ukraine, and flows southward into Romania for 470 km before it joins the Danube...
in Vrancea County
Vrancea County
Vrancea is a county in Romania, with its seat at Focşani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.-Demographics:...
in Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, in the historical region of Moldavia
Moldavia
Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
.
Hydrogeological features of the river basin.
Hydrogeological studies reveal the presence of wide and relatively rich aquiferAquifer
An aquifer is a wet underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology...
s in all the structural zones of the river. The phreatic
Phreatic
The term phreatic is used in Earth sciences to refer to matters relating to ground water below the water table . The term 'phreatic surface' indicates the location where the pore water pressure is under atmospheric conditions...
waters participate in proportion of 30% in supplying with water the surface water resources. Although rainfalls are the main element of water supply for the rivers, in the Vrancea Mountains
Vrancea Mountains
The Vrancea Mountains are a mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Vrancea County in Romania....
area the groundwater supply has a great importance.
In certain conditions, the groundwaters contain salts, having a concentration of 0,5 g/l.
The river contains many minerals, especially sulphur, carbonates and iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
compounds. Such mineral sources can be found at the foot of the slopes around the Putna Waterfall, at the foot of the northern slopes of Porcului Ridge (confluence
Confluence
Confluence, in geography, describes the meeting of two or more bodies of water.Confluence may also refer to:* Confluence , a property of term rewriting systems...
of the Tişiţa
Tisita River
The Tişiţa River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Tişiţa Mare River and Tişiţa Mică River-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
and Putna rivers), on the valley of the Mişina River
Misina River
The Mişina River or Mişâna River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, at the river mouth of the Pietricica River.
Hydrography
The river basin of the Putna River has a total surface of 2,720 square kilometers; 31% of this surface is located in the mountain area, draining the eastern flank of the Vrancea MountainsVrancea Mountains
The Vrancea Mountains are a mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Vrancea County in Romania....
. The mountainous basin of the Putna River is formed of two orohydrographic nodes. The most important is in the central sector of the western ridge of Vrancea Mountains, and is represented by the Lăcăuţi-Arişoaia Ridge, out of which the Putna and the Zăbala rivers are spread radially. The second is individualized on the median ridge and is given by the northern extremity of Paisele Ridge, where the Năruja River
Naruja River
The Năruja River is a tributary of the Zăbala River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Hidrologie şi Meteorologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti, 1971...
and the little rivers belonging to the upper basins of the of Putna, Tişiţa and Năruja rivers are originating.
The Putna River has a length of 144 km. Its source is located on the northern slope of the Lăcăuţi-Arişoaia ridge at altitude close to 1,700 m. From the source to the limit of the mountainous sector it has a length of 30 km, having a large semicircular shape, much to the north. The upstream sector is narrow, with a characteristic transversal profile, in "V" shape. After that, the valley widens as it traverses on about 9 km the Lepşa-Greşu depression
Depression (geology)
A depression in geology is a landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. Depressions may be formed by various mechanisms.Structural or tectonic related:...
. Downstream of Lepşa, Putna has splendid gorges
Canyon
A canyon or gorge is a deep ravine between cliffs often carved from the landscape by a river. Rivers have a natural tendency to reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water it will eventually drain into. This forms a canyon. Most canyons were formed by a process of...
, 7 km long, cut in sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...
, where it generates many slope breaks and, especially, the Putna Waterfall.
Tributaries include the Baba
Baba River (Putna)
The Baba River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Şipotu
Sipotu River (Putna)
The Şipotu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Valea lui Ilie River
Valea lui Ilie River
The Valea lui Ilie River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Stogu
Stogu River
The Stogu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Babovici
Babovici River
The Babovici River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Pârâul Mărului
Pârâul Marului (Putna)
The Pârâul Mărului is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971* Trasee turistice - Vrancea...
, Greşu
Gresu River
The Greşu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971* Trasee turistice - Vrancea...
, Călinu
Calinu River
The Călinu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Slatina
Slatina River (Putna)
The Slatina River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Lepşa
Lepsa River
The Lepşa River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Streiu
Streiu River
The Streiu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Mocearu
Mocearu River
The Mocearu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
on the left side and Pârâul de sub Aristoaia
Pârâul de sub Aristoaia
Pârâul de sub Aristoaia is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Pârâul Bradului
Pârâul Bradului (Putna)
Pârâul Bradului is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Zburătura
Zburatura River
The Zburătura River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Pârâul Ţiganului
Pârâul Tiganului (Putna)
Pârâul Ţiganului is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Cireşu
Ciresu River (Putna)
The Cireşu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Tişiţa
Tisita River
The Tişiţa River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Tişiţa Mare River and Tişiţa Mică River-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
, Pârâul Porcului
Pârâul Porcului (Putna)
Pârâul Porcului is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Pârâul Câinelui
Pârâul Câinelui (Putna)
The Pârâul Câinelui is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Carhagău
Carhagau River
The Carhagău River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Coza
Coza River
The Coza River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Pârâul lui Toader and Pârâul Mioarele-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
, Zăbala
Zabala River (Putna)
The Zăbala River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Arişoaia and Zăbăluţa-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
, Milcov, Putna Seacă
Putna Seaca River
The Putna Seacă River or Putna Veche River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Râmna
Râmna River (Putna)
The Râmna River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
on the right.
Towns and villages
The following towns and villages are situated along the river Putna, from source to mouth: Greşu, Lepşa, TulniciTulnici
Tulnici is a commune in Vrancea County, Romania, located in the northwestern part of the county. It is one of the largest administrative areas in Vrancea County, situated at an altitude of 480 m above sea level at the foothills of the Vrancea Mountains. The commune is composed of four villages:...
, Negrileşti
Negrilesti, Vrancea
Negrileşti is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Negrileşti. Formerly part of Bârseşti, it split off in 2003.-References:...
, Bârşeşti
Bârsesti
Bârseşti is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bârseşti and Topeşti, and also included Negrileşti before it split off as a separate commune in 2003.-References:...
, Valea Sării
Valea Sarii
Valea Sării is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Colacu, Mătăcina, Poduri, Prisaca and Valea Sării....
, Vidra
Vidra, Vrancea
Vidra is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of nine villages: Burca, Ireşti, Ruget, Scafari, Şerbeşti, Tichiriş, Vidra, Viişoara and Voloşcani....
, Garoafa
Garoafa
Garoafa is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Bizigheşti, Ciuşlea, Doaga, Făurei, Garoafa, Precistanu, Răchitosu and Străjescu.-References:...
, Vânători
Vânatori, Vrancea
Vânători is a commune located in Vrancea County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Balta Raţei, Jorăşti, Mirceştii Noi, Mirceştii Vechi, Petreşti, Răduleşti and Vânători.-References:...
.
Maps
- Harta Munţii Vrancea http://harti.mielu.ro/vrancei.html
- Ovidiu Gabor - Economic Mechanism in Water Management http://www.riob.org/euro-riob/cracovie/27_sep_2004/costrecoverymechanism.pdf