Pholidae
Encyclopedia
The gunnels are a family, Pholidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes
.
They are elongated fishes native to the coasts of the northern Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Ocean
s, where they inhabit intertidal and subtidal waters and eat crustacean
s and molluscs.
Perciformes
The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, is one of the largest orders of vertebrates, containing about 40% of all bony fish. Perciformes means perch-like. They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and comprise over 7,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments...
.
They are elongated fishes native to the coasts of the northern Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions...
s, where they inhabit intertidal and subtidal waters and eat crustacean
Crustacean
Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...
s and molluscs.
Species
There are fifteen species in three genera.- Genus Apodichthys GirardCharles Frédéric GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing in ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854- Penpoint gunnelPenpoint gunnelThe penpoint gunnel is a gunnel of the Pacific coast found from Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska to Santa Barbara Island in southern California....
, Apodichthys flavidus GirardCharles Frédéric GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing in ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854. - Rockweed gunnel, Apodichthys fucorum JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Gilbert, 1880. - Kelp gunnel, Apodichthys sanctaerosae (Gilbert & Starks, 1897).
- Penpoint gunnel
- Genus Pholis Scopoli, 1777
- Longfin gunnel, Pholis clemensi Rosenblatt, 1964.
- Pholis crassispina (TemminckCoenraad Jacob TemminckCoenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist and herpetologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1845). - Pholis fangi (Wang & Wang, 1935).
- Banded gunnelBanded gunnelThe Banded Gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the Arctic Ocean. Very little is known about its life cycle or reproduction.-Physical characteristics:...
, Pholis fasciata (BlochMarcus Elieser BlochMarcus Elieser Bloch was a German medical doctor and naturalist. He is generally considered one of the most important ichthyologists of the 18th century.- Life :...
& SchneiderJohann Gottlob SchneiderJohann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider was a German classicist and naturalist.-Biography:Schneider was born at Collm in Saxony...
, 1801). - Rock gunnel, Pholis gunnellus (LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
, 1758). - Crescent gunnel, Pholis laeta (Cope, 1873).
- Pholis nea Peden & Hughes, 1984.
- Tidepool gunnel, Pholis nebulosa (TemminckCoenraad Jacob TemminckCoenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist and herpetologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1845). - Saddleback gunnel, Pholis ornata (GirardCharles Frédéric GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing in ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854). - Pholis picta (Kner, 1868).
- Red gunnel, Pholis schultzi Schultz, 1931.
- Genus Rhodymenichthys JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
and Evermann, 1896- Stippled gunnel, Rhodymenichthys dolichogaster (PallasPeter Simon PallasPeter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Simon Pallas. He studied with private tutors and took an interest in natural history, later attending the University of Halle and the University...
, 1814).
- Stippled gunnel, Rhodymenichthys dolichogaster (Pallas