Philip Rubin
Encyclopedia
Philip E. Rubin is an American cognitive scientist
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works. It includes research on how information is processed , represented, and transformed in behaviour, nervous system or machine...

 and technologist
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...

 who since 2003 has been the Chief Executive Officer and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories
Haskins Laboratories
Haskins Laboratories is an independent, international, multidisciplinary community of researchers conducting basic research on spoken and written language. Founded in 1935 and located in New Haven, Connecticut since 1970, Haskins Laboratories is a private, non-profit research institute with a...

  in New Haven, Connecticut. He is also a Professor Adjunct in the Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology at the Yale University School of Medicine
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...

 and a Research Affiliate in the Department of Psychology at Yale University
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...

. He has also been involved with issues of science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...

 advocacy, education
Science education
Science education is the field concerned with sharing science content and process with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community. The target individuals may be children, college students, or adults within the general public. The field of science education comprises...

, funding, and policy
Science policy
Science policy is an area of public policy concerned with the policies that affect the conduct of the science and research enterprise, including the funding of science, often in pursuance of other national policy goals such as technological innovation to promote commercial product development,...

.

Education

Philip Rubin received his BA in psychology
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...

 and linguistics
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....

 in 1971 from Brandeis University
Brandeis University
Brandeis University is an American private research university with a liberal arts focus. It is located in the southwestern corner of Waltham, Massachusetts, nine miles west of Boston. The University has an enrollment of approximately 3,200 undergraduate and 2,100 graduate students. In 2011, it...

 and subsequently attended the University of Connecticut
University of Connecticut
The admission rate to the University of Connecticut is about 50% and has been steadily decreasing, with about 28,000 prospective students applying for admission to the freshman class in recent years. Approximately 40,000 prospective students tour the main campus in Storrs annually...

 where he received his PhD is experimental psychology in 1975 under the tutelage of Michael Turvey
Michael Turvey
Michael T. Turvey is the Board of Trustees' Distinguished Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Connecticut and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut. He is best known for his pioneering work in ecological psychology and in applying dynamic systems...

, Ignatius Mattingly
Ignatius Mattingly
Ignatius G. Mattingly was a prominent American linguist and speech scientist. Prior to his academic career, he was an analyst for the National Security Agency from 1955-1966. He was a Lecturer and then Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut from 1966-1996 and a researcher at...

, Philip Lieberman
Philip Lieberman
Philip Lieberman is a linguist at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Originally trained in phonetics, he wrote a dissertation on intonation. The remainder of his career has focused on topics in the evolution of language, and particularly the relationship between the...

, and Alvin Liberman
Alvin Liberman
Alvin Meyer Liberman was an American psychologist whose ideas set the agenda for fifty years of research in the psychology of speech perception and laid the groundwork for modern computer speech synthesis and the understanding of critical issues in cognitive science...

.

Career

Philip Rubin's research spans a number of disciplines, combining computational, engineering, linguistic, physiological and psychological approaches to study embodied cognition
Embodied cognition
Philosophers, psychologists, cognitive scientists and artificial intelligence researchers who study embodied cognition and the embodied mind believe that the nature of the human mind is largely determined by the form of the human body. They argue that all aspects of cognition, such as ideas,...

, most particularly the biological bases of speech and language. He is best known for his work on articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech...

  (computational modeling of the physiology and acoustics of speech production), speech perception
Speech perception
Speech perception is the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology...

, sinewave synthesis
Sinewave synthesis
Sinewave synthesis, or sine wave speech, is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the formants with pure tone whistles. The first sinewave synthesis program for the automatic creation of stimuli for perceptual experiments was developed by Philip Rubin at Haskins Laboratories in the 1970s...

, signal processing
Signal processing
Signal processing is an area of systems engineering, electrical engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations on or analysis of signals, in either discrete or continuous time...

, perceptual organization, and theoretical approaches and modeling of complex temporal events, and continues active research collaborations with colleagues at Haskins, Yale, and other institutions.

During his time at Haskins Laboratories
Haskins Laboratories
Haskins Laboratories is an independent, international, multidisciplinary community of researchers conducting basic research on spoken and written language. Founded in 1935 and located in New Haven, Connecticut since 1970, Haskins Laboratories is a private, non-profit research institute with a...

, Rubin has been responsible for the design of many software systems. Most prominent are SWS http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/sws/sws.html, the Haskins sinewave synthesis
Sinewave synthesis
Sinewave synthesis, or sine wave speech, is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the formants with pure tone whistles. The first sinewave synthesis program for the automatic creation of stimuli for perceptual experiments was developed by Philip Rubin at Haskins Laboratories in the 1970s...

 program and ASY http://www.haskins.yale.edu/facilities/asy-demo.html, the Haskins articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech...

 program. SWS has been used by Robert Remez
Robert Remez
Robert Remez is an American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, theoretician and teacher. He is currently a Professor of Psychology at Barnard College, Columbia University and Chair of the Columbia University Seminar on Language & Cognition . His teaching focuses on the relationships...

, Rubin, David B. Pisonihttp://www.indiana.edu/~srlweb/personal/pisoni.html, and other colleagues and researchers to study the time-varying characteristics of the speech signal. In addition to use in standard articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech...

, the ASY program has been used as part of a gestural-computational modelhttp://www.haskins.yale.edu/research/gestural.html that combines articulatory phonology
Articulatory phonology
Articulatory phonology is a linguistic theory originally proposed in 1986 by Catherine Browman of Haskins Laboratories and Louis M. Goldstein of Yale University and Haskins...

, task dynamicshttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASAJ..115.2430N, and articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech...

. With Louis Goldstein
Louis M. Goldstein
Louis M. Goldstein is an American linguist and cognitive scientist. He was previously a professor and chair of the Department of Linguistics and a professor of psychology at Yale University, and is now a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Southern California...

 and Mark Tiedehttp://www.haskins.yale.edu/StAFF/tiede.html, Rubin designed a radical revision of the articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech...

 model, known as CASY http://www.haskins.yale.edu/facilities/casy.html, the configurable articulatory synthesizer. This 3-dimensional model of the vocal tract
Vocal tract
The vocal tract is the cavity in human beings and in animals where sound that is produced at the sound source is filtered....

 permits researchers to replicate MRI images of actual speakers and has been used to study the relation between speech production and perception. He is also the designer of the HADES
HADES (software)
HADES refers to a family of signal processing computer programs that was developed in the 1980s at Haskins Laboratories by Philip Rubin and colleagues to provide for the display and analysis of multiple channel physiological, speech, and other sampled data in an experimental context...

 signal processing system and the SPIEL programming language.

He is co-creator, with Eric Vatikiotis-Batesonhttp://ling75.arts.ubc.ca/labsite/, of the Talking Heads websitehttp://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/heads/heads.html and a co-founder, with Elliot Saltzman
Elliot Saltzman
Elliot Saltzman is an American psychologist and speech scientist. He is a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at Boston University and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut. He is best known for his development, with J. A...

 http://www.bu.edu/sargent/about/faculty/physical-therapy/saltzman/ of the IS grouphttp://cs.wlu.edu/~levy/is/.

Rubin was the founder, in 1984, and first president of YMUG (now known as YaleMUG, the Yale Macintosh Users Group)http://www.yalemug.org/ and the publisher of The Desktop Journal. Other co-founders and early members include Tony Cecalahttp://tonycecala.com/, Eric Celestehttp://eric.clst.org/, Richard Cranehttp://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/crane.html, David Pogue
David Pogue
David Welch Pogue is an American technology writer, technology columnist and commentator. He is a personal technology columnist for the New York Times, an Emmy-winning tech correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning, weekly tech correspondent for CNBC, and a columnist for Scientific American...

, Michael D. Rabinhttp://www.linkedin.com/in/mdrabin, Tom Riellyhttp://tomrielly.typepad.com/about.html, Elliot Schlesselhttp://www.facebook.com/people/Elliot-Schlessel/683532668, and Ed Seidel
Ed Seidel
Edward Seidel is currently Assistant Director for Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the National Science Foundation, was formerly Director of NSF's Office of Cyberinfrastructure , and continues as the Floating Point Systems Professor in Louisiana State University's Departments of Physics and...

.

From 2000-2003 Rubin was the Director of the Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCS)http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=BCS at the National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health...

 (NSF) in Arlington, Virginia. He was the NSF ex officio representative to the National Human Research Protection Advisory Committee (NHRPAC)http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/nhrpac/nhrpac.htm and the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections (SACHRP)http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sachrp/, established to provide advice to the Secretary of Health and Human Services on issues related to the protection of human research subjects. He was also the co-chair of the inter-agency National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Committee on Science (COS) Human Subjects Research Subcommittee (HSRS) under the auspices of the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and was also formerly the co-chair of the HSRS Behavioral Research Working Group. Since leaving government service, he has continued to be active on human subjects issues as they relate to public policy
Public policy
Public policy as government action is generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. In general, the foundation is the pertinent national and...

, including lecturing, writing, co-authoring an AAUP
AAUP
AAUP may refer to:*American Association of University Professors*Association of American University Presses...

 reporthttp://www.aaup.org/AAUP/comm/rep/A/humansubs.htm, participating in activities of the Yale Bioethics Centerhttp://www.yale.edu/bioethics/ and serving on the advisory board of the Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethicshttp://www.csueastbay.edu/JERHRE/.

Rubin has been in several leadership roles related to science policy and advocacy. He is presently the Chair of the National Academies
United States National Academies
The United States National Academies comprises four organizations:* National Academy of Sciences * National Academy of Engineering * Institute of Medicine * National Research Council...

 Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Scienceshttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bbcss/; Chair of the National Research Council
United States National Research Council
The National Research Council of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names.The National Academies include:* National Academy of Sciences...

 (NRC) Committee on Field Evaluation of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences-Based Methods and Tools for Intelligence and Counter-Intelligencehttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bbcss/Committee_on_Field_Evaluation.html; a member of the NRC Committee on Developing Metrics for Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Researchhttp://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/projectview.aspx?key=49084; a member of the Executive Committee of the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Scienceshttp://www.thefederationonline.org/; and the co-leader ot the Yale-Haskins Teagle Foundation Collegium on Student Learninghttp://www.haskins.yale.edu/Teagle.html. He is also the former Chairman and current Vice Chairman of the Board of the Discovery Museum and Planetarium
Discovery Museum and Planetarium
The Discovery Museum and Planetarium is a hands-on science museum in Bridgeport, Connecticut that serves as both a tourist destination and an educational resource for area schools. The museum hosts three creative traveling exhibits each year and has permanent space, sound and electricity...

 in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Bridgeport is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Located in Fairfield County, the city had an estimated population of 144,229 at the 2010 United States Census and is the core of the Greater Bridgeport area...

.

Rubin is married to Joette Katz
Joette Katz
Joette Katz is Commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Children and Families, and a former Associate Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, where she also served as the administrative judge for the state appellate system....

, Associate Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court
Connecticut Supreme Court
The Connecticut Supreme Court, formerly known as the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors, is the highest court in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. The seven justices sit in Hartford, across the street from the Connecticut State Capitol...

.

Selected publications

  • Rubin, P., Turvey, M. T., & Van Gelder, P. (1976). Initial phonemes are detected faster in spoken words than in spoken nonwords. Perception and Psychophysics, 19, 394-398.
  • Fowler
    Carol Fowler
    Carol A. Fowler is an American experimental psychologist. She was a former President and Director of Research at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut from 1992 to 2008. She is also a Professor of Psychology at the University of Connecticut and an Adjunct Professor of Linguistics and...

    , C. A., Rubin, P. E., Remez, R. E., & Turvey, M. T. (1980). Implications for speech production of a general theory of action. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Language Production, Vol. I: Speech and Talk (pp. 373-420). New York: Academic Press.
  • Rubin, P., Baer, T., & Mermelstein, P. (1981). An articulatory synthesizer for perceptual research. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70, 321-328.
  • Remez, R. E.
    Robert Remez
    Robert Remez is an American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, theoretician and teacher. He is currently a Professor of Psychology at Barnard College, Columbia University and Chair of the Columbia University Seminar on Language & Cognition . His teaching focuses on the relationships...

    , Rubin, P. E., Pisoni, D. B., & Carrell, T. D. (1981). Speech perception without traditional speech cues. Science, 212, 947-950.
  • Kelso, J. A. S.
    J. A. Scott Kelso
    J. A. Scott Kelso is a neuroscientist, and Professor of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Professor of Psychology, Biological Sciences and Biomedical Science at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida and The University of Ulster in Derry, N...

    , Holt, K. G., Rubin, P., & Kugler, P. N. (1981). Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit-cycle oscillatory processes: theory and data. Journal of Motor Behavior, 13, 226-261.
  • Browman, C. P.
    Catherine Browman
    Catherine P. Browman is an American linguist and speech scientist. She was a research scientist at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey and Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut, from which she retired due to illness. While at Bell Laboratories, she was known for her work on speech synthesis...

    , Goldstein, L., Kelso, J. A. S., Rubin, P. E., & Saltzman, E. (1984). Articulatory synthesis from underlying dynamics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75, S22.
  • Saltzman, E., Rubin, P. E., Goldstein, L., & Browman, C. P. (1987). Task-dynamic modeling of interarticulator coordination. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 82, S15.
  • Remez, R. E. & Rubin, P. E. (1990). On the perception of speech from time-varying attributes: Contributions of amplitude variation. Perception & Psychophysics, 48, 313-325.
  • Remez, R.E., Rubin, P.E., Berns, S.M., Pardo, J.S. & Lang, J.M. (1994). On the perceptual organization of speech. Psychological Review, 101, 129-156.
  • Rubin, Philip E. (1995). HADES
    HADES (software)
    HADES refers to a family of signal processing computer programs that was developed in the 1980s at Haskins Laboratories by Philip Rubin and colleagues to provide for the display and analysis of multiple channel physiological, speech, and other sampled data in an experimental context...

    : A Case Study of the Development of a Signal System. In R. Bennett, S. L. Greenspan & A. Syrdal (Eds.), Behavioral Aspects of Speech Technology: Theory and Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 501-520.
  • Rubin, P. & Vatikiotis-Bateson, E. (1998). Measuring and modeling speech production in humans. In S. L. Hopp & C. S. Evans (Eds.), Animal Acoustic Communication: Recent Technical Advances. Springer-Verlag, New York, 251-290.
  • Rubin, P., & Vatikiotis-Bateson, E. (1998). Talking heads. In D. Burnham, J. Robert-Ribes, & E. Vatikiotis-Bateson (Eds.), International Conference on Auditory-Visual Speech Processing - AVSP’98 (pp. 231-235). Terrigal, Australia.
  • Rubin, Philip. (2002). The regulatory environment for science: Protecting participants in research. In Albert H. Teich, Stephen D. Nelson, and Stephen J. Lita (eds.), AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook 2002. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., 199-206.
  • Sieber, Joan E., Plattner, Stuart, and Rubin, Philip. (2002). How (Not) to Regulate Social and Behavioral Research. Professional Ethics Report, Vol. XV, No. 2, Spr. 2002, 1-4.
  • Rubin, Philip. (2004). NSF reflections. American Psychological Society Observer, Vol. 17, No. 4, April 2004, 20-22.
  • Thomson, Judith Jarvis, Elgin, Catherine, Hyman, David A., Rubin, Philip E. and Knight, Jonathan. (2006). Report: Research on Human Subjects: Academic Freedom and the Institutional Review Board. Academe, Volume 92, Number 5, September-October 2006.
  • Goldstein, L. and Rubin, P. (2007). Speech: Dances of the Vocal Tract. Odyssey Magazine, Jan. 2007, 14-15.
  • Hogden, J., Rubin, P., McDermott, E., Katagiri, S., and Goldstein, L. (2007). Inverting mappings from smooth paths through Rn to paths throughs Rm. A technique applied to recovering articulation from acoustics. Speech Communication, May 2007, Volume 49, Issue 5, 361-383.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK